Coal liquefaction - Revision history

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	[[Category:Done ~~2016~~-04-30]]		[[Category:Done 2026-08-01]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Coal liquefaction''' is a process in which [[coal]] is converted into liquid [[fuel]]s or [[petrochemical]]s.</onlyinclude> There are several processes used to accomplish this task, the two most common being the "indirect route" and the "direct route".<ref name=c2x>World Coal-to-X. (Accessed June 29, 2016). ''Coal To Liquid Fuels'' [Online], Available: http://worldctx.com/documentation/coal-to-liquid-fuels/</ref>		<onlyinclude>'''Coal liquefaction''' is a process in which [[coal]] is converted into liquid [[fuel]]s or [[petrochemical]]s.</onlyinclude> There are several processes used to accomplish this task, with the two most common being the '''indirect route''' and the '''direct route'''.<ref name=c2x>World Coal-to-X. (Accessed June 29, 2016). ''Coal To Liquid Fuels'' [Online], Available: http://worldctx.com/documentation/coal-to-liquid-fuels/</ref>

	The ''indirect route'' is composed of 2 steps: First, coal is gasified with [[steam]] and [[oxygen]] to produce a [[synthesis gas]] (syngas), which is then cleaned to ~~rid of~~ dust, tar, and [[acid]] gases. ~~The~~ second step ~~reacts~~ the synthesis gas ~~with~~ a catalyst in the Fischer-Tropsch process, ~~which converts~~ the syngas into a range of [[hydrocarbon]] ~~fuels such as~~ [[gasoline]], [[diesel]] ~~and~~ [[methanol]].<ref>Lee, T. L. K. ''Coal Liquefaction Technologies – direct and indirect routes''. APEC Clean Fossil Energy Technical and Policy Seminar [Online], Available: http://www.egcfe.ewg.apec.org/publications/proceedings/CFE/Cebu_2005/session_6/6.1_LKLee.pdf</ref>		The indirect route is composed of '''2''' steps: First, coal is gasified with [[steam]] and [[oxygen]] to produce [[synthesis gas]] (syngas), which is then cleaned '''to remove''' dust, tar, and [[acid]] gases. In the second step, the cleaned synthesis gas reacts over a catalyst in the Fischer-Tropsch process, converting the syngas into a range of [[hydrocarbon]] products, including [[gasoline]], [[diesel]], [[methanol]], and other liquid fuels.<ref>Lee, T. L. K. ''Coal Liquefaction Technologies – direct and indirect routes''. APEC Clean Fossil Energy Technical and Policy Seminar [Online], Available: http://www.egcfe.ewg.apec.org/publications/proceedings/CFE/Cebu_2005/session_6/6.1_LKLee.pdf</ref>

	In the ''direct route'', coal is pulverized and reacted with ~~a catalyst, then~~ [[hydrogen]] ~~is added~~ under high [[pressure]]s and [[temperature]]s in the presence of a [[solvent]] to produce a raw liquid fuel. This raw fuel requires refining ~~in order~~ to ~~yield acceptable~~ transportation fuels.<ref>National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE). (Accessed June 29, 2016). ''Liquid Fuels'' [Online], Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/research/coal/energy-systems/gasification/gasifipedia/direct-liquefaction</ref>		In the direct route, coal is pulverized and reacted with [[hydrogen]] under high [[pressure]] and [[temperature]] in the presence of a catalyst and a [[solvent]] to produce a raw liquid fuel. This raw fuel requires further refining to produce transportation fuels that meet fuel quality specifications.<ref>National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE). (Accessed June 29, 2016). ''Liquid Fuels'' [Online], Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/research/coal/energy-systems/gasification/gasifipedia/direct-liquefaction</ref>

	~~Check out~~ the video below for a visual explanation of the liquefaction process. This video was created by the [http://biofuelsacademy.org/ Biofuels Academy]:		Watch the video below for a visual explanation of the coal liquefaction process. This video was created by the [http://biofuelsacademy.org/ Biofuels Academy]:

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	==Benefits==		==Benefits==
	Countries with abundant coal [[resource]]s (such as the US and China) benefit from this conversion, as it can help reduce reliance on imported liquid fuels. It also offers the potential to ~~economically~~ produce [[hydrogen]].<ref name=doe>Department of Energy. (Accessed June 29, 2016). ''Coal to Liquids'' [Online], Available: http://energy.gov/fe/science-innovation/clean-coal-research/coal-liquids</ref>		Countries with abundant coal [[resource]]s (such as the United States and China) can benefit from this conversion, as it can help reduce reliance on imported liquid fuels. It also offers the potential to produce [[hydrogen]] economically.<ref name=doe>Department of Energy. (Accessed June 29, 2016). ''Coal to Liquids'' [Online], Available: http://energy.gov/fe/science-innovation/clean-coal-research/coal-liquids</ref>

	[[Carbon capture and storage]] can be integrated into the process, and [[biomass]] can also be incorporated to ~~further~~ reduce the [[CO2 footprint]] while taking advantage of the [[economies of scale]] associated with coal.<Ref name=doe/>		[[Carbon capture and storage]] can be integrated into the process, and [[biomass]] can also be incorporated to reduce the [[CO2 footprint]] while taking advantage of the [[economies of scale]] associated with coal.<Ref name=doe/>

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
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Jmdonev at 22:32, 3 August 2016

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[[Category:Done 2016-04-30]]
<onlyinclude>'''Coal liquefaction''' is a process in which [[coal]] is converted into liquid [[fuel]]s or [[petrochemical]]s.</onlyinclude> There are several processes used to accomplish this task, the two most common being the "indirect route" and the "direct route".<ref name=c2x>World Coal-to-X. (Accessed June 29, 2016). ''Coal To Liquid Fuels'' [Online], Available: http://worldctx.com/documentation/coal-to-liquid-fuels/</ref>

The ''indirect route'' is composed of 2 steps: First, coal is gasified with [[steam]] and [[oxygen]] to produce a [[synthesis gas]] (syngas), which is then cleaned to rid of dust, tar, and [[acid]] gases. The second step reacts the synthesis gas with a catalyst in the Fischer-Tropsch process, which converts the syngas into a range of [[hydrocarbon]] fuels such as [[gasoline]], [[diesel]] and [[methanol]].<ref>Lee, T. L. K. ''Coal Liquefaction Technologies – direct and indirect routes''. APEC Clean Fossil Energy Technical and Policy Seminar [Online], Available: http://www.egcfe.ewg.apec.org/publications/proceedings/CFE/Cebu_2005/session_6/6.1_LKLee.pdf</ref>

In the ''direct route'', coal is pulverized and reacted with a catalyst, then [[hydrogen]] is added under high [[pressure]]s and [[temperature]]s in the presence of a [[solvent]] to produce a raw liquid fuel. This raw fuel requires refining in order to yield acceptable transportation fuels.<ref>National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE). (Accessed June 29, 2016). ''Liquid Fuels'' [Online], Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/research/coal/energy-systems/gasification/gasifipedia/direct-liquefaction</ref>

Check out the video below for a visual explanation of the liquefaction process. This video was created by the [http://biofuelsacademy.org/ Biofuels Academy]:

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<iframe width="816" height="459" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KHdqq28BkuM" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

==Benefits==
Countries with abundant coal [[resource]]s (such as the US and China) benefit from this conversion, as it can help reduce reliance on imported liquid fuels. It also offers the potential to economically produce [[hydrogen]].<ref name=doe>Department of Energy. (Accessed June 29, 2016). ''Coal to Liquids'' [Online], Available: http://energy.gov/fe/science-innovation/clean-coal-research/coal-liquids</ref>

[[Carbon capture and storage]] can be integrated into the process, and [[biomass]] can also be incorporated to further reduce the [[CO2 footprint]] while taking advantage of the [[economies of scale]] associated with coal.<Ref name=doe/>

==References==
{{reflist}}