Coal reserve - Revision history

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Jmdonev at 21:52, 21 June 2018

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	[[category:371 topics]]		[[category:371 topics]]
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	<onlyinclude>'''Coal reserves''' refer to large deposits of [[coal]] which, based on geological surveys and engineering studies, are thought to exist to a very high degree of [[McKelvey box\|certainty]]. In addition to the knowledge of their existence, these [[reserve]]s are also accessible and coal can be produced from them economically.</onlyinclude> Coal is the most widespread and most abundant [[fossil fuel]]s. Since so much coal exists, this means that the Earth has significant coal reserves. These reserves are spread all over the globe and mined in every continent except Antarctica. Although the reserves are spread widely, some countries have much more coal than others. It is estimated that the total world reserves amount to around 10<sup>12</sup> [[tonne]]s of coal.<ref name=wolfson/> Although the [[energy]] contents of the coal vary, rough estimates suggest that this large reserve is equal to around 25 000 [[joule\|exajoules]] of energy, or around 24 000 [[quad]]s. About half of the coal reserves are high quality [[bituminous]] or [[anthracite]] coal.<ref name=wolfson>Richard Wolfson. (June 1, 2015). ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A: 2012.</ref>		<onlyinclude>'''Coal reserves''' refer to large deposits of [[coal]] which, based on geological surveys and engineering studies, are thought to exist to a very high degree of [[McKelvey box\|certainty]]. In addition to the knowledge of their existence, these [[reserve]]s are also accessible and coal can be produced from them economically.</onlyinclude> Coal is the most widespread and most abundant [[fossil fuel]]s. Since so much coal exists, this means that the Earth has significant coal reserves. These reserves are spread all over the globe and mined in every continent except Antarctica. Although the reserves are spread widely, some countries have much more coal than others. It is estimated that the total world reserves amount to around 10<sup>12</sup> [[tonne]]s of coal.<ref name=wolfson/> Although the [[energy]] contents of the coal vary, rough estimates suggest that this large reserve is equal to around 25 000 [[joule\|exajoules]] of energy, or around 24 000 [[quad]]s. About half of the coal reserves are high quality [[bituminous]] or [[anthracite]] coal.<ref name=wolfson>Richard Wolfson. (June 1, 2015). ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A: 2012.</ref>

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	==Interactive Graph==		==Interactive Graph==
	Below is an interactive graph showing what regions have major coal reserves. Note that regions that include the countries that have significant coal reserves, such as Russia contained in Europe and Eurasia, have large amounts of coal compared to other regions which do not have one of these countries.		Below is an interactive graph showing what regions have major coal reserves. Note that regions that include the countries that have significant coal reserves, such as Russia contained in Europe and Eurasia, have large amounts of coal compared to other regions which do not have one of these countries.
	<html><iframe height='525px' width='785px' style='border:1px solid #cccccc' src='~~http~~://www.google.com/publicdata/embed?ds=lp1a8c08eee7i_&ctype=c&bcs=o&nselm=s&met_y=coal_reserves&met_c=default&ifdim=region&idim=region:AFR:APA:EEA:MEA:NOA:SCA'></iframe></html>		<html><iframe height='525px' width='785px' style='border:1px solid #cccccc' src='https://www.google.com/publicdata/embed?ds=lp1a8c08eee7i_&ctype=c&bcs=o&nselm=s&met_y=coal_reserves&met_c=default&ifdim=region&idim=region:AFR:APA:EEA:MEA:NOA:SCA'></iframe></html>

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

Jmdonev at 00:31, 23 October 2017

2017-10-23T00:31:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:31, 23 October 2017
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	==Interactive Graph==		==Interactive Graph==
	Below is an interactive graph showing what regions have major coal reserves. Note that regions that include the countries that have significant coal reserves, such as Russia contained in Europe and Eurasia, have large amounts of coal compared to other regions which do not have one of these countries.		Below is an interactive graph showing what regions have major coal reserves. Note that regions that include the countries that have significant coal reserves, such as Russia contained in Europe and Eurasia, have large amounts of coal compared to other regions which do not have one of these countries.
	<html><iframe height='525px' width='785px' style='border:1px solid #cccccc' src='http://www.google.com/publicdata/embed?ds=~~g5eclhudc0afn_~~&ctype=c&bcs=o&nselm=s&met_y=coal_reserves&met_c=default&ifdim=region&idim=region:AFR:APA:EEA:MEA:NOA:SCA'></iframe></html>		<html><iframe height='525px' width='785px' style='border:1px solid #cccccc' src='http://www.google.com/publicdata/embed?ds=lp1a8c08eee7i_&ctype=c&bcs=o&nselm=s&met_y=coal_reserves&met_c=default&ifdim=region&idim=region:AFR:APA:EEA:MEA:NOA:SCA'></iframe></html>

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2017-08-29T01:46:44Z

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Jmdonev at 17:16, 14 July 2017

2017-07-14T17:16:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:16, 14 July 2017
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	[[category:371 topics]]		[[category:371 topics]]
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	<onlyinclude>'''Coal reserves''' refer to large deposits of [[coal]] which, based on geological surveys and engineering studies, are thought to exist to a very high degree of certainty. In addition to the knowledge of their existence, these [[reserve]]s are also accessible and coal can be produced from them economically.</onlyinclude> Coal is ~~one of~~ the most widespread and most abundant [[fossil fuel]]s. Since so much coal exists, the Earth has significant coal reserves. These reserves are spread all over the globe and mined in every continent except Antarctica. Although the reserves are spread widely, some countries have much more coal than others. It is estimated that the total world reserves amount to around 10<sup>12</sup> [[tonne]]s of coal.<ref name=wolfson/> Although the [[energy]] contents of the coal vary, rough estimates suggest that this large reserve is equal to around 25 000 [[joule\|exajoules]] of energy, or around 24 000 [[quad]]s. About half of the coal reserves are high quality [[bituminous]] or [[anthracite]] coal.<ref name=wolfson>Richard Wolfson. (June 1, 2015). ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A: 2012.</ref>		<onlyinclude>'''Coal reserves''' refer to large deposits of [[coal]] which, based on geological surveys and engineering studies, are thought to exist to a very high degree of [[McKelvey box\|certainty]]. In addition to the knowledge of their existence, these [[reserve]]s are also accessible and coal can be produced from them economically.</onlyinclude> Coal is the most widespread and most abundant [[fossil fuel]]s. Since so much coal exists, this means that the Earth has significant coal reserves. These reserves are spread all over the globe and mined in every continent except Antarctica. Although the reserves are spread widely, some countries have much more coal than others. It is estimated that the total world reserves amount to around 10<sup>12</sup> [[tonne]]s of coal.<ref name=wolfson/> Although the [[energy]] contents of the coal vary, rough estimates suggest that this large reserve is equal to around 25 000 [[joule\|exajoules]] of energy, or around 24 000 [[quad]]s. About half of the coal reserves are high quality [[bituminous]] or [[anthracite]] coal.<ref name=wolfson>Richard Wolfson. (June 1, 2015). ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A: 2012.</ref>

	The United States has more than one-fourth of the worlds known coal reserves, while other major reserves are located in Russia, China, Australia, and India.<ref name=wolfson/> Most of the worlds coal is buried deep underground and is extracted with traditional mining methods. Where this coal is close to the surface, strip mining is used to expose [[coal seam]]s. Deep mining is used for more deeply buried coal seams.		The United States has more than one-fourth of the worlds known coal reserves, while other major reserves are located in Russia, China, Australia, and India.<ref name=wolfson/> Most of the worlds coal is buried deep underground and is extracted with traditional mining methods. Where this coal is close to the surface, [[strip mining]] is used to expose [[coal seam]]s. [[Deep mining]] is used for more deeply buried coal seams.

	==Reserves/Production Ratio==		==Reserves/Production Ratio==

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:30:55Z

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J.williams at 16:52, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T16:52:55Z

New page

[[category:371 topics]]
[[Category:Done 2015-06-11]]
<onlyinclude>'''Coal reserves''' refer to large deposits of [[coal]] which, based on geological surveys and engineering studies, are thought to exist to a very high degree of certainty. In addition to the knowledge of their existence, these [[reserve]]s are also accessible and coal can be produced from them economically.</onlyinclude> Coal is one of the most widespread and most abundant [[fossil fuel]]s. Since so much coal exists, the Earth has significant coal reserves. These reserves are spread all over the globe and mined in every continent except Antarctica. Although the reserves are spread widely, some countries have much more coal than others. It is estimated that the total world reserves amount to around 10<sup>12</sup> [[tonne]]s of coal.<ref name=wolfson/> Although the [[energy]] contents of the coal vary, rough estimates suggest that this large reserve is equal to around 25 000 [[joule|exajoules]] of energy, or around 24 000 [[quad]]s. About half of the coal reserves are high quality [[bituminous]] or [[anthracite]] coal.<ref name=wolfson>Richard Wolfson. (June 1, 2015). ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A: 2012.</ref>

The United States has more than one-fourth of the worlds known coal reserves, while other major reserves are located in Russia, China, Australia, and India.<ref name=wolfson/> Most of the worlds coal is buried deep underground and is extracted with traditional mining methods. Where this coal is close to the surface, strip mining is used to expose [[coal seam]]s. Deep mining is used for more deeply buried coal seams.

==Reserves/Production Ratio==
One way to determine the size of reserves is known as the '''[[reserves/production ratio]]''' or '''R/P'''. This number represents the number of years that the reserves would last if production and use was continued at the current rate.<ref name=boyle>G.Boyle, B.Everett, S.Peake, J.Ramage. (June 1, 2015). ''Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd Ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012</ref>

Out of all fossil fuel reserves, coal has the largest R/P ratio. Estimates suggest that at current use rates there is around 120 years' worth of coal remaining. However, this ratio needs to be interpreted carefully as this assumes current production levels. Production could increase in the coming years, or decrease as alternative fuels become more prominent. As well, this number doesn't take into account of discoveries of new reserves or developments that allow fuel to be extracted from current [[resource]]s.<ref name=boyle/>

==Coal Around the World==
Over 90% of coal in the United States is used for [[electricity]] generation, and the coal reserves here have an R/P ratio of over 200 years.<ref name=boyle/> Most of the western coal here is strip mined, whereas in the east more than half comes from deep mines.

Chinese coal production has expanded rapidly over the past decade and currently dominates coal production worldwide. Although beneficial for growth and the economy, this results in a significant amount of [[carbon dioxide]] [[emission]]s. Estimates put the reserves in China at 115 billion tonnes but the R/P ratio is only 38 years due to the extreme rate of use.<ref name=boyle/> More than 90% of Chinese mines are deep mines. Although a significant amount of coal is produced in China, the industry is very unsafe with more than 5000 mining related deaths yearly. In addition to this, there are many areas where underground coal fires have been burning uncontrollably.

Russia also produces and exports a significant amount of coal, although these values have significantly dropped as a result of [[natural gas]] as an alternative fuel. Although Russia has 19% of the worlds coal reserves and an R/P ratio of over 500 years,<ref name=boyle/> much of their reserves are located in remote areas of Serbia, which make production and transport expensive.

India has the fourth largest coal reserves in the world, however much of this coal is extremely poor quality. India imports higher quality coal from Australia. Australia itself has less than 10% of the world's coal reserves, but most of this coal is conveniently located in places that have good rail access and many ports. Most of Australia's exports go to Japan, with some high quality coal going to Europe. Small amounts also go to the Middle East and Asia.<ref name=boyle/>

==Interactive Graph==
Below is an interactive graph showing what regions have major coal reserves. Note that regions that include the countries that have significant coal reserves, such as Russia contained in Europe and Eurasia, have large amounts of coal compared to other regions which do not have one of these countries.
<html><iframe height='525px' width='785px' style='border:1px solid #cccccc' src='http://www.google.com/publicdata/embed?ds=g5eclhudc0afn_&ctype=c&bcs=o&nselm=s&met_y=coal_reserves&met_c=default&ifdim=region&idim=region:AFR:APA:EEA:MEA:NOA:SCA'></iframe></html>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]