Aluminum - Revision history

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Jmdonev at 21:02, 20 November 2016

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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-09-05]]		[[Category:Done 2016-12-31]]
	[[File:ALUMINUM.png\|200px\|thumb\|Figure 1. Aluminum, [[atomic number]] of 13 and [[atomic weight]] of 26.9815.<ref name=jl>Jefferson Labs. (August 25, 2015). ''The Element Aluminum'' [Online], Available: http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele013.html</ref>]]		[[File:ALUMINUM.png\|200px\|thumb\|Figure 1. Aluminum, [[atomic number]] of 13 and [[atomic weight]] of 26.9815.<ref name=jl>Jefferson Labs. (August 25, 2015). ''The Element Aluminum'' [Online], Available: http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele013.html</ref>]]

	<onlyinclude>'''Aluminum''' ('''Al''') is the 13<sup>th</sup> [[element]] on the [[periodic table of elements\|periodic table]], and is the most abundant [[metal]] on Earth, making up 8.1% of the Earth's crust.</onlyinclude><Ref name=pt/> It is not found freely in nature, meaning that it is always found combined to other elements due to it being very reactive.<ref name=pap>SciFun. (August 25, 2015). ''Aluminum'' [Online], Available: http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/PDF/Aluminum.pdf</ref> Aluminum is often found combined with [[oxygen]]. This is called aluminum oxide, the [[natural resource]] that's mined for aluminum oxide is a mineral called bauxite.<Ref name=jl/> Aluminum was first extracted in 1825 by Hans Oersted, but it wasn't until the late 1880s when it became economically feasible to do so.		<onlyinclude>'''Aluminum''' ('''Al''') also called '''aluminium''' is the 13<sup>th</sup> [[element]] on the [[periodic table of elements\|periodic table]], and is the most abundant [[metal]] on Earth, making up 8.1% of the Earth's crust.</onlyinclude><Ref name=pt/> It is not found freely in nature, meaning that it is always found combined to other elements due to it being very reactive.<ref name=pap>SciFun. (August 25, 2015). ''Aluminum'' [Online], Available: http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/PDF/Aluminum.pdf</ref> Aluminum is often found combined with [[oxygen]]. This is called aluminum oxide, the [[natural resource]] that's mined for aluminum oxide is a mineral called bauxite.<Ref name=jl/> Aluminum was first extracted in 1825 by Hans Oersted, but it wasn't until the late 1880s when it became economically feasible to do so.

	Some properties of aluminum include:<ref name=pt>PeriodicTable. (August 25, 2015). ''Aluminum'' [Online]. Available: http://periodictable.com/Elements/013/</ref>		Some properties of aluminum include:<ref name=pt>PeriodicTable. (August 25, 2015). ''Aluminum'' [Online]. Available: http://periodictable.com/Elements/013/</ref>
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	Aluminum production also has a considerable [[CO2 footprint\|CO<sub>2</sub> footprint]], at 8.24 kg of CO<sub>2</sub> per kg of aluminum extracted.		Aluminum production also has a considerable [[CO2 footprint\|CO<sub>2</sub> footprint]], at 8.24 kg of CO<sub>2</sub> per kg of aluminum extracted.

	It is ~~therefore~~ important to recycle used aluminum, in order to avoid the need for such drastic energy uses and carbon production. The recycling process uses ''much'' less energy reprocessing the aluminum than was used to produce it, approximately 95% less energy.<Ref>The Aluminum Association. (August 26, 2015). ''Aluminum: The Element of Sustainability'' [Online], Available: http://www.aluminum.org/sites/default/files/Aluminum_The_Element_of_Sustainability.pdf</ref> Most cities have a metal recycling plant, which can be found online.		This intense energy use is why it is important to recycle used aluminum, in order to avoid the need for such drastic energy uses and carbon production. The recycling process uses ''much'' less energy reprocessing the aluminum than was used to produce it, approximately 95% less energy.<Ref>The Aluminum Association. (August 26, 2015). ''Aluminum: The Element of Sustainability'' [Online], Available: http://www.aluminum.org/sites/default/files/Aluminum_The_Element_of_Sustainability.pdf</ref> Most cities have a metal recycling plant, which can be found online.

	==Uses==		==Uses==
	[[File:power line.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|Figure 2. High voltage power lines are made with steel-reinforced aluminum wires.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ligne_haute-tension.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:power line.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|Figure 2. High voltage power lines are made with steel-reinforced aluminum wires.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ligne_haute-tension.jpg</ref>]]

	Aluminum has many valuable properties that allow it to be a widely used metal. It is very light compared to other metals, has a high electrical conductivity, is non-toxic, and can be easily machined and formed.<Ref name=pap/><ref name=rsc>Royal Society of Chemistry. (August 25, 2015). ''Aluminium'' [Online], Available: http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/13/aluminium</ref> It also has excellent corrosion resistance so it can be used extensively.<ref name=rsc/> Since it has a density much less than copper while also having a comparable electrical conductivity, aluminum is widely used in [[electrical transmission]] lines (Figure 2).		Aluminum has many valuable properties that allow it to be a widely used metal. It is very light compared to other metals, has a high electrical conductivity, is non-toxic, and can be easily machined and formed.<Ref name=pap/><ref name=rsc>Royal Society of Chemistry. (August 25, 2015). ''Aluminium'' [Online], Available: http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/13/aluminium</ref> It also has excellent corrosion resistance so it can be used extensively.<ref name=rsc/> Since it has a density much less than copper while also having a comparable electrical conductivity, aluminum is widely used in [[electrical transmission]] lines (Figure 2). In the 19th century, aluminum was hard to come by and was more expensive than gold. In fact, Napoleon III had plates and cutlery made of aluminum for his most honoured guests, and then served lesser guests with gold!<ref>The Aluminum Society, ''History of Aluminum''. (November 20th, 2016). http://www.aluminum.org/aluminum-advantage/history-aluminum</ref>

	Aluminum is used in a wide variety of products like cans, foil, utensils, paints, airplane parts, and more. It is often used as an alloy, meaning it is combined with other elements. This is because it is not naturally strong, so combining it with elements like [[copper]] or [[silicon]] can maintain a lightweight material while increasing the strength.<ref name=rsc/>		Aluminum is used in a wide variety of products like cans, foil, utensils, paints, airplane parts, and more. It is often used as an [[alloy]], meaning it is combined with other elements. This is because it is not naturally strong, so combining it with elements like [[copper]] or [[silicon]] can maintain a lightweight material while increasing the strength.<ref name=rsc/>

	It is also used widely in the [[transportation]] sector, construction industry and electronics.		The metal is also used widely in the [[transportation]] sector, construction industry and electronics.

			==Video==
			The video below is from the University of Nottingham's [http://www.periodicvideos.com/ periodic videos project].<ref>See more videos from the University of Nottingham on different elements here: http://www.periodicvideos.com/</ref> They have created a complete suite of short videos on every element on the [[periodic table of elements]].

			<html>
			<iframe width="816" height="459" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4AhZ8503WPs" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
			</html>

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]

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Jmdonev at 21:53, 27 August 2015

2015-08-27T21:53:25Z

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[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]
[[File:ALUMINUM.png|200px|thumb|Figure 1. Aluminum, [[atomic number]] of 13 and [[atomic weight]] of 26.9815.<ref name=jl>Jefferson Labs. (August 25, 2015). ''The Element Aluminum'' [Online], Available: http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele013.html</ref>]]

<onlyinclude>'''Aluminum''' ('''Al''') is the 13th [[element]] on the [[periodic table of elements|periodic table]], and is the most abundant [[metal]] on Earth, making up 8.1% of the Earth's crust.</onlyinclude><Ref name=pt/> It is not found freely in nature, meaning that it is always found combined to other elements due to it being very reactive.<ref name=pap>SciFun. (August 25, 2015). ''Aluminum'' [Online], Available: http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/PDF/Aluminum.pdf</ref> Aluminum is often found combined with [[oxygen]]. This is called aluminum oxide, the [[natural resource]] that's mined for aluminum oxide is a mineral called bauxite.<Ref name=jl/> Aluminum was first extracted in 1825 by Hans Oersted, but it wasn't until the late 1880s when it became economically feasible to do so.

Some properties of aluminum include:<ref name=pt>PeriodicTable. (August 25, 2015). ''Aluminum'' [Online]. Available: http://periodictable.com/Elements/013/</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''[[Atomic weight]]''' || 26.981538
|-
| '''[[Density]]''' (at 0oC) || 2.7 [[gram|g]]/[[centimeter|cm3]]
|-
| '''[[Boiling point]]''' || 2792 [[Kelvin|K]]
|-
| '''[[Melting point]]''' || 933.473 K
|-
| '''[[Electrical conductivity]]''' || 3.5×107 σ
|-
|}

==Energy of extraction==

The extraction of aluminum is extremely energy intensive; it requires 190-230 [[megajoule]]s of [[primary energy]] per [[kilogram]] of aluminum extracted and processed.<ref>UNEP. (August 19, 2015). ''Environmental Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles'' [Online]. Available: https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/3_Environmental_Challenges_Metals-Full%20Report_36dpi_130923.pdf#96</ref> This is known as aluminum's [[embodied energy]]. In 2014, 49.3 billion kg of aluminum was produced<ref>U.S. Geological Survey. (August 26, 2015). ''Aluminum'' [Online], Available: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/aluminum/mcs-2015-alumi.pdf</ref> -- using the embodied energy of aluminum, this means that 9,367 [[prefixes|PJ]] (9,367x1015 joules) of energy was required for its extraction and processing. The worldwide [[primary energy]] consumption in 2014 was 532,980 PJ,<ref>BP. (August 26, 2015). ''BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2014'' [Online], Available: http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2014-full-report.pdf</ref> meaning that 1.8% of the world's [[total primary energy supply]] went towards the production of aluminum.

Aluminum production also has a considerable [[CO2 footprint|CO2 footprint]], at 8.24 kg of CO2 per kg of aluminum extracted.

It is therefore important to recycle used aluminum, in order to avoid the need for such drastic energy uses and carbon production. The recycling process uses ''much'' less energy reprocessing the aluminum than was used to produce it, approximately 95% less energy.<Ref>The Aluminum Association. (August 26, 2015). ''Aluminum: The Element of Sustainability'' [Online], Available: http://www.aluminum.org/sites/default/files/Aluminum_The_Element_of_Sustainability.pdf</ref> Most cities have a metal recycling plant, which can be found online.

==Uses==
[[File:power line.jpg|200px|thumb|Figure 2. High voltage power lines are made with steel-reinforced aluminum wires.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ligne_haute-tension.jpg</ref>]]

Aluminum has many valuable properties that allow it to be a widely used metal. It is very light compared to other metals, has a high electrical conductivity, is non-toxic, and can be easily machined and formed.<Ref name=pap/><ref name=rsc>Royal Society of Chemistry. (August 25, 2015). ''Aluminium'' [Online], Available: http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/13/aluminium</ref> It also has excellent corrosion resistance so it can be used extensively.<ref name=rsc/> Since it has a density much less than copper while also having a comparable electrical conductivity, aluminum is widely used in [[electrical transmission]] lines (Figure 2).

Aluminum is used in a wide variety of products like cans, foil, utensils, paints, airplane parts, and more. It is often used as an alloy, meaning it is combined with other elements. This is because it is not naturally strong, so combining it with elements like [[copper]] or [[silicon]] can maintain a lightweight material while increasing the strength.<ref name=rsc/>

It is also used widely in the [[transportation]] sector, construction industry and electronics.

==References==
{{reflist}}