Electric vehicle - Revision history

Jmdonev at 21:22, 24 February 2019

2019-02-24T21:22:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:22, 24 February 2019
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	:''[[Electric vehicle emissions\|main article]]''		:''[[Electric vehicle emissions\|main article]]''
	While it is commonly known that EVs produce no tailpipe emissions (they don't have a tailpipe...) they do produce something called "upstream" emissions, or "beyond tailpipe" emissions (the term used by the [http://epa.gov/ EPA]).<ref>http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?zipCode=30043&year=2014&vehicleId=34699&action=bt3</ref> Click ''main article'' to learn more about these emissions.		While it is commonly known that EVs produce no tailpipe emissions (they don't have a tailpipe...) they do produce something called "upstream" emissions, or "beyond tailpipe" emissions (the term used by the [http://epa.gov/ EPA]).<ref>http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?zipCode=30043&year=2014&vehicleId=34699&action=bt3</ref> Click ''main article'' to learn more about these emissions.

			==Finding a charging station==
			The interactive map from the Alternative Fuels Data Center below shows the location of charging stations:
			<html>
			<div id="afdc-stations"><div id="afdc-stations-loading">Loading alternative fueling station locator...</div></div><script type="text/javascript">window.afdcStationsOptions = {"country":"all","localeCountry":"US","path":"/find/nearest","query":{"fuel":["ELEC"]}}</script><script async defer src="https://widgets.nrel.gov/afdc/station-locator/assets/embed.js"></script><noscript>Please enable JavaScript to view the alternative fueling station locator.</noscript>
			</html>

	== References ==		== References ==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2017-08-29T01:46:52Z

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Jmdonev at 17:38, 28 July 2017

2017-07-28T17:38:17Z

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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-09-05]]		[[Category:Done 2017-07-01]]
	[[File:800px-Nissan Leaf aan Amsterdamse laadpaal.jpg\|\|350px\|thumbnail\|right\|2013 Nissan Leaf re-charging in Amsterdam, Netherlands <ref>Bontenbal. (2011, Sept. 13). ''Nissan Leaf aan Amsterdamse laadpaal.'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Leaf_aan_Amsterdamse_laadpaal.jpg. [Accessed: 31-Oct-2013]. </ref>]]		[[File:800px-Nissan Leaf aan Amsterdamse laadpaal.jpg\|\|350px\|thumbnail\|right\|2013 Nissan Leaf re-charging in Amsterdam, Netherlands <ref>Bontenbal. (2011, Sept. 13). ''Nissan Leaf aan Amsterdamse laadpaal.'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Leaf_aan_Amsterdamse_laadpaal.jpg. [Accessed: 31-Oct-2013]. </ref>]]

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	== Onboard storage systems ==		== Onboard storage systems ==
	Electric vehicles can have three different types of on-board [[energy storage ~~systems~~]]:		Electric vehicles can have three different types of on-board [[energy storage]] systems:
	<br />		<br />
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J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-03T18:22:55Z

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Jmdonev at 23:52, 28 August 2015

2015-08-28T23:52:24Z

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	[[File:800px-Nissan Leaf aan Amsterdamse laadpaal.jpg\|\|350px\|thumbnail\|right\|2013 Nissan Leaf re-charging in Amsterdam, Netherlands <ref>Bontenbal. (2011, Sept. 13). ''Nissan Leaf aan Amsterdamse laadpaal.'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Leaf_aan_Amsterdamse_laadpaal.jpg. [Accessed: 31-Oct-2013]. </ref>]]		[[File:800px-Nissan Leaf aan Amsterdamse laadpaal.jpg\|\|350px\|thumbnail\|right\|2013 Nissan Leaf re-charging in Amsterdam, Netherlands <ref>Bontenbal. (2011, Sept. 13). ''Nissan Leaf aan Amsterdamse laadpaal.'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Leaf_aan_Amsterdamse_laadpaal.jpg. [Accessed: 31-Oct-2013]. </ref>]]

			<onlyinclude>'''Electric vehicles (EV)''' are vehicles that use [[electric motor]]s as a source of propulsion. EVs utilize an onboard [[electricity storage]] system as a source of [[energy]] and have zero tailpipe [[emission]]s. </onlyinclude> Modern EVs have an efficiency of 59-62% converting [[electrical energy]] from the storage system to the wheels. EVs have a driving range of about 60-400 km before needing recharging.<ref>Tesla “Tesla Model S Features.'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://www.teslamotors.com/models/features#/performance [Accessed: 05-Dec-2013]. </ref> The typical recharge time is 4 to 8 hours depending on the [[battery]] design, but can be faster thanks to a [[supercharger]]: charging half the battery in 20 minutes.<ref>Tesla “Supercharger'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://www.teslamotors.com/supercharger [Accessed: 05-Dec-2013]. </ref> The efficiency of electric motors is superior to that of [[internal combustion engine]]s and is improved further by integrating new technologies such as [[regenerative braking]] and [[active suspension]].<ref> U.S. department of energy. (November 1, 2013). ''Electric vehicles.'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/evtech.shtml </ref>
	<onlyinclude>'''Electric vehicles (EV)''' are vehicles that use [[electric motor]]s as a source of propulsion. EVs utilize an onboard [[electricity storage]] system as a source of [[energy]] and have zero tailpipe [[emission]]s. </onlyinclude> Modern EVs have an efficiency of 59-62% converting [[electrical energy]] from the storage system to the wheels. EVs have a driving range of about 60-400 km before needing [[recharging]].<ref>Tesla “Tesla Model S Features.'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://www.teslamotors.com/models/features#/performance [Accessed: 05-Dec-2013]. </ref> The typical recharge time is 4 to 8 hours depending on the [[battery]] design, but can be faster thanks to a [[supercharger]]: charging half the battery in 20 minutes.<ref>Tesla “Supercharger'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://www.teslamotors.com/supercharger [Accessed: 05-Dec-2013]. </ref> The efficiency of electric motors is superior to that of [[internal combustion engine]]s and is improved further by integrating new technologies such as [[regenerative braking]] and [[active suspension]].<ref> U.S. department of energy. (November 1, 2013). ''Electric vehicles.'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/evtech.shtml </ref>

	Common types of EVs include electric trains, electric motorcycles, plug-in electric cars, and [[hybrid car]]s.		Common types of EVs include electric trains, electric motorcycles, plug-in electric cars, and [[hybrid car]]s.

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:31:01Z

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J.williams at 16:53, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T16:53:10Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-02-15]]
[[File:800px-Nissan Leaf aan Amsterdamse laadpaal.jpg||350px|thumbnail|right|2013 Nissan Leaf re-charging in Amsterdam, Netherlands <ref>Bontenbal. (2011, Sept. 13). ''Nissan Leaf aan Amsterdamse laadpaal.'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Leaf_aan_Amsterdamse_laadpaal.jpg. [Accessed: 31-Oct-2013]. </ref>]]

<onlyinclude>'''Electric vehicles (EV)''' are vehicles that use [[electric motor]]s as a source of propulsion. EVs utilize an onboard [[electricity storage]] system as a source of [[energy]] and have zero tailpipe [[emission]]s. </onlyinclude> Modern EVs have an efficiency of 59-62% converting [[electrical energy]] from the storage system to the wheels. EVs have a driving range of about 60-400 km before needing [[recharging]].<ref>Tesla “Tesla Model S Features.'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://www.teslamotors.com/models/features#/performance [Accessed: 05-Dec-2013]. </ref> The typical recharge time is 4 to 8 hours depending on the [[battery]] design, but can be faster thanks to a [[supercharger]]: charging half the battery in 20 minutes.<ref>Tesla “Supercharger'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://www.teslamotors.com/supercharger [Accessed: 05-Dec-2013]. </ref> The efficiency of electric motors is superior to that of [[internal combustion engine]]s and is improved further by integrating new technologies such as [[regenerative braking]] and [[active suspension]].<ref> U.S. department of energy. (November 1, 2013). ''Electric vehicles.'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/evtech.shtml </ref>

Common types of EVs include electric trains, electric motorcycles, plug-in electric cars, and [[hybrid car]]s.

== How it works ==
[[Electricity]] is transferred from a battery to a controller.<ref> Z. Amjadi and S. S. Williamson, “Power-Electronics-Based Solutions for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage and Management Systems,” ''IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.'', vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 608–616, Feb. 2010 </ref> The controller then sends the electricity to the electric motors when needed. The accelerator is connected to a variable switch which tells the controller how much [[power]] to send to the electric motors. Power output can vary from zero to full as needed.<ref name = sc/>

[[File:Structure-of-electric-cars.gif|400px|thumbnail|center|Parts an of electric vehicle and direction of the flow of electricity <ref>Engineers Garage. (2012). ''Electric Cars.'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/what-is-electric-cars-structure-working</ref>.]]

== Onboard storage systems ==
Electric vehicles can have three different types of on-board [[energy storage systems]]:
 
 
'''Electrochemical energy:''' Energy can be stored thanks to chemical properties. Chemicals are stored, and the reaction of these chemicals produces electricity.<ref>University of California Davis “Batteries: Electricity though chemical reactions'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Electrochemistry/Voltaic_Cells/Case_Study%3A_Battery_Types/Batteries%3A_Electricity_though_chemical_reactions [Accessed: 05-Dec-2013]. </ref> These electric charges can be passed through a circuit in order to produce an electrical current. Batteries are the most common chemical energy storage systems in EVs.<ref> C. E. Thomas, “Fuel cell and battery electric vehicles compared,” ''Int. J. Hydrogen Energy'', vol. 34, no. 15, pp. 6005–6020, Aug. 2009 </ref> Lithium ion batteries are currently the dominant battery system employed in EVs.<ref>S. K. Biradar, R. A. Patil, and M. Ullegaddi, “Energy storage system in electric vehicle,” in ''Power Quality ’98'', 1998, pp. 247–255</ref> They have been an attractive choice for electric vehicles because they exhibit a high [[energy density]] and a long life cycle.<ref> G. Karimi and X. Li, “Thermal management of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles,” no. January 2012, pp. 13–24, 2013</ref>

'''Static energy:''' Energy may be stored as static electricity, caused by a build-up of electrons on an object. The build-up of electrons causes an imbalance of charge in the object, which can be released to create an electric current. Electrolytic capacitors are the most common form of static energy storage in an EV.<ref name = evsources>J. Larminie and J. Lowry, “Alternative and Novel Energy Sources and Stores,” in ''Electric Vehicle Technology Explained'', John Wiley & Sons, 2003, pp. 69–80.</ref> Currently, electrolytic capacitors are very popular in electric cars because they can increase the driving range of an EV and increase the battery's life span.<ref name = sc>Z. Amjadi and S. S. Williamson, “Prototype Design and Controller Implementation for a Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage System,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 332–340, Mar. 2012</ref> [[Graphene]] [[supercapacitor]]s also exhibit the potential to act as the primary power source of an electric vehicle due to their short recharge times and relatively high [[power density]] when compared with the electrolytic capacitor.<ref> X. Yang, C. Cheng, Y. Wang, L. Qiu, and D. Li, “Liquid-mediated dense integration of graphene materials for compact capacitive energy storage.,” Science, vol. 341, no. 6145, pp. 534–7, Aug. 2013 </ref>

'''Kinetic energy:''' Energy stored due to momentum, is called kinetic energy storage. The most popular design in EVs is the [[Flywheel|flywheel]].<ref name = evsources/> The flywheel is a disk that spins on a fixed axis, storing energy in the form of rotational momentum.

== Pros and cons ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Pros !! Cons
|-
| '''Price''' || Low operating price: 
:Very low price for refueling. 
:Few moving parts in electric motors translates to low maintenance.
|| High upfront costs: 
:High initial price of energy storage systems. 
:Cost to replace batteries periodically.
|-
| '''Pollution''' || Electric motors have zero emissions during operation. || Other sources of pollution: 
:Various electricity generation techniques can have significant environmental impacts. 
:Current energy storage system such as batteries use hazardous chemicals and are not easy to recycle.
|-
| '''Range and efficiency''' || High efficiency compared to internal combustion. || Low range because of low energy density. 
The highest range of an electric car is obtained by the Tesla model S 85 kWh that was released in late June 2012 and that has a certified range of 426 km.<ref>Tesla Motors. ''Model S Features | Tesla Motors'' <nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://www.teslamotors.com/models/features#/battery [Accessed: 03-Nov-2013]. </ref>
|-
| '''Safety''' || EVs can be engineered safe cars. 
The new Tesla Model S has the best score in safety by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).<ref>Paul A. Elsensteln “Tesla says Model S gets best NHTSA safety rating ever'' NBC NEWS, Aug 2013.<nowiki>[Online]</nowiki>. Available: http://www.nbcnews.com/business/tesla-says-model-s-gets-best-nhtsa-safety-rating-ever-6C10960098 [Accessed: 03-Nov-2013]. </ref>
|| Lithium ion batteries have the potential to heat up and eventually burn.
|}

==Emissions==
:''[[Electric vehicle emissions|main article]]''
While it is commonly known that EVs produce no tailpipe emissions (they don't have a tailpipe...) they do produce something called "upstream" emissions, or "beyond tailpipe" emissions (the term used by the [http://epa.gov/ EPA]).<ref>http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?zipCode=30043&year=2014&vehicleId=34699&action=bt3</ref> Click ''main article'' to learn more about these emissions.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]