Electron - Revision history

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2021-09-27T00:02:48Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 00:02, 27 September 2021
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energy>Ethan.boechler at 18:25, 10 September 2021

2021-09-10T18:25:28Z

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	[[Category:Done 2018-06-01]]		[[Category:Done 2018-06-01]]
			[[Category:Translated to Spanish]]
			[[es:Electrón]]
			[[Category:Translated to French]]
			[[fr:Électron]]
	[[File:Electron cloud2.gif\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A drawing depicting what an atom looks like. Notice how much more area the electron cloud occupies compared to the nucleus.<ref>"The electron cloud" internet: http://letstalkaboutscience.wordpress.com/2012/02/16/the-electron-cloud/</ref>]]		[[File:Electron cloud2.gif\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A drawing depicting what an atom looks like. Notice how much more area the electron cloud occupies compared to the nucleus.<ref>"The electron cloud" internet: http://letstalkaboutscience.wordpress.com/2012/02/16/the-electron-cloud/</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Electrons''' are negatively charged particles that exist in a cloud around the [[nucleus]] of an [[atom]].</onlyinclude> They are unimaginably small, so small that [[quantum mechanics]] is needed to explain their peculiar behaviour, and as far as physics has been able to determine they are a [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/parcon.html#c1 fundamental particle]. For the scope of this encyclopedia, it is best to imagine electrons as tiny particles that "orbit" the nucleus of an atom (the other resources below will provide a more advanced interpretation). However, instead of the [[force\|gravitational force]] that's responsible for moons orbiting planets, the [[electromagnetic force]]s causing the electrons to "orbit" the nuclei. For more on the physics of electrons please see [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/lepton.html#c2 hyperphysics].		<onlyinclude>'''Electrons''' are negatively charged particles that exist in a cloud around the [[nucleus]] of an [[atom]].</onlyinclude> They are unimaginably small, so small that [[quantum mechanics]] is needed to explain their peculiar behaviour, and as far as physics has been able to determine they are a [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/parcon.html#c1 fundamental particle]. For the scope of this encyclopedia, it is best to imagine electrons as tiny particles that "orbit" the nucleus of an atom (the other resources below will provide a more advanced interpretation). However, instead of the [[force\|gravitational force]] that's responsible for moons orbiting planets, the [[electromagnetic force]]s causing the electrons to "orbit" the nuclei. For more on the physics of electrons please see [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/lepton.html#c2 hyperphysics].

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported: Doing upload, largely of old redirects.

2018-06-04T16:52:29Z

1 revision imported: Doing upload, largely of old redirects.

← Older revision	Revision as of 16:52, 4 June 2018
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Jmdonev at 21:05, 1 June 2018

2018-06-01T21:05:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:05, 1 June 2018
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	[[Category:Done 2018-05-18]]		[[Category:Done 2018-06-01]]
	[[File:Electron cloud2.gif\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A drawing depicting what an atom looks like. Notice how much more area the electron cloud occupies compared to the nucleus.<ref>"The electron cloud" internet: http://letstalkaboutscience.wordpress.com/2012/02/16/the-electron-cloud/</ref>]]		[[File:Electron cloud2.gif\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A drawing depicting what an atom looks like. Notice how much more area the electron cloud occupies compared to the nucleus.<ref>"The electron cloud" internet: http://letstalkaboutscience.wordpress.com/2012/02/16/the-electron-cloud/</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Electrons''' are negatively charged particles that exist in a cloud around the [[nucleus]] of an [[atom]].</onlyinclude> They are unimaginably small, so small that [[quantum mechanics]] is needed to explain their peculiar behaviour, and as far as physics has been able to determine they are a [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/parcon.html#c1 fundamental particle]. For the scope of this encyclopedia, it is best to imagine electrons as tiny particles that "orbit" the nucleus of an atom (the other resources below will provide a more advanced interpretation). However, instead of the [[force\|gravitational force]] that's responsible for moons orbiting planets, the [[electromagnetic force]]s causing the electrons to "orbit" the nuclei. For more on the physics of electrons please see [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/lepton.html#c2 hyperphysics].		<onlyinclude>'''Electrons''' are negatively charged particles that exist in a cloud around the [[nucleus]] of an [[atom]].</onlyinclude> They are unimaginably small, so small that [[quantum mechanics]] is needed to explain their peculiar behaviour, and as far as physics has been able to determine they are a [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/parcon.html#c1 fundamental particle]. For the scope of this encyclopedia, it is best to imagine electrons as tiny particles that "orbit" the nucleus of an atom (the other resources below will provide a more advanced interpretation). However, instead of the [[force\|gravitational force]] that's responsible for moons orbiting planets, the [[electromagnetic force]]s causing the electrons to "orbit" the nuclei. For more on the physics of electrons please see [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/lepton.html#c2 hyperphysics].
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	==Electrons and Electricity==		==Electrons and Electricity==
	[[Electricity]] is the flow of electrons through a [[conductor]], usually in the form of a [[wire]], this flow is called an [[electric current]]. In order for this flow to occur, electrons must break their atomic bond (electricity is the flow of electrons, ''not'' the flow of electrons and the nuclei they happen to be bonded to). Breaking the atomic bond between an electron and its nucleus requires an input of [[energy]] which causes the electron to overcome the electromagnetic force constraining it and thus flow freely. This needed energy can be harnessed from a number of different sources, and a few examples are:		[[Electricity]] is the flow of electrons through a [[conductor]], usually in the form of a [[wire]], this flow is called an [[electric current]]. In order for this flow to occur, electrons must break their atomic bond (electricity is the flow of electrons, ''not'' the flow of electrons and the nuclei they happen to be bonded to). Breaking the atomic bond between an electron and its nucleus requires an input of [[energy]] which causes the electron to overcome the electromagnetic force constraining it and thus flow freely. This needed energy can be harnessed from a number of different sources, and a few examples are:
	* [[Fossil ~~fuels~~]]		* [[Fossil fuel]]s
	* [[nuclear power\|Radioactive material]]		* [[nuclear power\|Radioactive material]]
	* [[solar power\|Solar radiation]]		* [[solar power\|Solar radiation]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2018-05-18T22:53:16Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 22:53, 18 May 2018
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Jmdonev at 21:23, 18 May 2018

2018-05-18T21:23:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:23, 18 May 2018
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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-09-~~06]]~~		[[Category:Done 2018-05-18]]
	~~[[Category:Needs citations~~]]
	[[File:Electron cloud2.gif\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A drawing depicting what an atom looks like. Notice how much more area the electron cloud occupies compared to the nucleus.<ref>"The electron cloud" internet: http://letstalkaboutscience.wordpress.com/2012/02/16/the-electron-cloud/</ref>]]		[[File:Electron cloud2.gif\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A drawing depicting what an atom looks like. Notice how much more area the electron cloud occupies compared to the nucleus.<ref>"The electron cloud" internet: http://letstalkaboutscience.wordpress.com/2012/02/16/the-electron-cloud/</ref>]]
			<onlyinclude>'''Electrons''' are negatively charged particles that exist in a cloud around the [[nucleus]] of an [[atom]].</onlyinclude> They are unimaginably small, so small that [[quantum mechanics]] is needed to explain their peculiar behaviour, and as far as physics has been able to determine they are a [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/parcon.html#c1 fundamental particle]. For the scope of this encyclopedia, it is best to imagine electrons as tiny particles that "orbit" the nucleus of an atom (the other resources below will provide a more advanced interpretation). However, instead of the [[force\|gravitational force]] that's responsible for moons orbiting planets, the [[electromagnetic force]]s causing the electrons to "orbit" the nuclei. For more on the physics of electrons please see [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/lepton.html#c2 hyperphysics].

	<~~onlyinclude~~>'''~~Electrons~~'~~'' are negatively charged particles that exist in a cloud around the [[nucleus]] of an [[atom]]~~.</~~onlyinclude~~> ~~They are unimaginably small,~~ so small that ~~[[quantum mechanics]] is needed to explain their peculiar behaviour, as far as physics~~ has been able to ~~determine they are~~ a ~~[http~~://~~hyperphysics.phy-astr~~.~~gsu.edu~~/~~hbase~~/~~particles/parcon~~.html~~#c1 fundamental particle]~~. ~~For~~ the ~~scope~~ of ~~this encyclopedia~~, ~~it is best to imagine electrons as tiny particles that~~ "~~orbit~~" ~~the nucleus of an atom (other resources below for a more advanced interpretation)~~. ~~However, instead of the~~ [[~~force~~\|~~gravitational force~~]] ~~that~~'~~s responsible for moons orbiting planets, the~~ [[~~electromagnetic force~~]]~~s causing the electrons to "orbit" the nuclei~~. ~~For more on the physics of electrons please see~~ [~~http:~~/~~/hyperphysics.phy~~-~~astr.gsu.edu~~/~~hbase/particles/lepton.html#c2 hyperphysics~~].		Some properties of an electron.<ref>R. D. Knight, "Milikan and the fundamental unit of charge" in ''Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach,'' 2nd ed. San Francisco, U.S.A.: Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2008, ch.38, sec 5, pp. 1192.</ref> Note that the electron's radius is so small that no one has been able to detect it, but it's incredibly round: "if the electron was magnified to the size of the solar system, it would still appear spherical to within the width of a human hair.<ref> "Electron is surprisingly round, say scientists following 10 year study" accessed: https://phys.org/news/2011-05-electron-surprisingly-scientists-year.html May 18th, 2018. The original paper is "Improved measurement of the shape of the electron" by Hudson et al. Nature 473, 493-496, May 26 2011. Accessed: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10104</ref>
			<center>
			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|-
			\| '''[[Mass]]''' \|\| <math>9.11 \times 10^{-31}</math> [[kilogram\|kg]]
			\|-
			\| '''[[Charge]]''' \|\| <math>1.60 \times 10^{-19}</math> [[Coulomb\|C]]
			\|-
			\| '''Radius''' \|\| less than <math> 10^{-18}</math> [[meter\|m]]
			\|-
			\| '''Deviation from sphere''' \|\| less than <math> 10^{-26}</math> [[meter\|m]]
			\|}
			</center>
	==Electrons and Electricity==		==Electrons and Electricity==
	[[Electricity]] is the flow of electrons through a [[conductor]] (usually in the form of a [[wire]], this flow is called a [[current]]. In order for this flow to occur, electrons must break their atomic bond (electricity is the flow of electrons, ''not'' the flow of electrons and the nuclei they happen to be bonded to). Breaking the atomic bond between an electron and its nucleus requires an input of [[energy]] which causes the electron to overcome the electromagnetic force constraining it and thus flow freely. This needed energy can be harnessed from a number of different sources, a few examples are:		[[Electricity]] is the flow of electrons through a [[conductor]], usually in the form of a [[wire]], this flow is called an [[electric current]]. In order for this flow to occur, electrons must break their atomic bond (electricity is the flow of electrons, ''not'' the flow of electrons and the nuclei they happen to be bonded to). Breaking the atomic bond between an electron and its nucleus requires an input of [[energy]] which causes the electron to overcome the electromagnetic force constraining it and thus flow freely. This needed energy can be harnessed from a number of different sources, and a few examples are:
	* [[Fossil fuels]]		* [[Fossil fuels]]
	* [[nuclear power\|Radioactive material]]		* [[nuclear power\|Radioactive material]]
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	===Conductive material===		===Conductive material===
	All forms of [[matter]] contain electrons, however, the electrons in certain materials are more loosely bound to their nuclei. These materials (known as [[conductor]]s or metals) require very little [[energy]] to create a [[current]], because loosely bound electrons require much less energy to overcome the [[electromagnetic force]] keeping them in place.		All forms of [[matter]] contain electrons, however, the electrons in certain materials are more loosely bound to their nuclei. These materials (known as [[conductor]]s or metals) require very little [[energy]] to create an [[electric current]], because loosely bound electrons require much less energy to overcome the [[electromagnetic force]] keeping them in place.

	===What generates electron flow?===		===What generates electron flow?===
	[[Electric generator]]s are devices that use the principle of [[electromagnetic induction]] ~~- this~~ is the process of moving a conductor through a [[magnetic field]] in order to create electron flow. '''Note:''' only a relative movement of the conductor ~~and~~ and magnetic field are needed, meaning the magnetic field could be moving ~~and~~ the conductor stationary. When the electrons in the conductor pass through a magnetic field (if the field is strong enough and the conductors relative [[velocity]] through the field is fast enough) then the bonds to their nuclei will be broken and a flow will be induced. In order to induce a high level of electron flow a great deal of [[energy]] is needed in order to create relative velocity between the conductor and magnets.		[[Electric generator]]s are devices that use the principle of [[electromagnetic induction]]—this is the process of moving a conductor through a [[magnetic field]] in order to create electron flow. '''Note:''' only a relative movement of the conductor and magnetic field are needed, meaning the magnetic field could be moving while the conductor is stationary. When the electrons in the conductor pass through a magnetic field (if the field is strong enough and the conductors relative [[velocity]] through the field is fast enough) then the bonds to their nuclei will be broken and a flow will be induced. In order to induce a high level of electron flow a great deal of [[energy]] is needed in order to create relative velocity between the conductor and magnets.

	[[Chemical reaction]]s inside of [[battery\|batteries]] also create an [[electromotive force]] causing electrons to flow in a [[circuit]]. [[Photon]]s ([[light]] energy) can also cause electrons to flow when they strike a [[photovoltaic cell]].		[[Chemical reaction]]s inside of [[battery\|batteries]] also create an [[electromotive force]] causing electrons to flow in a [[circuit]]. [[Photon]]s ([[light]] energy) can also cause electrons to flow when they strike a [[photovoltaic cell]].
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	==External resources==		==External resources==
	To learn more about how electrons form matter with [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s please see our page on [[atom]]s. For deeper physics on the electron please see [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/lepton.html#c2 hyperphysics]. For more about how electrons are relevant to chemistry please see [http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Electronic_Configurations UC Davis's wiki]. To just play around with different models of electrons around an atom, please see PhET's [http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/hydrogen-atom models of the hydrogen atom].		To learn more about how electrons form matter with [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s please see our page on [[atom]]s. For deeper physics on the electron please see [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/lepton.html#c2 hyperphysics]. For more about how electrons are relevant to chemistry please see [http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Electronic_Configurations UC Davis's wiki]. To just play around with different models of electrons around an atom, please see PhET's [http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/hydrogen-atom models of the hydrogen atom].

			== For Further Reading ==
			For further information please see the related pages below:
			*[[Direct current]]
			*[[Alternating current]]
			*[[Electrical grid]]
			*[[Electric generator]]
			* Or explore a [[Special:Random\| random page!]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-18T16:51:06Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 16:51, 18 September 2015
(No difference)

Jmdonev at 20:11, 3 September 2015

2015-09-03T20:11:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:11, 3 September 2015
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	[[Category:Done 2015-06~~-01~~]]		[[Category:Done 2015-09-06]]
	[[Category:Needs citations]]		[[Category:Needs citations]]
	[[File:Electron cloud2.gif\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A drawing depicting what an atom looks like. Notice how much more area the electron cloud occupies compared to the nucleus.<ref>"The electron cloud" internet: http://letstalkaboutscience.wordpress.com/2012/02/16/the-electron-cloud/</ref>]]		[[File:Electron cloud2.gif\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A drawing depicting what an atom looks like. Notice how much more area the electron cloud occupies compared to the nucleus.<ref>"The electron cloud" internet: http://letstalkaboutscience.wordpress.com/2012/02/16/the-electron-cloud/</ref>]]

	<onlyinclude>'''Electrons''' are negatively charged particles that exist in a cloud around the [[nucleus]] of an [[atom]].</onlyinclude> They are unimaginably small, so small that quantum mechanics is needed to explain their peculiar behaviour, as far as physics has been able to determine they are a [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/parcon.html#c1 fundamental particle]. For the scope of this encyclopedia, it is best to imagine electrons as tiny particles that "orbit" the nucleus of an atom (other resources below for a more advanced interpretation). However, instead of the [[force\|gravitational force]] that's responsible for moons orbiting planets, the [[electromagnetic force]]s causing the electrons to "orbit" the nuclei. For more on the physics of electrons please see [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/lepton.html#c2 hyperphysics].		<onlyinclude>'''Electrons''' are negatively charged particles that exist in a cloud around the [[nucleus]] of an [[atom]].</onlyinclude> They are unimaginably small, so small that [[quantum mechanics]] is needed to explain their peculiar behaviour, as far as physics has been able to determine they are a [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/parcon.html#c1 fundamental particle]. For the scope of this encyclopedia, it is best to imagine electrons as tiny particles that "orbit" the nucleus of an atom (other resources below for a more advanced interpretation). However, instead of the [[force\|gravitational force]] that's responsible for moons orbiting planets, the [[electromagnetic force]]s causing the electrons to "orbit" the nuclei. For more on the physics of electrons please see [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/lepton.html#c2 hyperphysics].

	==Electrons and Electricity==		==Electrons and Electricity==
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	===Conductive material===		===Conductive material===
	All forms of matter contain electrons, however, the electrons in certain materials are more loosely bound to their nuclei. These materials (known as [[conductor]]s or metals) require very little [[energy]] to create a [[current]], because loosely bound electrons require much less energy to overcome the [[electromagnetic force]] keeping them in place.		All forms of [[matter]] contain electrons, however, the electrons in certain materials are more loosely bound to their nuclei. These materials (known as [[conductor]]s or metals) require very little [[energy]] to create a [[current]], because loosely bound electrons require much less energy to overcome the [[electromagnetic force]] keeping them in place.

	===What generates electron flow?===		===What generates electron flow?===
	[[Electric generator]]s are devices that use the principle of [[electromagnetic induction]] - this is the process of moving a conductor through a [[magnetic field]] in order to create electron flow. '''Note:''' only a relative movement of the conductor and and magnetic field are needed, meaning the magnetic field could be moving and the conductor stationary. When the electrons in the conductor pass through a magnetic field (if the field is strong enough and the conductors relative velocity through the field is fast enough) then the bonds to their nuclei will be broken and a flow will be induced. In order to induce a high level of electron flow a great deal of [[energy]] is needed in order to create relative velocity between the conductor and magnets.		[[Electric generator]]s are devices that use the principle of [[electromagnetic induction]] - this is the process of moving a conductor through a [[magnetic field]] in order to create electron flow. '''Note:''' only a relative movement of the conductor and and magnetic field are needed, meaning the magnetic field could be moving and the conductor stationary. When the electrons in the conductor pass through a magnetic field (if the field is strong enough and the conductors relative [[velocity]] through the field is fast enough) then the bonds to their nuclei will be broken and a flow will be induced. In order to induce a high level of electron flow a great deal of [[energy]] is needed in order to create relative velocity between the conductor and magnets.

	[[Chemical reaction]]s inside of [[battery\|batteries]] also create an [[electromotive force]] causing electrons to flow in a [[circuit]]. [[Photon]]s (light energy) can also cause electrons to flow when they strike a [[photovoltaic cell]].		[[Chemical reaction]]s inside of [[battery\|batteries]] also create an [[electromotive force]] causing electrons to flow in a [[circuit]]. [[Photon]]s ([[light]] energy) can also cause electrons to flow when they strike a [[photovoltaic cell]].

	==External resources==		==External resources==

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:31:03Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 21:31, 26 August 2015
(No difference)

J.williams at 16:53, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T16:53:14Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-06-01]]
[[Category:Needs citations]]
[[File:Electron cloud2.gif|framed|right|Figure 1. A drawing depicting what an atom looks like. Notice how much more area the electron cloud occupies compared to the nucleus.<ref>"The electron cloud" internet: http://letstalkaboutscience.wordpress.com/2012/02/16/the-electron-cloud/</ref>]]

<onlyinclude>'''Electrons''' are negatively charged particles that exist in a cloud around the [[nucleus]] of an [[atom]].</onlyinclude> They are unimaginably small, so small that quantum mechanics is needed to explain their peculiar behaviour, as far as physics has been able to determine they are a [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/parcon.html#c1 fundamental particle]. For the scope of this encyclopedia, it is best to imagine electrons as tiny particles that "orbit" the nucleus of an atom (other resources below for a more advanced interpretation). However, instead of the [[force|gravitational force]] that's responsible for moons orbiting planets, the [[electromagnetic force]]s causing the electrons to "orbit" the nuclei. For more on the physics of electrons please see [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/lepton.html#c2 hyperphysics].

==Electrons and Electricity==
[[Electricity]] is the flow of electrons through a [[conductor]] (usually in the form of a [[wire]], this flow is called a [[current]]. In order for this flow to occur, electrons must break their atomic bond (electricity is the flow of electrons, ''not'' the flow of electrons and the nuclei they happen to be bonded to). Breaking the atomic bond between an electron and its nucleus requires an input of [[energy]] which causes the electron to overcome the electromagnetic force constraining it and thus flow freely. This needed energy can be harnessed from a number of different sources, a few examples are:
* [[Fossil fuels]]
* [[nuclear power|Radioactive material]]
* [[solar power|Solar radiation]]
* [[wind power|Wind]]
* [[tidal power|Tidal flows]]

===Conductive material===
All forms of matter contain electrons, however, the electrons in certain materials are more loosely bound to their nuclei. These materials (known as [[conductor]]s or metals) require very little [[energy]] to create a [[current]], because loosely bound electrons require much less energy to overcome the [[electromagnetic force]] keeping them in place.

===What generates electron flow?===
[[Electric generator]]s are devices that use the principle of [[electromagnetic induction]] - this is the process of moving a conductor through a [[magnetic field]] in order to create electron flow. '''Note:''' only a relative movement of the conductor and and magnetic field are needed, meaning the magnetic field could be moving and the conductor stationary. When the electrons in the conductor pass through a magnetic field (if the field is strong enough and the conductors relative velocity through the field is fast enough) then the bonds to their nuclei will be broken and a flow will be induced. In order to induce a high level of electron flow a great deal of [[energy]] is needed in order to create relative velocity between the conductor and magnets.

[[Chemical reaction]]s inside of [[battery|batteries]] also create an [[electromotive force]] causing electrons to flow in a [[circuit]]. [[Photon]]s (light energy) can also cause electrons to flow when they strike a [[photovoltaic cell]].

==External resources==
To learn more about how electrons form matter with [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s please see our page on [[atom]]s. For deeper physics on the electron please see [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/lepton.html#c2 hyperphysics]. For more about how electrons are relevant to chemistry please see [http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Electronic_Configurations UC Davis's wiki]. To just play around with different models of electrons around an atom, please see PhET's [http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/hydrogen-atom models of the hydrogen atom].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]