Alternative fuel vehicle - Revision history

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Jmdonev at 17:37, 20 July 2018

2018-07-20T17:37:43Z

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	<onlyinclude>'''Alternative Fuel Vehicles''' or '''AFVs''' are not powered by conventional [[diesel]] or [[gasoline]]. These vehicles usually use either [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], or [[electricity]].</onlyinclude> Due to increasing gasoline prices and environmental concerns like [[climate change]] and [[pollution]], AFVs have been gaining popularity (see Figure 1).		<onlyinclude>'''Alternative Fuel Vehicles''' or '''AFVs''' are not powered by conventional [[diesel]] or [[gasoline]]. These vehicles usually use either [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], or [[electricity]].</onlyinclude> Due to increasing gasoline prices and environmental concerns like [[climate change]] and [[pollution]], AFVs have been gaining popularity (see Figure 1).

	In order to understand the cost, please see [[comparing gasoline, diesel, natural gas, and electricity prices]]. In order to understand comparative [[greenhouse gas]] emissions please see [[GHGs for AFVs]]. The convenience of [[alternative fuel vehicle infrastructure]] must also be taken into consideration.		In order to understand the cost, please see [[comparing gasoline, diesel, natural gas, and electricity prices]]. In order to understand comparative [[greenhouse gas]] emissions please see [[GHGs for AFVs]]. The convenience of [[alternative fuel vehicle infrastructure]] must also be taken into consideration.

	[[File:~~Number~~.~~png\|800px~~\|~~thumbnail\|center\|Figure 1~~. ~~Total number of AFVs in U~~.S. (2011 ~~Data~~) - ~~Source~~: U.~~S EIA~~ <ref ~~name=a~~>U.S. ~~Energy Information Administration~~. ~~“Frequently asked questions”~~. ~~Internet~~:~~http~~://~~www~~.~~eia~~.~~gov~~/~~tools~~/~~faqs~~/~~faq~~.~~cfm?id=93&t=4~~. ~~May 16~~, ~~2013~~. [~~October 25, 2013~~] </ref>]]		<gallery caption="Vehicles that use alternative fuel" mode=packed heights=160px>
			File:800px-Nissan Leaf aan Amsterdamse laadpaal.jpg\|An electric vehicle. This model is the 2013 Nissan Leaf.<ref>Bontenbal. (2011, Sept. 13). ''Nissan Leaf aan Amsterdamse laadpaal.'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Leaf_aan_Amsterdamse_laadpaal.jpg. [Accessed: 31-Oct-2013].</ref>
			File:hydrogen car .jpg\| A hydrogen car. This model is the Mazda RX-8.<ref>"File:Mazda RX8 hydrogen rotary car 2.jpg - Wikimedia Commons", Commons.wikimedia.org, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mazda_RX8_hydrogen_rotary_car_2.jpg. [Accessed: 14- Jun- 2018]</ref>
			File:640px-Carroagas.jpg\|Compressed natural gas in a vehicle.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (June 3, 2015). ''Carroagas'' [Online]. Available: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_naturel_pour_v%C3%A9hicules#/media/File:Carroagas.jpg</ref>
			</gallery>

	===Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV)===
			==Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV)==
	[[Natural gas vehicle]]s use natural gas as [[fuel]]. Natural gas mainly consists of [[methane]] and has an [[energy density]] of 47.2 MJ/kg.<ref name =b> Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue. “The geography of transportation systems”. Internet: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/energycontent.html. 2004. [October 26, 2013] </ref> When natural gas is burned, the end products are [[energy]], [[carbon dioxide]], and [[water]]. This is a [[hydrocarbon combustion]] reaction just like burning normal gasoline, but produces less carbon dioxide for a given amount of energy extracted.		[[Natural gas vehicle]]s use natural gas as [[fuel]]. Natural gas mainly consists of [[methane]] and has an [[energy density]] of 47.2 MJ/kg.<ref name =b> Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue. “The geography of transportation systems”. Internet: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/energycontent.html. 2004. [October 26, 2013] </ref> When natural gas is burned, the end products are [[energy]], [[carbon dioxide]], and [[water]]. This is a [[hydrocarbon combustion]] reaction just like burning normal gasoline, but produces less carbon dioxide for a given amount of energy extracted.

	In many ways, light duty natural gas [[engine]]s work very similar to that of a gasoline engine. Natural gas is stored at the rear of the vehicle under high pressure cylinders. When in use, gas is transferred from the tank to the engine through high pressure lines.<ref name= c> U.S. Department of Energy. “Natural Gas Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/natural_gas.html. October 23, 2013. [October 25, 2013] </ref> Gas pressure is reduced from storage pressure down to required [[fuel injection]] pressure via gas regulators.<ref name=c/> Upon entering the engine compartment, the gas is mixed with air (which has the needed [[oxygen]]) and ignited to release energy.		In many ways, light duty natural gas [[engine]]s work very similar to that of a gasoline engine. Natural gas is stored at the rear of the vehicle under high pressure cylinders. When in use, gas is transferred from the tank to the engine through high pressure lines.<ref name= c> U.S. Department of Energy. “Natural Gas Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/natural_gas.html. October 23, 2013. [October 25, 2013] </ref> Gas pressure is reduced from storage pressure down to required [[fuel injection]] pressure via gas regulators.<ref name=c/> Upon entering the engine compartment, the gas is mixed with air (which has the needed [[oxygen]]) and ignited to release energy.

	===Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)===		==Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)==
	[[Fuel cell#Use of fuel cells\|Fuel cell vehicle]]s use [[hydrogen]] as their [[energy currency]], which is used as a 'fuel' for the vehicle (which is not the same as a [[fuel]] in the [[primary energy]] sense). Hydrogen has the highest [[energy density]] at 142.0 MJ/kg.<ref name=b/> The end products generated by FCVs are [[heat]] and water resulting in zero carbon dioxide emission while being driven. Of course, FCVs have the same [[long tail-pipe problem]] that [[electric vehicle]]s have.		[[Fuel cell#Use of fuel cells\|Fuel cell vehicle]]s use [[hydrogen]] as their [[energy currency]], which is used as a 'fuel' for the vehicle (which is not the same as a [[fuel]] in the [[primary energy]] sense). Hydrogen has the highest [[energy density]] at 142.0 MJ/kg.<ref name=b/> The end products generated by FCVs are [[heat]] and water resulting in zero carbon dioxide emission while being driven. Of course, FCVs have the same [[long tail-pipe problem]] that [[electric vehicle]]s have.

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	</ref> It consists of an [[anode]] and a [[cathode]]. When hydrogen is introduced here, it releases [[electron]]s which run through the [[electric circuit]] producing an [[electric current]]. The hydrogen then combines with [[oxygen]] in the [[atmosphere]] to make water.<ref name=d/> Extra energy produced in the system can be stored in on-board [[battery\|batteries]] depending on the design.		</ref> It consists of an [[anode]] and a [[cathode]]. When hydrogen is introduced here, it releases [[electron]]s which run through the [[electric circuit]] producing an [[electric current]]. The hydrogen then combines with [[oxygen]] in the [[atmosphere]] to make water.<ref name=d/> Extra energy produced in the system can be stored in on-board [[battery\|batteries]] depending on the design.

	===Electric Vehicle (EV)===		==Electric Vehicle (EV)==
	[[Electric vehicle]]s, similar to FCVs, use [[electric motor]]s. Batteries supply electricity to [[power]] them. When depleted these batteries are charged by plugging them into a power source.<ref name= e> U.S. Department of Energy. “Hybrid and Plug-in Electric Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric.html. September 24, 2013. [October 30, 2013]		[[Electric vehicle]]s, similar to FCVs, use [[electric motor]]s. Batteries supply electricity to [[power]] them. When depleted these batteries are charged by plugging them into a power source.<ref name= e> U.S. Department of Energy. “Hybrid and Plug-in Electric Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric.html. September 24, 2013. [October 30, 2013]
	</ref> Since EVs use stored electricity, no emission is produced by this system while operating. [[Primary energy]] used to make this electricity leads to what is known as the [[long tail-pipe problem]]. Various types of batteries are available in the market. Depending on the type, stored energy can vary.		</ref> Since EVs use stored electricity, no emission is produced by this system while operating. [[Primary energy]] used to make this electricity leads to what is known as the [[long tail-pipe problem]]. Various types of batteries are available in the market. Depending on the type, stored energy can vary.

			==For Further Reading==
			*[[Alternative fuel vehicle infrastructure]]
			*[[GHGs for AFVs]]
			*[[Natural gas vehicle]]
			*[[Fuel cell#Use of fuel cells\|Fuel cell vehicle]]
			*[[Electric vehicle]]
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]



	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported: Doing upload, largely of old redirects.

2018-06-04T16:52:30Z

1 revision imported: Doing upload, largely of old redirects.

← Older revision	Revision as of 16:52, 4 June 2018
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Jmdonev at 21:26, 1 June 2018

2018-06-01T21:26:30Z

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	[[Category:Done 2018-04-30]]		[[Category:Done 2018-06-01]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Alternative Fuel Vehicles''' or '''AFVs''' are not powered by conventional [[diesel]] or [[gasoline]]. These vehicles usually use either [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], or [[electricity]].</onlyinclude> Due to increasing gasoline prices and environmental concerns like [[climate change]] and [[pollution]], AFVs have been gaining popularity (see Figure 1).		<onlyinclude>'''Alternative Fuel Vehicles''' or '''AFVs''' are not powered by conventional [[diesel]] or [[gasoline]]. These vehicles usually use either [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], or [[electricity]].</onlyinclude> Due to increasing gasoline prices and environmental concerns like [[climate change]] and [[pollution]], AFVs have been gaining popularity (see Figure 1).

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	In FCVs [[electric motor]]s are attached to the wheel as propulsion system. [[Electricity]] used to run these motors are produced from [[polymer electrolyte membrane]] (PEM) [[fuel cell]]s.<ref name =d>U.S. Department of Energy. “Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/fuel_cell.html. October 24, 2013. [October 25, 2013]		In FCVs [[electric motor]]s are attached to the wheel as propulsion system. [[Electricity]] used to run these motors are produced from [[polymer electrolyte membrane]] (PEM) [[fuel cell]]s.<ref name =d>U.S. Department of Energy. “Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/fuel_cell.html. October 24, 2013. [October 25, 2013]
	</ref> It consists of an [[anode]] and a [[cathode]]. When hydrogen is introduced here, it releases [[electron]]s which run through the [[electric circuit]] producing an [[electric current]]. The hydrogen then combines with [[oxygen]] in the [[atmosphere]] to make water.<ref name=d/> Extra energy produced in the system can be stored in on-board [[batteries]] depending on the design.		</ref> It consists of an [[anode]] and a [[cathode]]. When hydrogen is introduced here, it releases [[electron]]s which run through the [[electric circuit]] producing an [[electric current]]. The hydrogen then combines with [[oxygen]] in the [[atmosphere]] to make water.<ref name=d/> Extra energy produced in the system can be stored in on-board [[battery\|batteries]] depending on the design.

	===Electric Vehicle (EV)===		===Electric Vehicle (EV)===
	[[Electric vehicle]]s, similar to FCVs, use [[electric motor]]s. [[Batteries]] supply electricity to [[power]] them. When depleted these batteries are charged by plugging them into a power source.<ref name= e> U.S. Department of Energy. “Hybrid and Plug-in Electric Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric.html. September 24, 2013. [October 30, 2013]		[[Electric vehicle]]s, similar to FCVs, use [[electric motor]]s. Batteries supply electricity to [[power]] them. When depleted these batteries are charged by plugging them into a power source.<ref name= e> U.S. Department of Energy. “Hybrid and Plug-in Electric Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric.html. September 24, 2013. [October 30, 2013]
	</ref> Since EVs use stored electricity, no emission is produced by this system while operating. [[Primary energy]] used to make this electricity leads to what is known as the [[long tail-pipe problem]]. Various types of batteries are available in the market. Depending on the type, stored energy can vary.		</ref> Since EVs use stored electricity, no emission is produced by this system while operating. [[Primary energy]] used to make this electricity leads to what is known as the [[long tail-pipe problem]]. Various types of batteries are available in the market. Depending on the type, stored energy can vary.

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2018-05-11T18:17:05Z

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Jmdonev at 18:18, 9 May 2018

2018-05-09T18:18:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:18, 9 May 2018
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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-09-05]]		[[Category:Done 2018-04-30]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Alternative Fuel Vehicles''' or '''AFVs''' are not powered by conventional [[diesel]] or [[gasoline]]. These vehicles usually use either [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], or [[electricity]].</onlyinclude> Due to increasing gasoline prices and environmental concerns like [[climate change]] and [[pollution]], AFVs have been gaining popularity (see Figure 1).		<onlyinclude>'''Alternative Fuel Vehicles''' or '''AFVs''' are not powered by conventional [[diesel]] or [[gasoline]]. These vehicles usually use either [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], or [[electricity]].</onlyinclude> Due to increasing gasoline prices and environmental concerns like [[climate change]] and [[pollution]], AFVs have been gaining popularity (see Figure 1).

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	In FCVs [[electric motor]]s are attached to the wheel as propulsion system. [[Electricity]] used to run these motors are produced from [[polymer electrolyte membrane]] (PEM) [[fuel cell]]s.<ref name =d>U.S. Department of Energy. “Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/fuel_cell.html. October 24, 2013. [October 25, 2013]		In FCVs [[electric motor]]s are attached to the wheel as propulsion system. [[Electricity]] used to run these motors are produced from [[polymer electrolyte membrane]] (PEM) [[fuel cell]]s.<ref name =d>U.S. Department of Energy. “Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/fuel_cell.html. October 24, 2013. [October 25, 2013]
	</ref> It consists of an [[anode]] and a [[cathode]]. When hydrogen is introduced here, it releases [[electron]]s which run through the [[circuit]] producing [[current]]. The hydrogen then combines with [[oxygen]] in the [[atmosphere]] to make water.<ref name=d/> Extra energy produced in the system can be stored in on-board [[batteries]] depending on the design.		</ref> It consists of an [[anode]] and a [[cathode]]. When hydrogen is introduced here, it releases [[electron]]s which run through the [[electric circuit]] producing an [[electric current]]. The hydrogen then combines with [[oxygen]] in the [[atmosphere]] to make water.<ref name=d/> Extra energy produced in the system can be stored in on-board [[batteries]] depending on the design.

	===Electric Vehicle (EV)===		===Electric Vehicle (EV)===

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-03T18:22:24Z

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Jmdonev at 22:47, 27 August 2015

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	[[~~File:Number~~.png\|550px\|thumbnail\|right\|Figure 1. Total number of AFVs in U.S. (2011 Data) - Source: U.S EIA <ref name=a>U.S. Energy Information Administration. “Frequently asked questions”. Internet:http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=93&t=4. May 16, ~~2013.~~ [~~October 25~~, ~~2013~~] </~~ref~~>]]		<onlyinclude>'''Alternative Fuel Vehicles''' or '''AFVs''' are not powered by conventional [[diesel]] or [[gasoline]]. These vehicles usually use either [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], or [[electricity]].</onlyinclude> Due to increasing gasoline prices and environmental concerns like [[climate change]] and [[pollution]], AFVs have been gaining popularity (see Figure 1).

	~~<onlyinclude>'''Alternative Fuel Vehicles''' or '''AFVs''' are not powered by conventional~~ [[diesel~~]] or [[gasoline~~]]. ~~These vehicles usually use either~~ [[~~natural~~ gas]], [[~~hydrogen]], or [[electricity~~]].~~</onlyinclude> Due to increasing gasoline prices and environmental concerns like [[climate change]] and~~ [[~~air pollution~~]]~~, AFVs have been gaining popularity, see figure 1~~.		In order to understand the cost, please see [[comparing gasoline, diesel, natural gas, and electricity prices]]. In order to understand comparative [[greenhouse gas]] emissions please see [[GHGs for AFVs]]. The convenience of [[alternative fuel vehicle infrastructure]] must also be taken into consideration.

	~~In order to understand the cost, please see~~ [[~~comparing gasoline~~, ~~diesel, natural gas, and electricity prices]]~~. ~~In order to understand comparative~~ [~~[greenhouse gas]] emissions please see [[GHGs for AFVs]~~]~~. The convenience of [[alternative fuel vehicle infrastructure~~]] ~~must also be taken into consideration.~~		[[File:Number.png\|800px\|thumbnail\|center\|Figure 1. Total number of AFVs in U.S. (2011 Data) - Source: U.S EIA <ref name=a>U.S. Energy Information Administration. “Frequently asked questions”. Internet:http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=93&t=4. May 16, 2013. [October 25, 2013] </ref>]]

	===Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV)===		===Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV)===
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	===Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)===		===Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)===
	[[Fuel cell vehicle]]s use [[hydrogen]] as their [[energy currency]], which is used as a 'fuel' for the vehicle (which is not the same as a [[fuel]] in the [[primary energy]] sense). Hydrogen has the highest [[energy density]] at 142.0 MJ/kg.<ref name=b/> The end products generated by FCVs are [[heat]] and water resulting in zero carbon dioxide emission while being driven. Of course, FCVs have the same [[long tail-pipe problem]] that [[electric vehicle]]s have.		[[Fuel cell#Use of fuel cells\|Fuel cell vehicle]]s use [[hydrogen]] as their [[energy currency]], which is used as a 'fuel' for the vehicle (which is not the same as a [[fuel]] in the [[primary energy]] sense). Hydrogen has the highest [[energy density]] at 142.0 MJ/kg.<ref name=b/> The end products generated by FCVs are [[heat]] and water resulting in zero carbon dioxide emission while being driven. Of course, FCVs have the same [[long tail-pipe problem]] that [[electric vehicle]]s have.

	In FCVs [[electric motor]]s are attached to the wheel as propulsion system. [[Electricity]] used to run these motors are produced from [[polymer electrolyte membrane]] (PEM) [[fuel cell]]s.<ref name =d>U.S. Department of Energy. “Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/fuel_cell.html. October 24, 2013. [October 25, 2013]		In FCVs [[electric motor]]s are attached to the wheel as propulsion system. [[Electricity]] used to run these motors are produced from [[polymer electrolyte membrane]] (PEM) [[fuel cell]]s.<ref name =d>U.S. Department of Energy. “Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/fuel_cell.html. October 24, 2013. [October 25, 2013]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:30:45Z

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J.williams at 16:40, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T16:40:22Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-02-15]]
[[File:Number.png|550px|thumbnail|right|Figure 1. Total number of AFVs in U.S. (2011 Data) - Source: U.S EIA <ref name=a>U.S. Energy Information Administration. “Frequently asked questions”. Internet:http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=93&t=4. May 16, 2013. [October 25, 2013] </ref>]]

<onlyinclude>'''Alternative Fuel Vehicles''' or '''AFVs''' are not powered by conventional [[diesel]] or [[gasoline]]. These vehicles usually use either [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], or [[electricity]].</onlyinclude> Due to increasing gasoline prices and environmental concerns like [[climate change]] and [[air pollution]], AFVs have been gaining popularity, see figure 1.

In order to understand the cost, please see [[comparing gasoline, diesel, natural gas, and electricity prices]]. In order to understand comparative [[greenhouse gas]] emissions please see [[GHGs for AFVs]]. The convenience of [[alternative fuel vehicle infrastructure]] must also be taken into consideration.

===Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV)===
[[Natural gas vehicle]]s use natural gas as [[fuel]]. Natural gas mainly consists of [[methane]] and has an [[energy density]] of 47.2 MJ/kg.<ref name =b> Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue. “The geography of transportation systems”. Internet: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/energycontent.html. 2004. [October 26, 2013] </ref> When natural gas is burned, the end products are [[energy]], [[carbon dioxide]], and [[water]]. This is a [[hydrocarbon combustion]] reaction just like burning normal gasoline, but produces less carbon dioxide for a given amount of energy extracted.

In many ways, light duty natural gas [[engine]]s work very similar to that of a gasoline engine. Natural gas is stored at the rear of the vehicle under high pressure cylinders. When in use, gas is transferred from the tank to the engine through high pressure lines.<ref name= c> U.S. Department of Energy. “Natural Gas Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/natural_gas.html. October 23, 2013. [October 25, 2013] </ref> Gas pressure is reduced from storage pressure down to required [[fuel injection]] pressure via gas regulators.<ref name=c/> Upon entering the engine compartment, the gas is mixed with air (which has the needed [[oxygen]]) and ignited to release energy.

===Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)===
[[Fuel cell vehicle]]s use [[hydrogen]] as their [[energy currency]], which is used as a 'fuel' for the vehicle (which is not the same as a [[fuel]] in the [[primary energy]] sense). Hydrogen has the highest [[energy density]] at 142.0 MJ/kg.<ref name=b/> The end products generated by FCVs are [[heat]] and water resulting in zero carbon dioxide emission while being driven. Of course, FCVs have the same [[long tail-pipe problem]] that [[electric vehicle]]s have.

In FCVs [[electric motor]]s are attached to the wheel as propulsion system. [[Electricity]] used to run these motors are produced from [[polymer electrolyte membrane]] (PEM) [[fuel cell]]s.<ref name =d>U.S. Department of Energy. “Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/fuel_cell.html. October 24, 2013. [October 25, 2013]
</ref> It consists of an [[anode]] and a [[cathode]]. When hydrogen is introduced here, it releases [[electron]]s which run through the [[circuit]] producing [[current]]. The hydrogen then combines with [[oxygen]] in the [[atmosphere]] to make water.<ref name=d/> Extra energy produced in the system can be stored in on-board [[batteries]] depending on the design.

===Electric Vehicle (EV)===
[[Electric vehicle]]s, similar to FCVs, use [[electric motor]]s. [[Batteries]] supply electricity to [[power]] them. When depleted these batteries are charged by plugging them into a power source.<ref name= e> U.S. Department of Energy. “Hybrid and Plug-in Electric Vehicles”. Internet: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric.html. September 24, 2013. [October 30, 2013]
</ref> Since EVs use stored electricity, no emission is produced by this system while operating. [[Primary energy]] used to make this electricity leads to what is known as the [[long tail-pipe problem]]. Various types of batteries are available in the market. Depending on the type, stored energy can vary.

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]