Dynamic tidal power - Revision history

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2019-01-04T18:14:59Z

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2dev>Jmdonev at 07:21, 17 November 2018

2018-11-17T07:21:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:21, 17 November 2018
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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-09-05]]		[[Category:Done 2018-12-10]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Dynamic tidal power''' is a [[technology]] that uses the difference between the [[potential energy]] and [[kinetic energy]] of [[tidal power\|tides]].</onlyinclude> Long dams are built from coasts straight out into the sea or ~~ocean - meaning~~ that the tides in the areas where these systems might be implemented usually flow parallel to their respective coasts.<ref name=Ref1>"Dynamic Tidal Power in China" internet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7PTxoW66dM [June 6, 2014]</ref> During the movement of tides, water on one side of the dam is at a higher level than the other side. As this water flows through the dam it drives a series of turbines installed within the dam and generates [[electricity]]. Furthermore, these dams are designed with bi-directional turbines, which flip 180<sup>o</sup> after each tide in order to generate power both when the tide comes in and goes out. The added output from having bi-directional turbines is a huge advantage for these types of systems, they allow the power output to basically double.		<onlyinclude>'''Dynamic tidal power''' is a [[technology]] that uses the difference between the [[potential energy]] and [[kinetic energy]] of [[tidal power\|tides]].</onlyinclude> Long dams are built from coasts straight out into the sea or ocean—meaning that the tides in the areas where these systems might be implemented usually ''flow parallel'' to their respective coasts.<ref name=Ref1>"Dynamic Tidal Power in China" internet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7PTxoW66dM [June 6, 2014]</ref> During the movement of tides, water on one side of the dam is at a higher level than the other side. As this water flows through the dam it drives a series of turbines installed within the dam and generates [[electricity]]. Furthermore, these dams are designed with bi-directional turbines, which flip 180<sup>o</sup> after each tide in order to generate power both when the tide comes in and goes out. The added output from having bi-directional turbines is a huge advantage for these types of systems since they allow the power output to basically double.

	[[File:Dynamic tidal.png\|300px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1 A representation of how Dynamic tidal power is used<ref name=ref88>"China, Netherlands sign joint agreement for 15-GW Hydrokinetic project" internet: http://charlesandnuttall.blogspot.ca/2012/10/china-netherlands-sign-joint-agreement.html</ref>]]		[[File:Dynamic tidal.png\|300px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A representation of how Dynamic tidal power is used.<ref name=ref88>"China, Netherlands sign joint agreement for 15-GW Hydrokinetic project" internet: http://charlesandnuttall.blogspot.ca/2012/10/china-netherlands-sign-joint-agreement.html</ref>]]

	===Important note===		===Important note===
Line 10:		Line 10:
	==A closer look==		==A closer look==

	A dynamic tidal power dam can ~~run from~~ 30 to 60 [[km]] long and is typically built perpendicular to the coast, running relatively straight out into the ocean. This design does not enclose any area ~~- and~~ thus allows more freedom for aquatic life without risk of being trapped.<ref name =Ref3>"Dynamic Tidal Power (DTP) – A new approach to exploit tides" paper: 2nd International Conference on Ocean Energy (ICOE 2008), 15th – 17th October 2008, Brest [June 06, 2014]</ref> These dams generate a water level difference from one side of the dam to the ~~other - known~~ as 'head'. The head difference (difference in water level between both sides) is predicted to be able to reach up to a few meters ~~- good news since a~~ higher head difference will result in much higher power production.		A dynamic tidal power dam can be 30 to 60 [[km]] long and is typically built perpendicular to the coast, running relatively straight out into the ocean. This design does not enclose any area, thus allows more freedom for aquatic life without risk of being trapped.<ref name =Ref3>"Dynamic Tidal Power (DTP) – A new approach to exploit tides" paper: 2nd International Conference on Ocean Energy (ICOE 2008), 15th – 17th October 2008, Brest [June 06, 2014]</ref> These dams generate a water level difference from one side of the dam to the other—known as 'head'. The head difference (difference in water level between both sides) is predicted to be able to reach up to a few meters. The higher the head difference will result in much higher power production.

	==Power Production==		==Power Production==

	In ~~2009~~ Canada generated ~~575~~ [[kilowatt-hour\|terawatt-hours]] of electricity~~, this~~ means that a single dynamic tidal power dam with ~~only a~~ 8 [[watt\|GW]] installed [[capacity]] (this is the theoretical maximum output of a power plant) and a [[capacity factor]] of 30% (this is the ratio of actual power output to theoretical power output) could generate almost 4% of Canada's total power output or 21 terawatt-hours annually.<ref name=Ref6/><ref name=Ref10/>		In 2015, Canada generated 670 [[kilowatt-hour\|terawatt-hours]] of electricity. This means that a single dynamic tidal power dam, with an 8 [[watt\|GW]] installed [[capacity]] (this is the theoretical maximum output of a power plant) and a [[capacity factor]] of 30% (this is the ratio of actual power output to theoretical power output) could generate almost 4% of Canada's total power output or 21 terawatt-hours annually.<ref name=Ref6/><ref name=Ref10/>

	==Positives of dynamic tidal power==		==Positives of dynamic tidal power==
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	===Multiple Functions===		===Multiple Functions===

	These types of dams, by necessity, tend to be very long (30 to 60 km) which is significantly longer (and more expensive to build) than current coastal structures. However, a long dam can function with multiple purposes, such as [[land reclamation]], connections between islands, mainland coastal protection, and deep sea and [[liquefied natural gas]] ports. The initial investment costs could easily be shared between these different industries, thus helping to lower the cost per [[kWh]] and create higher return investments.<ref name=Ref10>"Accelerating Marine Energy" internet:http://www.carbontrust.com/media/5675/ctc797.pdf [June 08, 2014]</ref>		These types of dams, by necessity, tend to be very long (30 to 60 km) which is significantly longer (and more expensive to build) than current coastal structures. However, a long dam can function with multiple purposes such as [[land reclamation]], connections between islands, mainland coastal protection, and deep sea and [[liquefied natural gas]] ports. The initial investment costs could easily be shared between these different industries, thus helping to lower the cost per [[kWh]] and create higher return investments.<ref name=Ref10>"Accelerating Marine Energy" internet:http://www.carbontrust.com/media/5675/ctc797.pdf [June 08, 2014]</ref>

	===Stable, sustainable, and available===		===Stable, sustainable, and available===
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	The moon (and subsequent [[tidal force]]) isn't going anywhere anytime soon which means that this type of tidal power will be around indefinitely. Furthermore, the tidal cycle is predictable and repetitive which allows us to know exactly when and how much power is obtainable.<ref name =Ref5>"Tidal Energy Generation" internet: http://fundyforce.ca/renewable-and-predictable/tidal-energy-generation [June 05, 2014]</ref>		The moon (and subsequent [[tidal force]]) isn't going anywhere anytime soon which means that this type of tidal power will be around indefinitely. Furthermore, the tidal cycle is predictable and repetitive which allows us to know exactly when and how much power is obtainable.<ref name =Ref5>"Tidal Energy Generation" internet: http://fundyforce.ca/renewable-and-predictable/tidal-energy-generation [June 05, 2014]</ref>

	Interestingly enough, since these dams are built perpendicular to the shore and the tide flows parallel, dynamic tidal power doesn't require huge tidal ranges. ~~Thus~~ these could be implemented in locations throughout the world, which is advantageous over other forms of tidal power ([[tidal stream generator]]s and [[tidal barrage]]s) since they tend to require more intense tidal fluctuations in order to be economically viable.		Interestingly enough, since these dams are built perpendicular to the shore and the tide flows parallel, dynamic tidal power doesn't require huge tidal ranges. Therefore, these could be implemented in locations throughout the world, which is advantageous over other forms of tidal power (ex. [[tidal stream generator]]s and [[tidal barrage]]s) since they tend to require more intense tidal fluctuations in order to be economically viable.

	==Negatives of dynamic tidal power==		==Negatives of dynamic tidal power==
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	===Lack of proof===		===Lack of proof===

	Unfortunately, due to the nature of the tides and the design of these dams, a full project must be built in order to guarantee predicted success. Building a miniature dam would be ineffective since these dams require a predicted minimum length of 30 km to ensure economic viability.<ref name =Ref8>"Industry Reports" internet: http://www.carbontrust.com/media/168547/tina-marine-energy-summary-report.pdf</ref> Such a dam would require an enormous capital investment and if the design failed a lot of money would be lost. Furthermore, construction of a structure that extends 30 km or further into the ocean has never been ~~attempted - the~~ technology is available but the difficulty is extremely high.<ref name =Ref4> "How Does Tidal Power Work?" internet:http://energyinformative.org/how-does-tidal-power-work [June 09, 2014]</ref>		Unfortunately, due to the nature of the tides and the design of these dams, a full project must be built in order to guarantee predicted success. Building a miniature dam would be ineffective since these dams require a predicted minimum length of 30 km to ensure economic viability.<ref name =Ref8>"Industry Reports" internet: http://www.carbontrust.com/media/168547/tina-marine-energy-summary-report.pdf</ref> Such a dam would require an enormous capital investment and if the design failed a lot of money would be lost. Furthermore, construction of a structure that extends 30 km or further into the ocean has never been attempted—the technology is available but the difficulty is extremely high.<ref name =Ref4> "How Does Tidal Power Work?" internet:http://energyinformative.org/how-does-tidal-power-work [June 09, 2014]</ref>

	===Environmental Impact===		===Environmental Impact===

	The [[environmental impact]] of a such a system could be significant. Unfortunately, in areas where any tidal power stations might be built happen to be some of the most densely populated ecosystems in the ocean. Changes in water levels might harm plant and animal life and alter the sea water composition. Also, turbines in dynamic tidal power stations move quickly, and if protection is not built in, marine animals can be caught in the blades. If aquatic life drops in the area, birds typically found there might migrate to different places. An entire major ecosystem could be significantly altered. Further research is needed in order to determine just how large of an impact such stations might have.<ref name=Ref6>"Industry Vision Paper" internet: http://www.oceanenergy-europe.eu/images/Publications/European_Ocean_Energy-Industry_Vision_Paper_2013.pdf [June 09, 2014]</ref>		The [[environmental impact]] of such a system could be significant. Unfortunately, in areas where any tidal power stations might be built happen to be some of the most densely populated ecosystems in the ocean. Changes in water levels might harm plant and animal life and alter the sea water composition. Also, turbines in dynamic tidal power stations move quickly, and if protection is not built in, marine animals can be caught in the blades. If aquatic life drops in the area, birds typically found there might migrate to different places. An entire major ecosystem could be significantly altered. Further research is needed in order to determine just how large of an impact such stations might have.<ref name=Ref6>"Industry Vision Paper" internet: http://www.oceanenergy-europe.eu/images/Publications/European_Ocean_Energy-Industry_Vision_Paper_2013.pdf [June 09, 2014]</ref>

	===High costs===		===High costs===
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	It is difficult to determine the cost per [[MW]] for these types of power stations since none have been built yet. However, the costs are sure to be much higher than any other field of energy generation.		It is difficult to determine the cost per [[MW]] for these types of power stations since none have been built yet. However, the costs are sure to be much higher than any other field of energy generation.

	While the costs are high and the results as yet unknown, this technology may still have a place in the future [[electrical grid]]. As technology advances (which it ~~is sure to continue doing so~~) and as [[climate change]] becomes more prevalent (which is virtually certain) there will be additional pressure to look for [[power]] with lower [[greenhouse gas]] emissions. Thus, the more that is known about alternative energy resources, the lower their costs. With these lower costs, transitions in power generation will be smoother.		While the costs are high and the results as yet unknown, this technology may still have a place in the future [[electrical grid]]. As technology advances (which it will) and as [[climate change]] becomes more prevalent (which is virtually certain) there will be additional pressure to look for [[power]] with lower [[greenhouse gas]] emissions. Thus, the more that is known about alternative energy resources, the lower their costs. With these lower costs, transitions in power generation will be smoother.

	==~~Current developments~~==		==For Further Reading==
			*[[Tidal power]]
	~~Several countries - China being the most noteworthy - are conducting joint studies into the validity of dynamic tidal~~ power production. Assuming the studies return positive results (2015 is the estimated time of completion) it is likely that China will be the first country to develop a working dynamic tidal power station.<ref name =Ref3/> Listed below are the institutions involved in the project: <ref name = ref72>"Large scale generation of tidal energy in China edges closer with ARCADIS help" internet: http://www.arcadis.com/press/Large_scale_generation_of_tidal_energy_in_China_edges_closer_with_ARCADIS_help.aspx</ref>		*[[Tidal dam]]
			*[[Tidal force]]
	* ~~ARCADIS (Project Management, Consultancy & Engineering)~~		*[[Tidal stream generator]]
	* ~~WUR - IMARES (Wageningen University - Institute for Marine Ecology)~~		*[[Tidal barrage]]
	* ~~DNV KEMA (Energy and Sustainability)~~		*Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]
	* ~~H2iD (ocean energy consultancy)~~
	* ~~Strukton Engineering BV (Design and Construction)~~
	* TU Delft (Delft University - Faculty Civil Engineering and Geo sciences)
	* Pentair / Nijhuis Pompen BV (Turbine technology)
	* Antea Group / Antea Group (Engineering)
	* UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization)

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-03T18:22:38Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 18:22, 3 September 2015
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Jmdonev at 23:19, 28 August 2015

2015-08-28T23:19:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:19, 28 August 2015
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	[[Category:Done 2015-02-15]]		[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Dynamic tidal power''' is a technology that uses the difference between the [[potential energy]] and [[kinetic energy]] of [[tidal power\|tides]].</onlyinclude> Long dams are built from coasts straight out into the sea or ocean - meaning that the tides in the areas where these systems might be implemented usually flow parallel to their respective coasts.<ref name=Ref1>"Dynamic Tidal Power in China" internet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7PTxoW66dM [June 6, 2014]</ref> During the movement of tides, water on one side of the dam is at a higher level than the other side. As this water flows through the dam it drives a series of turbines installed within the dam and generates [[electricity]]. Furthermore, these dams are designed with bi-directional turbines, which flip 180<sup>o</sup> after each tide in order to generate power both when the tide comes in and goes out. The added output from having bi-directional turbines is a huge advantage for these types of systems, they allow the power output to basically double.		<onlyinclude>'''Dynamic tidal power''' is a [[technology]] that uses the difference between the [[potential energy]] and [[kinetic energy]] of [[tidal power\|tides]].</onlyinclude> Long dams are built from coasts straight out into the sea or ocean - meaning that the tides in the areas where these systems might be implemented usually flow parallel to their respective coasts.<ref name=Ref1>"Dynamic Tidal Power in China" internet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7PTxoW66dM [June 6, 2014]</ref> During the movement of tides, water on one side of the dam is at a higher level than the other side. As this water flows through the dam it drives a series of turbines installed within the dam and generates [[electricity]]. Furthermore, these dams are designed with bi-directional turbines, which flip 180<sup>o</sup> after each tide in order to generate power both when the tide comes in and goes out. The added output from having bi-directional turbines is a huge advantage for these types of systems, they allow the power output to basically double.

	[[File:Dynamic tidal.png\|300px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1 A representation of how Dynamic tidal power is used<ref name=ref88>"China, Netherlands sign joint agreement for 15-GW Hydrokinetic project" internet: http://charlesandnuttall.blogspot.ca/2012/10/china-netherlands-sign-joint-agreement.html</ref>]]		[[File:Dynamic tidal.png\|300px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1 A representation of how Dynamic tidal power is used<ref name=ref88>"China, Netherlands sign joint agreement for 15-GW Hydrokinetic project" internet: http://charlesandnuttall.blogspot.ca/2012/10/china-netherlands-sign-joint-agreement.html</ref>]]
Line 14:		Line 14:
	==Power Production==		==Power Production==

	In 2009 Canada generated 575 [[kilowatt-hour\|terawatt-hours]] of electricity, this means that a single dynamic tidal power dam with only a 8 [[watt\|GW]] [[~~installed~~ capacity]] (this is the theoretical maximum output of a power plant) and a [[capacity factor]] of 30% (this is the ratio of actual power output to theoretical power output) could generate almost 4% of Canada's total power output or 21 terawatt-hours annually.<ref name=Ref6/><ref name=Ref10/>		In 2009 Canada generated 575 [[kilowatt-hour\|terawatt-hours]] of electricity, this means that a single dynamic tidal power dam with only a 8 [[watt\|GW]] installed [[capacity]] (this is the theoretical maximum output of a power plant) and a [[capacity factor]] of 30% (this is the ratio of actual power output to theoretical power output) could generate almost 4% of Canada's total power output or 21 terawatt-hours annually.<ref name=Ref6/><ref name=Ref10/>

	==Positives of dynamic tidal power==		==Positives of dynamic tidal power==

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:30:44Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 21:30, 26 August 2015
(No difference)

J.williams at 22:46, 11 August 2015

2015-08-11T22:46:24Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-02-15]]
<onlyinclude>'''Dynamic tidal power''' is a technology that uses the difference between the [[potential energy]] and [[kinetic energy]] of [[tidal power|tides]].</onlyinclude> Long dams are built from coasts straight out into the sea or ocean - meaning that the tides in the areas where these systems might be implemented usually flow parallel to their respective coasts.<ref name=Ref1>"Dynamic Tidal Power in China" internet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7PTxoW66dM [June 6, 2014]</ref> During the movement of tides, water on one side of the dam is at a higher level than the other side. As this water flows through the dam it drives a series of turbines installed within the dam and generates [[electricity]]. Furthermore, these dams are designed with bi-directional turbines, which flip 180<sup>o</sup> after each tide in order to generate power both when the tide comes in and goes out. The added output from having bi-directional turbines is a huge advantage for these types of systems, they allow the power output to basically double.

[[File:Dynamic tidal.png|300px|framed|right|Figure 1 A representation of how Dynamic tidal power is used<ref name=ref88>"China, Netherlands sign joint agreement for 15-GW Hydrokinetic project" internet: http://charlesandnuttall.blogspot.ca/2012/10/china-netherlands-sign-joint-agreement.html</ref>]]

===Important note===

Dynamic tidal power generation remains in the developmental stages meaning that any data is based on models and known tidal behaviour. With that being said, these models tend to be highly advanced and have high confidence in these theoretical predictions.<ref name ="Ref2">"Dynamic Tidal Power" internet: http://www.se4all.org/commitment/dynamic-tidal-power [June 6, 2014]</ref>

==A closer look==

A dynamic tidal power dam can run from 30 to 60 [[km]] long and is typically built perpendicular to the coast, running relatively straight out into the ocean. This design does not enclose any area - and thus allows more freedom for aquatic life without risk of being trapped.<ref name =Ref3>"Dynamic Tidal Power (DTP) – A new approach to exploit tides" paper: 2nd International Conference on Ocean Energy (ICOE 2008), 15th – 17th October 2008, Brest [June 06, 2014]</ref> These dams generate a water level difference from one side of the dam to the other - known as 'head'. The head difference (difference in water level between both sides) is predicted to be able to reach up to a few meters - good news since a higher head difference will result in much higher power production.

==Power Production==

In 2009 Canada generated 575 [[kilowatt-hour|terawatt-hours]] of electricity, this means that a single dynamic tidal power dam with only a 8 [[watt|GW]] [[installed capacity]] (this is the theoretical maximum output of a power plant) and a [[capacity factor]] of 30% (this is the ratio of actual power output to theoretical power output) could generate almost 4% of Canada's total power output or 21 terawatt-hours annually.<ref name=Ref6/><ref name=Ref10/>

==Positives of dynamic tidal power==

===Multiple Functions===

These types of dams, by necessity, tend to be very long (30 to 60 km) which is significantly longer (and more expensive to build) than current coastal structures. However, a long dam can function with multiple purposes, such as [[land reclamation]], connections between islands, mainland coastal protection, and deep sea and [[liquefied natural gas]] ports. The initial investment costs could easily be shared between these different industries, thus helping to lower the cost per [[kWh]] and create higher return investments.<ref name=Ref10>"Accelerating Marine Energy" internet:http://www.carbontrust.com/media/5675/ctc797.pdf [June 08, 2014]</ref>

===Stable, sustainable, and available===

The moon (and subsequent [[tidal force]]) isn't going anywhere anytime soon which means that this type of tidal power will be around indefinitely. Furthermore, the tidal cycle is predictable and repetitive which allows us to know exactly when and how much power is obtainable.<ref name =Ref5>"Tidal Energy Generation" internet: http://fundyforce.ca/renewable-and-predictable/tidal-energy-generation [June 05, 2014]</ref>

Interestingly enough, since these dams are built perpendicular to the shore and the tide flows parallel, dynamic tidal power doesn't require huge tidal ranges. Thus these could be implemented in locations throughout the world, which is advantageous over other forms of tidal power ([[tidal stream generator]]s and [[tidal barrage]]s) since they tend to require more intense tidal fluctuations in order to be economically viable.

==Negatives of dynamic tidal power==

===Lack of proof===

Unfortunately, due to the nature of the tides and the design of these dams, a full project must be built in order to guarantee predicted success. Building a miniature dam would be ineffective since these dams require a predicted minimum length of 30 km to ensure economic viability.<ref name =Ref8>"Industry Reports" internet: http://www.carbontrust.com/media/168547/tina-marine-energy-summary-report.pdf</ref> Such a dam would require an enormous capital investment and if the design failed a lot of money would be lost. Furthermore, construction of a structure that extends 30 km or further into the ocean has never been attempted - the technology is available but the difficulty is extremely high.<ref name =Ref4> "How Does Tidal Power Work?" internet:http://energyinformative.org/how-does-tidal-power-work [June 09, 2014]</ref>

===Environmental Impact===

The [[environmental impact]] of a such a system could be significant. Unfortunately, in areas where any tidal power stations might be built happen to be some of the most densely populated ecosystems in the ocean. Changes in water levels might harm plant and animal life and alter the sea water composition. Also, turbines in dynamic tidal power stations move quickly, and if protection is not built in, marine animals can be caught in the blades. If aquatic life drops in the area, birds typically found there might migrate to different places. An entire major ecosystem could be significantly altered. Further research is needed in order to determine just how large of an impact such stations might have.<ref name=Ref6>"Industry Vision Paper" internet: http://www.oceanenergy-europe.eu/images/Publications/European_Ocean_Energy-Industry_Vision_Paper_2013.pdf [June 09, 2014]</ref>

===High costs===

It is difficult to determine the cost per [[MW]] for these types of power stations since none have been built yet. However, the costs are sure to be much higher than any other field of energy generation.

While the costs are high and the results as yet unknown, this technology may still have a place in the future [[electrical grid]]. As technology advances (which it is sure to continue doing so) and as [[climate change]] becomes more prevalent (which is virtually certain) there will be additional pressure to look for [[power]] with lower [[greenhouse gas]] emissions. Thus, the more that is known about alternative energy resources, the lower their costs. With these lower costs, transitions in power generation will be smoother.

==Current developments==

Several countries - China being the most noteworthy - are conducting joint studies into the validity of dynamic tidal power production. Assuming the studies return positive results (2015 is the estimated time of completion) it is likely that China will be the first country to develop a working dynamic tidal power station.<ref name =Ref3/> Listed below are the institutions involved in the project: <ref name = ref72>"Large scale generation of tidal energy in China edges closer with ARCADIS help" internet: http://www.arcadis.com/press/Large_scale_generation_of_tidal_energy_in_China_edges_closer_with_ARCADIS_help.aspx</ref>

* ARCADIS (Project Management, Consultancy & Engineering)
* WUR - IMARES (Wageningen University - Institute for Marine Ecology)
* DNV KEMA (Energy and Sustainability)
* H2iD (ocean energy consultancy)
* Strukton Engineering BV (Design and Construction)
* TU Delft (Delft University - Faculty Civil Engineering and Geo sciences)
* Pentair / Nijhuis Pompen BV (Turbine technology)
* Antea Group / Antea Group (Engineering)
* UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization)

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]