Energy security - Revision history

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	[[Category:Done ~~2016~~-04-30]]		[[Category:Done 2026-08-01]]
	[[File:Energy Security- Transmission Lines.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. Transmission power lines.<ref>Pixabay [[Online, Available: https://pixabay.com/en/current-network-networking-energy-599452/.</ref>]]		[[File:Energy Security- Transmission Lines.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. Transmission power lines.<ref>Pixabay [[Online, Available: https://pixabay.com/en/current-network-networking-energy-599452/.</ref>]]
	The concept of '''energy security''' was born out of the [[oil crisis of the 1970s]] which not only precipitated an awareness of the idea of energy security but also spurred the creation of the [[International Energy Agency]] (IEA) whose sole purpose is to promote the stability of the global [[energy]] [[supply]].<ref>G. Bahgat. ''Energy Security: An Interdisciplinary Approach.'' Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2011, pp. 1.</ref> <onlyinclude>The definition of energy security has evolved over time but has generally come to encompass the basic idea of a relatively cheap and stable supply of energy for the foreseeable future.</onlyinclude> A more complex definition is provided by the [[IPCC\|Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change]] (IPCC):		The concept of '''energy security''' was born out of the [[oil crisis of the 1970s]] which not only precipitated an awareness of the idea of energy security but also spurred the creation of the [[International Energy Agency]] (IEA) whose sole purpose is to promote the stability of the global [[energy]] [[supply]].<ref>G. Bahgat. ''Energy Security: An Interdisciplinary Approach.'' Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2011, pp. 1.</ref> <onlyinclude>The definition of energy security has evolved over time but has generally come to encompass the basic idea of a country having access to a relatively cheap and stable supply of energy for the foreseeable future.</onlyinclude> A more complex definition is provided by the [[IPCC\|Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change]] (IPCC):

	::"'''Energy security:''' The goal of a given country, or the global community as a whole, to maintain an adequate energy supply. Measures encompass safeguarding access to energy resources; enabling development and deployment of technologies; building sufﬁcient infrastructure to generate, store and transmit energy supplies; ensuring enforceable contracts of delivery; and access to energy at affordable prices for a speciﬁc society or groups in society."<ref name=IPCC_SRREN> Verbruggen, A., W. Moomaw, J. Nyboer, 2011: Annex I: Glossary, Acronyms, Chemical Symbols and Preﬁxes. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs- Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref>		::"'''Energy security:''' The goal of a given country, or the global community as a whole, to maintain an adequate energy supply. Measures encompass safeguarding access to energy resources; enabling development and deployment of technologies; building sufﬁcient infrastructure to generate, store and transmit energy supplies; ensuring enforceable contracts of delivery; and access to energy at affordable prices for a speciﬁc society or groups in society."<ref name=IPCC_SRREN> Verbruggen, A., W. Moomaw, J. Nyboer, 2011: Annex I: Glossary, Acronyms, Chemical Symbols and Preﬁxes. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs- Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref>

	Essentially a society should be able to ~~carry on~~ despite short term shocks to the supply of energy. To ensure this stability and energy security there are some fundamental issues that need to be addressed:<ref>G. Bahgat. ''Energy Security: An Interdisciplinary Approach.'' pp. 3.</ref>		Essentially a society should be able to conduct normal business and other activities despite short term shocks to the supply of energy sources. To ensure this stability and energy security there are some fundamental issues that need to be addressed:<ref>G. Bahgat. ''Energy Security: An Interdisciplinary Approach.'' pp. 3.</ref>
	::*Diversification of energy sources		::*Diversification of energy sources
	::*The quality and timing of the flow of information		::*The quality and timing of the flow of information
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	Canada.'' University of Calgary School of Public Policy, Oct. 14, 2015.</ref>		Canada.'' University of Calgary School of Public Policy, Oct. 14, 2015.</ref>

	~~==See Also==~~
	*[[Canadian Energy Security]]
	*[[TPES]]
	*[[Primary energy]]
	*[[Total final consumption]]

	==For More Information==		==For More Information==
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	*The United Nations Sustainable Development:		*The United Nations Sustainable Development:
	::*https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=359&menu=1634		::*https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=359&menu=1634

			Or internally:
			*[[Canadian Energy Security]]
			*[[TPES]]
			*[[Primary energy]]
			*[[Total final consumption]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
			[[Category: Uploaded]]

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[[Category:Done 2016-04-30]]
[[File:Energy Security- Transmission Lines.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Figure 1. Transmission power lines.<ref>Pixabay [[Online, Available: https://pixabay.com/en/current-network-networking-energy-599452/.</ref>]]
The concept of '''energy security''' was born out of the [[oil crisis of the 1970s]] which not only precipitated an awareness of the idea of energy security but also spurred the creation of the [[International Energy Agency]] (IEA) whose sole purpose is to promote the stability of the global [[energy]] [[supply]].<ref>G. Bahgat. ''Energy Security: An Interdisciplinary Approach.'' Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2011, pp. 1.</ref> <onlyinclude>The definition of energy security has evolved over time but has generally come to encompass the basic idea of a relatively cheap and stable supply of energy for the foreseeable future.</onlyinclude> A more complex definition is provided by the [[IPCC|Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change]] (IPCC):

::"'''Energy security:''' The goal of a given country, or the global community as a whole, to maintain an adequate energy supply. Measures encompass safeguarding access to energy resources; enabling development and deployment of technologies; building sufﬁcient infrastructure to generate, store and transmit energy supplies; ensuring enforceable contracts of delivery; and access to energy at affordable prices for a speciﬁc society or groups in society."<ref name=IPCC_SRREN> Verbruggen, A., W. Moomaw, J. Nyboer, 2011: Annex I: Glossary, Acronyms, Chemical Symbols and Preﬁxes. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs- Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref>

Essentially a society should be able to carry on despite short term shocks to the supply of energy. To ensure this stability and energy security there are some fundamental issues that need to be addressed:<ref>G. Bahgat. ''Energy Security: An Interdisciplinary Approach.'' pp. 3.</ref>
::*Diversification of energy sources
::*The quality and timing of the flow of information
::*Collaboration among and between consumers and producers
::*Investment
::*Research & development
::*Technological advancement

These fundamentals need to be addressed to ensure the long-term stability of [[energy market]]s and supply but also in order to cope with short-term shocks such as terrorist attacks, [[grid]] failures, [[weather#Extreme Weather|extreme weather conditions]] and other such events.<ref>C. Egenhofer, K. Gialoglou and G. Luciani. ''Market-based Options for Security of Energy.'' Brussels: Supply Center for European Policy Studies, 2004, pp. 4.</ref>

===Diversification===
[[Diversification]] is essential to energy security, the most common energy sources such as [[crude oil]], [[coal]] and [[natural gas]] are all [[commodity|commodities]] and are therefore subject to [[market force]]s which can result in interruptions to supply or exorbitant [[price]] rises. In addition, commodities such as [[oil]] are more susceptible to short term shocks resulting from geopolitical events such as conflicts and terrorist attacks. Diversification allows for a society to absorb a shock in one energy input such as coal by increasing the use of another such as nuclear or solar for example.<ref>D. Yergin. ''Ensuring Energy Security.'' [Online], Available: https://www.foreignaffairs.org/articles/2006-03-01/ensuring-energy-security, Mar./Apr. 2006 [June 1 2016].</ref> The '''energy mix''' of a state is made up of the various sources which supply the state with its energy needs and so a diverse energy mix leads to a more energy secure state.

Daniel Yergin maintains that diversification has to be coupled with '''"resilience"''' to mitigate the effects of shocks. [[Resilience]] means supply from a number of sources and a depth from those sources, for example a strategic [[reserve]] or multiple gas [[pipeline]]s as opposed to relying on a single pipeline into a region.<ref>D. Yergin. ''Ensuring Energy Security.''</ref>

===Investment===
Investment is essential to keep a steady supply of energy flowing. This relates to the infrastructure that the energy supply relies on, pipelines, [[electrical transmission|transmission lines]], [[hydroelectric dam]]s, ports etc. But it is also important with regards to the development of existing resources such as [[fossil fuel]]s which continually need to be discovered and extracted to keep the supply stable and prices low.

Investment also plays a key role in the development of new technologies which can make the production of energy more efficient, this can be new extraction techniques such as [[hydraulic fracturing]] or '''"fracking"''', advanced [[nuclear reactor]] technology, more efficient and cheaper [[photovoltaic cell]]s and other technologies.<ref>B.K. Sovacool. ''The Routledge Handbook of Energy Security.'' Milton Park: Routledge, 2011, pp. 14-15.</ref>

Investment in new research and into the development of new technologies has a net social benefit and can improve the energy security of society. New technologies can lower the cost of energy sources of all kinds, and minimize the impact of market fluctuations especially with regards to commodity driven energy sources such as fossil fuels. New technologies can also reduce the impact that the development of energy sources has on the [[environment]] such as better [[scrubber | air scrubbers]] which help to prevent and reduce [[air pollution]].

===Information===
The flow and dissemination of information is also important; perfect information can lead to better decision making and in the context of global energy markets and geopolitical crisis, information is crucial to prevent the deepening of a shock to the market. There is a long list of entities in the realm of energy security; consumers, providers, agencies, regulatory bodies, governments, international [[non-governmental organization]]s (INGO's) and others. The flow of information and interdependence between these entities is crucial to ensure the global supply of energy is stable. Information also helps when trying to prevent and correct [[externality | externalities]] which can damage the efficiency of the market and cause a [[market failure]].<ref>B.K. Sovacool. ''The Routledge Handbook of Energy Security.'' pp. 33.</ref>

Various entities can improve the flow of information through the dissemination of statistical reports, future plans for projects and goals and making regulation clear and easy to understand.<ref>G. Caron. ''Regulating the electricity grid in
Canada.'' University of Calgary School of Public Policy, Oct. 14, 2015.</ref>

==See Also==
*[[Canadian Energy Security]]
*[[TPES]]
*[[Primary energy]]
*[[Total final consumption]]

==For More Information==
Energy security is a very board field of study and is only expanding as the forces of development and globalization progress, for more information here are some sources:
*The International Energy Agency:
::*http://www.iea.org/
::*Canada Specific: https://www.iea.org/countries/membercountries/canada/
*North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):
::*http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49208.htm
::*http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2014/NATO-Energy-security-running-on-empty/NATO-energy-security-agenda/EN/index.htm
*The United Nations Sustainable Development:
::*https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=359&menu=1634

==References==
{{reflist}}