El Nino Southern Oscillation - Revision history

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	[[Category:Done ~~2016~~-04-30]]		[[Category:Done 2026-08-01]]
	<onlyinclude>'''El Niño-Southern Oscillation''', also known as ''~~‘ENSO’~~'' for short, means ‘The Little Boy’ or ‘Christ Child’ in Spanish. It is a large scale ocean-[[atmosphere]] [[climate]] interaction that originates in the Pacific ocean but spreads across the world.</onlyinclude><ref name=RE1>"What are El Niño and La Niña?", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html. [Accessed: 15- May- 2016].</ref> ~~The occurrence of~~ El Niño ~~can considerably influence weather patterns, ocean conditions, and aquatic fisheries across large portions of the world for~~ a ~~prolonged period~~ of ~~time~~.<ref name=~~RE1~~/> El ~~Niño is linked to a period of warming in the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific region.~~ El Niño and La Niña ~~typically last from 9 – 12 months; however~~, ~~each occurrence can vary with prolonged periods lasting as long as a few years~~.~~<ref name=RE1/> The frequency~~ of ~~El Niño~~ is ~~also irregular~~, ~~with events occurring on average every 2 – 7 years. El Niño occurs more frequently than La Niña~~.<ref name=~~RE1~~/>		<onlyinclude>'''El Niño-Southern Oscillation''', also known as "''ENSO''" for short, means ‘The Little Boy’ or ‘Christ Child’ in Spanish. It is a large scale ocean-[[atmosphere]] [[climate]] interaction that originates in the Pacific ocean but spreads across the world.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">"What are El Niño and La Niña?", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html. [Accessed: 15- May- 2016].</ref> El Niño Southern Oscillation is a ''singular'' climate occurrence which is comprised of ''three phases''.<ref name="RE3" /> The first two phases are [[El Nino\|El Niño]] and La Niña, which are two opposite phases. Both of these phases change [[ocean]] and [[atmosphere]] patterns. Since ENSO events are considered to be a coupled climate occurrence, the third phase is the neutral phase, referring to a middle range.<ref name="RE3" />

	Over the North American continent, consequences of El Niño develop during the winter season. Such impacts include above average temperatures over Western and Central Canada, and Western and Northern United States.<ref name=RE1/> The U.S. Gulf Coast also experiences wetter than average conditions while in contrast regions in the Ohio Valley and Pacific Northwest experience drier than average conditions.<ref name=RE1/> [[Weather]] and [[ocean]] [[temperature]]s are interlinked; where there are warm oceans, more [[cloud]]s form, creating more rain fall in that region of the world. <ref name=RE2>"What is El Niño anyway?: NASA Space Place", NASA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/el-nino/en/. [Accessed: 11- May- 2016].</ref> Near the equator, the surface of the Pacific Ocean is quite warm due to the angle of [[solar energy]] approaching the ocean surface.<ref name=RE2/> Strong [[wind]]s typically push warm waters from South America and drive them toward Indonesia. This causes cooler water underneath to rise up toward the surface of the ocean near South America. Now during an El Niño event, there are more rain clouds produced over this part of the warm Pacific waters. These clouds travel inland and cause more rain than on average in Southern and Central America and in the United States.<ref name=RE2/> ~~Although this~~ is not the case in other parts of the globe where regions can experience severe drought.		The occurrence of El Niño can considerably influence weather patterns, ocean conditions, and aquatic fisheries across large portions of the world for a prolonged period of time.<ref name="RE1" /> El Niño is linked to a period of warming in the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific region. El Niño and La Niña typically last from 9-12 months; however, each occurrence can vary with prolonged periods lasting as long as a few years.<ref name="RE1" /> The frequency of El Niño is also irregular: with events occurring, on average, every 2-7 years. El Niño occurs more frequently than La Niña.<ref name="RE1" /> Figure 1 shows when El Niño has historically occurred, Figure 2 shows when La Niña has occurred.[[File:1900.png\|center\|thumb\|800x800px\|Figure 1. All El Niño occurrences and their duration between years 1900 and 2025.<ref name=":0">Image from wikimedia (and uncited, but it's on the El Niño page on August 1st, 2016), data from NOAA. (Accessed May 20, 2016). ''Cold and Warm Episodes by Season'' [Online], Available: http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml</ref><ref name=":1">Australian Bureau of Meteorology. (Accessed May 20, 2016). ''La Niña - Detailed Australian Analysis'' [Online], Available: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/lnlist/index.shtml</ref>]]
			[[File:1900 (1).png\|center\|thumb\|800x800px\|Figure 2. All La Niña occurrences and their duration between years 1900 and 2025.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />]]
	[[File:El_Nino_graph.png\|800px\|thumb\|center\|Figure 1. All El Niño occurrences and their duration between years 1900 and 2015.<ref>Image from wikimedia (and uncited, but it's on the El Niño page on August 1st, 2016), data from NOAA. (Accessed May 20, 2016). ''Cold and Warm Episodes by Season'' [Online], Available: http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml</ref><ref>Australian Bureau of Meteorology. (Accessed May 20, 2016). ''La Niña - Detailed Australian Analysis'' [Online], Available: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/lnlist/index.shtml</ref>]]		Over the North American continent, consequences of El Niño develop during the winter season. Such impacts include above average temperatures over Western and Central Canada, and Western and Northern United States.<ref name="RE1" /> The U.S. Gulf Coast also experiences wetter than average conditions, while in contrast, regions in the Ohio Valley and Pacific Northwest experience drier than average conditions.<ref name="RE1" /> [[Weather]] and [[ocean]] [[temperature]]s are interlinked; where there are ''warm oceans'', ''more [[cloud]]s'' form, creating ''more rain fall'' in that region of the world. <ref name="RE2">"What is El Niño anyway?: NASA Space Place", NASA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/el-nino/en/. [Accessed: 11- May- 2016].</ref> Near the equator, the surface of the Pacific Ocean is quite warm due to the angle of [[solar energy]] approaching the ocean surface.<ref name="RE2" /> Strong [[wind]]s typically push warm waters from South America and drive them toward Indonesia. This causes cooler water underneath to rise up toward the surface of the ocean near South America. Now during an El Niño event, there are more rain clouds produced over this part of the warm Pacific waters. These clouds travel inland and cause more rain than on average in Southern and Central America and in the United States.<ref name="RE2" /> This is not the case in other parts of the globe, where regions can experience severe drought.
	==Global Impacts==		==Global Impacts==

	El Niño causes predictable disruptions in temperature, precipitation, and winds. These changes impact large-scale air movements in the tropical regions, which trigger a cascade of global side effects.<ref name=RE3/> El Niño can lead to extreme weather patterns such as strong forest fires due to drought that have been correlated during El Niño events.<ref name=RE3>"Variability and impacts from El Niño and the Southern Oscillation", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/index.php?idp=522. [Accessed: 15- May- 2016].</ref> Northeastern Brazil ~~for example~~ typically experiences extreme droughts but ~~in contrast~~ southern Brazil experiences large amounts of rainfall. A warming of the ocean surface~~, or~~ also known as above-average sea surface temperatures (SST), in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean ~~occurs~~ during ENSO.<ref name=RE3/> Over Indonesia, rainfall is reduced while rainfall increases over the tropical Pacific Ocean. El Niño and La Niña have their strongest impact on global climate during the Northern Hemisphere winter & early spring. However, parts of the tropics and Southern Hemisphere sub-tropics feel the effects of ENSO during Northern Hemisphere summer months of June to August.<ref name=RE3/>		El Niño causes predictable disruptions in temperature, precipitation, and winds. These changes impact large-scale air movements in the tropical regions, which trigger a cascade of global side effects.<ref name=RE3/> El Niño can lead to extreme weather patterns such as strong forest fires due to drought that have been correlated during El Niño events.<ref name=RE3>"Variability and impacts from El Niño and the Southern Oscillation", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/index.php?idp=522. [Accessed: 15- May- 2016].</ref> For example, Northeastern Brazil typically experiences extreme droughts, but southern Brazil experiences large amounts of rainfall. A warming of the ocean surface (also known as ''above-average sea surface temperatures'' (SST)) occurs in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean during ENSO.<ref name=RE3/> Over Indonesia, rainfall is reduced while rainfall increases over the tropical Pacific Ocean. El Niño and La Niña have their strongest impact on global climate during the (Northern Hemisphere) winter and early spring. However, parts of the tropics and Southern Hemisphere sub-tropics feel the effects of ENSO during (Northern Hemisphere) summer months of June to August.<ref name=RE3/>

	Below is a video to help understand what El Niño is with visual aid:<ref name=RE4>"Understanding El Nino", NOAA Climate.gov, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tuou_QcgxI. [Accessed: 15- May- 2016].</ref>		Below is a video to help understand what El Niño is with visual aid:<ref name=RE4>"Understanding El Nino", NOAA Climate.gov, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tuou_QcgxI. [Accessed: 15- May- 2016].</ref>

	<html><iframe width="~~816~~" height="~~459~~" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_Tuou_QcgxI" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>		<html><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_Tuou_QcgxI?si=wz0kv57ShzsbFeAm" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>

			== For Further Reading ==

			* [[Modes of climate variability]]
			* [[La Nina\|La Niña]]
			* [[Ocean]]
			* [[Climate]]
			* Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
			[[Category: Uploaded]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported: From the summer

2016-09-17T22:29:34Z

1 revision imported: From the summer

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Jmdonev at 21:57, 1 August 2016

2016-08-01T21:57:16Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2016-04-30]]
<onlyinclude>'''El Niño-Southern Oscillation''', also known as ''‘ENSO’'' for short, means ‘The Little Boy’ or ‘Christ Child’ in Spanish. It is a large scale ocean-[[atmosphere]] [[climate]] interaction that originates in the Pacific ocean but spreads across the world.</onlyinclude><ref name=RE1>"What are El Niño and La Niña?", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html. [Accessed: 15- May- 2016].</ref> The occurrence of El Niño can considerably influence weather patterns, ocean conditions, and aquatic fisheries across large portions of the world for a prolonged period of time.<ref name=RE1/> El Niño is linked to a period of warming in the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific region. El Niño and La Niña typically last from 9 – 12 months; however, each occurrence can vary with prolonged periods lasting as long as a few years.<ref name=RE1/> The frequency of El Niño is also irregular, with events occurring on average every 2 – 7 years. El Niño occurs more frequently than La Niña.<ref name=RE1/>

Over the North American continent, consequences of El Niño develop during the winter season. Such impacts include above average temperatures over Western and Central Canada, and Western and Northern United States.<ref name=RE1/> The U.S. Gulf Coast also experiences wetter than average conditions while in contrast regions in the Ohio Valley and Pacific Northwest experience drier than average conditions.<ref name=RE1/> [[Weather]] and [[ocean]] [[temperature]]s are interlinked; where there are warm oceans, more [[cloud]]s form, creating more rain fall in that region of the world. <ref name=RE2>"What is El Niño anyway?: NASA Space Place", NASA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/el-nino/en/. [Accessed: 11- May- 2016].</ref> Near the equator, the surface of the Pacific Ocean is quite warm due to the angle of [[solar energy]] approaching the ocean surface.<ref name=RE2/> Strong [[wind]]s typically push warm waters from South America and drive them toward Indonesia. This causes cooler water underneath to rise up toward the surface of the ocean near South America. Now during an El Niño event, there are more rain clouds produced over this part of the warm Pacific waters. These clouds travel inland and cause more rain than on average in Southern and Central America and in the United States.<ref name=RE2/> Although this is not the case in other parts of the globe where regions can experience severe drought.

[[File:El_Nino_graph.png|800px|thumb|center|Figure 1. All El Niño occurrences and their duration between years 1900 and 2015.<ref>Image from wikimedia (and uncited, but it's on the El Niño page on August 1st, 2016), data from NOAA. (Accessed May 20, 2016). ''Cold and Warm Episodes by Season'' [Online], Available: http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml</ref><ref>Australian Bureau of Meteorology. (Accessed May 20, 2016). ''La Niña - Detailed Australian Analysis'' [Online], Available: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/lnlist/index.shtml</ref>]]
==Global Impacts==

El Niño causes predictable disruptions in temperature, precipitation, and winds. These changes impact large-scale air movements in the tropical regions, which trigger a cascade of global side effects.<ref name=RE3/> El Niño can lead to extreme weather patterns such as strong forest fires due to drought that have been correlated during El Niño events.<ref name=RE3>"Variability and impacts from El Niño and the Southern Oscillation", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/index.php?idp=522. [Accessed: 15- May- 2016].</ref> Northeastern Brazil for example typically experiences extreme droughts but in contrast southern Brazil experiences large amounts of rainfall. A warming of the ocean surface, or also known as above-average sea surface temperatures (SST), in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean occurs during ENSO.<ref name=RE3/> Over Indonesia, rainfall is reduced while rainfall increases over the tropical Pacific Ocean. El Niño and La Niña have their strongest impact on global climate during the Northern Hemisphere winter & early spring. However, parts of the tropics and Southern Hemisphere sub-tropics feel the effects of ENSO during Northern Hemisphere summer months of June to August.<ref name=RE3/>

Below is a video to help understand what El Niño is with visual aid:<ref name=RE4>"Understanding El Nino", NOAA Climate.gov, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tuou_QcgxI. [Accessed: 15- May- 2016].</ref>

<html><iframe width="816" height="459" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_Tuou_QcgxI" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>

==References==
{{reflist}}