Biome - Revision history

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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-09-05]]		[[Category:Done 2018-12-10]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Biomes''' are nature's major communities, classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment.<ref>Campbell, N.A. 1996. Biology, 4th Edition. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., Menlo Park, California. via UC Berkeley, ''The World's Biomes'' [Online], Available: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/</ref> Biomes are often defined by abiotic (non-living) factors such as [[climate]], relief, geology, ~~soils~~ and vegetation.</onlyinclude> Biomes may contain multiple [[ecosystem]]s.<ref name=est>eSchoolToday. (Accessed September 1, 2015). ''What is a biome?'' [Online], Available: http://eschooltoday.com/ecosystems/what-is-a-biome.html</ref>		[[Category: Rudi grade Ashley edit]]
			<onlyinclude>'''Biomes''' are nature's major ecological communities, classified according to the predominant vegetation, climate, and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment.<ref>Campbell, N.A. 1996. Biology, 4th Edition. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., Menlo Park, California. via UC Berkeley, ''The World's Biomes'' [Online], Available: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/</ref> Biomes are often defined by abiotic (non-living) factors such as [[climate]], topographic relief (the shape of the landscape), [[geology]], [[soil]]s, and [[vegetation]].</onlyinclude> Biomes may contain multiple [[ecosystem]]s.<ref name=est>eSchoolToday. (Accessed September 1, 2015). ''What is a biome?'' [Online], Available: http://eschooltoday.com/ecosystems/what-is-a-biome.html</ref>

	Biomes are extremely important and have changed many times throughout Earth's history. [[Anthropogenic]] (human) activities have recently been affecting biomes,<ref name=ucb>UC Berkeley. (Accessed Sept. 1, 2015). ''The World's Biomes'' [Online], Available: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/</ref> which is a concern especially as [[energy]] use and [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s continue to increase. Since these regions depend on a stable climate, [[climate change]] results in altered conditions within a biome.		Biomes are extremely important and have changed many times throughout Earth's history. [[Anthropogenic]] (human) activities have recently been affecting biomes,<ref name=ucb>UC Berkeley. (Accessed Sept. 1, 2015). ''The World's Biomes'' [Online], Available: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/</ref> which is a concern especially as [[energy]] use and [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s continue to increase. Since these regions depend on a stable climate, [[climate change]] results in altered conditions within a biome.

			There have been various biome classification systems devised over the years. The two most commonly used systems are the Walter classification scheme and the Whittaker classification scheme. The Walter system is based on the annual cycles of [[precipitation]] and [[temperature]], along with the resulting [[vegetation]] that grows due to these conditions. The Whittaker scheme is based primarily on vegetation and is modified based on climate conditions.<ref name=chap>Ricklefs, R. E. "The economy of nature: a textbook in basic ecology." (1993). Chapter 5 [Online], Available: http://www.ecologia.polimi.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/chap5_ricklefs_biomes.pdf</ref> The common ground between these two popular classification schemes are the five major biomes presented below.

			The Koppen-Geiger climate classification is a more complex classification system that is increasingly being used for dealing with climate change issues. This classification systems is very detailed, with multiple subcategories. This allows for much more fine-tuned classification, making it easier to show how the climate is shifting in a place over time. <ref name=NOAA>NOAA. "Koppen-Geiger Climate Changes - 1901 - 2100" (2007). [Online], Available: https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/koppen-geiger-climate-changes-1901-2100/</ref>

	<gallery caption="Major Biomes" mode=packed heights=110px>		<gallery caption="Major Biomes" mode=packed heights=110px>
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	===Aquatic===		===Aquatic===
	[[Water]] is abundant all over the Earth, making up nearly 75% of the total [[biosphere]].<ref name=ucb/> Life began in water [[~~timescale~~ of the universe\|billions of years ago]], when the first [[molecule]]s important for life came together. There are numerous species of plants and animals in aquatic ~~locations~~, ranging from the deep ocean to shallow ponds. Aquatic biomes can be split into two categories - '''marine''' (oceans, coral reefs) and '''freshwater''' (ponds, rivers).		[[Water]] is abundant all over the Earth, making up nearly 75% of the total [[biosphere]].<ref name=ucb/> Life began in water [[time scale of the universe\|billions of years ago]], when the first [[molecule]]s important for life came together. There are numerous species of plants and animals in aquatic environments, ranging from the deep ocean to shallow ponds. Aquatic biomes can be split into two categories - '''marine''' (oceans, coral reefs) and '''freshwater''' (ponds, rivers).

	===Desert===		===Desert===

	Deserts are extremely '''dry'''; ~~characterized as places on Earth that~~ get less than 50 [[meter\|cm]] of rain per year.<ref name=ucb/> They cover about a fifth of the Earth's surface, and are typically found in mid-latitudes (around ~~30°~~) due to the Earth's [[prevailing winds]].<ref name=boyle>G. Boyle. ''Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref> Only specialized plants and animals are capable of living in these regions due to the lack of water they receive. It is rare for large animals to thrive here due to intense [[temperature]]s and lack of shade from the [[Sun]].		Deserts are extremely '''dry'''; they get less than 50 [[meter\|cm]] of rain per year.<ref name=ucb/> They cover about a fifth of the Earth's surface, and are typically found in mid-latitudes (around 30°N or S) due to the Earth's [[prevailing winds]].<ref name=boyle>G. Boyle. ''Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref> Only specialized plants and animals are capable of living in these regions due to the lack of water they receive. It is rare for large animals to thrive here due to intense [[temperature]]s and lack of shade from the [[Sun]].

	===Tundra===		===Tundra===

	Tundras are the '''coldest''' of the biomes. They are characterized by low temperatures, frost molded landscapes, little [[precipitation]], lack of nutrients, and short growing seasons.<ref>UC Berkeley. (Accessed Sept 1, 2015). ''The Tundra Biome'' [Online], Available: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html</ref> ~~Because of these~~ characteristics~~, they generally~~ lack [[biodiversity]] since only extremely well-adapted species of animals and plants can live here.		Tundras are the '''coldest''' of the biomes. They ususally occur at high latitudes (above 60°N or S). They are characterized by low temperatures, frost molded landscapes, little [[precipitation]], lack of nutrients, and short growing seasons.<ref>UC Berkeley. (Accessed Sept 1, 2015). ''The Tundra Biome'' [Online], Available: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html</ref> These characteristics lead to a general lack of [[biodiversity]] since only extremely well-adapted species of animals and plants can live here.

	===Forest===		===Forest===

	Forests are one of the more '''diverse''' biomes, with plenty of history and folklore centered around them. Forests cover a third of the Earth's land and contain over 70% of the [[carbon]] present in living things.<ref name=ucb/> The resources present in forests are valuable to humans, whether it be the wood itself for use as a [[fuel]] and other [[industrial energy use\|industry purposes]], or the desire for the land occupied by the forest. This has ~~caused~~ mass deforestation and [[pollution]] in once-thriving ecosystems.		Forests are one of the more '''diverse''' biomes, with plenty of history and folklore centered around them. Forests cover a third of the Earth's land and contain over 70% of the [[carbon]] present in living things.<ref name=ucb/> The resources present in forests are valuable to humans, whether it be the wood itself for use as a [[fuel]] and other [[industrial energy use\|industry purposes]], or the desire for the land occupied by the forest. This has lead to mass deforestation and [[pollution]] in once-thriving ecosystems.

	===Grassland===		===Grassland===
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	~~'''<center>~~For ~~more information, visit~~ UC Berkeley's [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/grassland.html ~~grassland~~], [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/aquatic.html ~~aquatic~~], [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/deserts.html ~~desert~~], [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/forests.html ~~forest~~]~~, and~~ [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html ~~tundra~~] ~~biome pages.</center>'''~~
			==For Further Reading==
			*[[Precipitation]]
			*[[Climate]]
			*[[Ecosystem]]
			*[[Biosphere]]
			*[[Water]]
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]


			UC Berkeley has biome pages with additional information on these topics:
			* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/grassland.html Grassland]
			* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/aquatic.html Aquatic]
			* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/deserts.html Desert]
			* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/forests.html Forest]
			* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html Tundra]


	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]
			[[category: Ed edit]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

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Jmdonev at 16:58, 3 September 2015

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[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]
<onlyinclude>'''Biomes''' are nature's major communities, classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment.<ref>Campbell, N.A. 1996. Biology, 4th Edition. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., Menlo Park, California. via UC Berkeley, ''The World's Biomes'' [Online], Available: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/</ref> Biomes are often defined by abiotic (non-living) factors such as [[climate]], relief, geology, soils and vegetation.</onlyinclude> Biomes may contain multiple [[ecosystem]]s.<ref name=est>eSchoolToday. (Accessed September 1, 2015). ''What is a biome?'' [Online], Available: http://eschooltoday.com/ecosystems/what-is-a-biome.html</ref>

Biomes are extremely important and have changed many times throughout Earth's history. [[Anthropogenic]] (human) activities have recently been affecting biomes,<ref name=ucb>UC Berkeley. (Accessed Sept. 1, 2015). ''The World's Biomes'' [Online], Available: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/</ref> which is a concern especially as [[energy]] use and [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s continue to increase. Since these regions depend on a stable climate, [[climate change]] results in altered conditions within a biome.

<gallery caption="Major Biomes" mode=packed heights=110px>
File:coralreef.jpg|[[Biome#Aquatic|Aquatic]].<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef#/media/File:Coral_Outcrop_Flynn_Reef.jpg</ref>
File:monument-valley-towers.jpg|[[Biome#Desert|Desert]].<ref>Public Domain Images [Online], Available: http://www.public-domain-image.com/nature-landscape/desert/slides/monument-valley-towers.html</ref>
File:tundra.jpg|[[Biome#Tundra|Tundra]].<ref>Public Domain Images [Online], Available: http://www.public-domain-image.com/free-images/fauna-animals/birds/swans-pictures/tundra-swan/tundra-swans-in-a-lake-with-mt-shasta-in-the-background</ref>
File:forestbiome.jpg|[[Biome#Forest|Forest]].<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_coastal_forests#/media/File:Posts_Brook_from_Norvin_Green_State_Forest_Lower_Trail.jpg</ref>
File:grasslands.jpg|[[Biome#Grassland|Grassland]].<ref>Geograph (Accessed Sept. 1, 2015) [Online], Available: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1360416</ref>
</gallery>

==Types==

There are 5 major types of biomes:<ref name=ucb/>

===Aquatic===
[[Water]] is abundant all over the Earth, making up nearly 75% of the total [[biosphere]].<ref name=ucb/> Life began in water [[timescale of the universe|billions of years ago]], when the first [[molecule]]s important for life came together. There are numerous species of plants and animals in aquatic locations, ranging from the deep ocean to shallow ponds. Aquatic biomes can be split into two categories - '''marine''' (oceans, coral reefs) and '''freshwater''' (ponds, rivers).

===Desert===

Deserts are extremely '''dry'''; characterized as places on Earth that get less than 50 [[meter|cm]] of rain per year.<ref name=ucb/> They cover about a fifth of the Earth's surface, and are typically found in mid-latitudes (around 30°) due to the Earth's [[prevailing winds]].<ref name=boyle>G. Boyle. ''Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref> Only specialized plants and animals are capable of living in these regions due to the lack of water they receive. It is rare for large animals to thrive here due to intense [[temperature]]s and lack of shade from the [[Sun]].

===Tundra===

Tundras are the '''coldest''' of the biomes. They are characterized by low temperatures, frost molded landscapes, little [[precipitation]], lack of nutrients, and short growing seasons.<ref>UC Berkeley. (Accessed Sept 1, 2015). ''The Tundra Biome'' [Online], Available: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html</ref> Because of these characteristics, they generally lack [[biodiversity]] since only extremely well-adapted species of animals and plants can live here.

===Forest===

Forests are one of the more '''diverse''' biomes, with plenty of history and folklore centered around them. Forests cover a third of the Earth's land and contain over 70% of the [[carbon]] present in living things.<ref name=ucb/> The resources present in forests are valuable to humans, whether it be the wood itself for use as a [[fuel]] and other [[industrial energy use|industry purposes]], or the desire for the land occupied by the forest. This has caused mass deforestation and [[pollution]] in once-thriving ecosystems.

===Grassland===

Grasslands are lands dominated by grass rather than trees or shrubs. There are two main types, the savanna (tropical) and temperate grasslands.<ref name=ucb/>

Savannas cover almost half the surface of Africa and portions of Australia, South America, and India. They are characterized by hot climates with consistent rainfall for 6-8 months, followed by months filled with drought.

Temperate grasslands have almost no trees, and have less rainfall than savannas. Temperatures vary more from summer to winter as well, with very hot summers and very cold winters. Temperate grasslands can be found in the prairies of North America, the pampas of South America, and the steppes of the former Soviet Union.

'''<center>For more information, visit UC Berkeley's [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/grassland.html grassland], [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/aquatic.html aquatic], [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/deserts.html desert], [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/forests.html forest], and [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html tundra] biome pages.</center>'''

==References==
{{reflist}}