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	[[Category:Done ~~2016~~-01~~-15~~]]		[[Category:Done 2026-07-01]]
	[[~~File:BORON.png\|200px\|thumb\|Figure 1. Boron,~~ [[~~atomic weight~~]] of 10.~~811~~ and [[~~atomic number~~]] of 5.<ref>~~Made internally by a member of the Energy Education team~~, ~~information from Jefferson Labs~~: ~~http~~://~~education~~.~~jlab~~.org/~~itselemental~~/~~ele005~~.~~html~~</ref>]]		<onlyinclude>'''Boron''' ('''B''') is the 5<sup>th</sup> [[element]] on the [[periodic table of elements\|periodic table]] and is not particularly abundant in the universe or on Earth, but there is enough of it on Earth to satisfy certain applications in human society. For energy applications boron is used as a dopant in solar panels (and elsewhere in the [[silicon]] industry]] and as a neutron poison to turn off nuclear reactors.</onlyinclude> [[File:Electron shell 005 Boron.png\|thumb\|Figure 1. Bohr model of the boron atom.<ref>Wikimedia Commons (2010). (Accessed May 28, 2026). ''Electron shell 005 Boron'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electron_shell_005_Boron.png</ref>]]

	<~~onlyinclude~~>'''Boron~~'''~~ (''~~'B''') is the 5<sup>th~~</~~sup~~> [[~~element~~]] on the [[~~periodic table of elements\|periodic table~~]]. ~~It is not found in high abundance~~ in the ~~universe or on Earth~~, ~~however there~~ is ~~enough~~ of ~~it on Earth to satisfy its certain applications in human society~~. ~~</onlyinclude>~~		Boron has 3 [[Valence electron\|valence electrons]], and can be an exception of the octet rule. Boron can be stable with 8 valence electrons as well as with 6 valence electrons, such as in boron trifluoride (BF<sub>3</sub>).<ref>Goyal, V. (2025). (Accessed May 28, 2026). ''Boron trifluoride (BF3) lewis dot structure, molecular geometry, polar or nonpolar, hybridization, Bond angle'' [Online]. Available: https://topblogtenz.com/bf3-lewis-structure-molecular-geometry-polar-or-nonpolar-hybridization-bond-angle/</ref> Silicon has four valence electrons, so boron is used in small quantities in solar panels (and other silicon based devices) to make the 'p' side of [[p-n junction]]. Nuclear reactors use reservoirs of boric acid to act as a [[neutron poison]] to absorb the neutrons that cause [[fission chain reaction]]s.

			Figure 1 shows a Bohr model of the boron atom. Keep in mind that the Bohr model is a simplification, the Quantum Mechanical model is more accurate and better depicts the unique bonding properties of Boron.

	Some useful atomic properties of boron include:<ref name=jef>Jefferson Labs. (Accessed February 6, 2016). ''The Element Boron'' [Online], Available: http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele005.html</ref>		Some useful atomic properties of boron include:<ref name=jef>Jefferson Labs. (Accessed February 6, 2016). ''The Element Boron'' [Online], Available: http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele005.html</ref>
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	\| '''[[Melting point]]''' \|\| 4273 K		\| '''[[Melting point]]''' \|\| 4273 K
	\|}		\|}

	==Uses==		==Uses==
			[[File:Pyrex (33207525465).jpg\|left\|thumb\|Figure 2. A Pyrex borosilicate glass measuring cup.<ref>Wikimedia Commons (2017). (Accessed May 28, 2026). ''Pyrex (33207525465)'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pyrex_(33207525465).jpg</ref>]]
			Due to boron's high '''neutron cross section''' it is an effective [[neutron absorbtion\|neutron absorber]]. This makes it useful in the [[control rod]]s of [[nuclear reactor]]s to maintain a safe [[nuclear chain reaction]]. This also makes it desirable as a radiation shield, as well as a [[neutron]] detector.<Ref name=jef/>

	~~Due to~~ boron~~'s high [[neutron cross section]] it is an effective [[neutron absorbtion\|neutron absorber]]. This makes it useful~~ in ~~the [[control rod]]s of [[nuclear reactor]]s to maintain a safe [[nuclear chain reaction]]. This also makes it desirable as a radiation shield, as well as a [[neutron]] detector~~.~~<Ref name=jef/>~~		Several compounds of boron are in common use commercially.

	~~Several compounds of boron are in common use commercially.~~ Boric oxide is used to manufacture tough, heat resistant glass known as Pyrex.<ref name=rsc>Royal Society of Chemistry. (Accessed February 6, 2016). ''Boron'' [Online], Available: http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/5/boron</ref> The most important compound of boron is known as sodium borate pentahydrate, used to manufacture fibreglass insulation and bleach. Boric acid (H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>) is used in insulation as a flame retardant.<ref name=jef/>		* Boric oxide is used to manufacture tough, heat resistant glass known as Pyrex.<ref name="rsc">Royal Society of Chemistry. (Accessed February 6, 2016). ''Boron'' [Online], Available: http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/5/boron</ref> Figure 2 shows a borosilicate measuring cup, made up of silica, boron, sodium, and aluminium. Since the glass is very thermally and chemically resistant, it is widely used in scientific laboratories.<ref>Borosil Scientific (2025). (Accessed May 28, 2026). ''A Comprehensive Guide to Borosilicate Glass: Understanding Types, Composition, and Properties'' [Online]. Available: https://www.borosilscientific.com/a-comprehensive-guide-to-borosilicate-glass-understanding-types-composition-and-properties/</ref>
			* The most important compound of boron is known as sodium borate pentahydrate, used to manufacture fibreglass insulation and bleach.
			* Boric acid (H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>) is used in insulation as a flame retardant.<ref name="jef" />

	Boron also has a characteristic green color when [[ignition\|ignited]], so it is commonly used in pyrotechnics and flares.		Boron also has a characteristic green color when [[ignition\|ignited]], so it is commonly used in pyrotechnics and flares.

			== For Further Reading ==

			* [[Element]]
			* [[Periodic table of elements]]
			* [[Atom]]
			* [[Neutron]]
			* Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
			[[Category:Uploaded]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2016-02-18T04:31:22Z

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Jmdonev at 06:37, 17 February 2016

2016-02-17T06:37:28Z

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[[Category:Done 2016-01-15]]
[[File:BORON.png|200px|thumb|Figure 1. Boron, [[atomic weight]] of 10.811 and [[atomic number]] of 5.<ref>Made internally by a member of the Energy Education team, information from Jefferson Labs: http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele005.html</ref>]]

<onlyinclude>'''Boron''' ('''B''') is the 5th [[element]] on the [[periodic table of elements|periodic table]]. It is not found in high abundance in the universe or on Earth, however there is enough of it on Earth to satisfy its certain applications in human society. </onlyinclude>

Some useful atomic properties of boron include:<ref name=jef>Jefferson Labs. (Accessed February 6, 2016). ''The Element Boron'' [Online], Available: http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele005.html</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''[[Atomic weight]]''' || 10.811
|-
| '''[[Density]]''' || 2.37 [[gram|g]]/[[centimeter|cm3]]
|-
| '''[[Boiling point]]''' || 2348 [[Kelvin|K]]
|-
| '''[[Melting point]]''' || 4273 K
|}

==Uses==

Due to boron's high [[neutron cross section]] it is an effective [[neutron absorbtion|neutron absorber]]. This makes it useful in the [[control rod]]s of [[nuclear reactor]]s to maintain a safe [[nuclear chain reaction]]. This also makes it desirable as a radiation shield, as well as a [[neutron]] detector.<Ref name=jef/>

Several compounds of boron are in common use commercially. Boric oxide is used to manufacture tough, heat resistant glass known as Pyrex.<ref name=rsc>Royal Society of Chemistry. (Accessed February 6, 2016). ''Boron'' [Online], Available: http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/5/boron</ref> The most important compound of boron is known as sodium borate pentahydrate, used to manufacture fibreglass insulation and bleach. Boric acid (H3BO3) is used in insulation as a flame retardant.<ref name=jef/>

Boron also has a characteristic green color when [[ignition|ignited]], so it is commonly used in pyrotechnics and flares.

==References==
{{reflist}}

Boron - Revision history

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energy>Jmdonev at 00:36, 30 June 2026

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Jmdonev at 06:37, 17 February 2016