Flaring - Revision history

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Jmdonev at 21:38, 8 May 2018

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← Older revision		Revision as of 21:38, 8 May 2018
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	~~[[category:Data Visualization]]~~		[[Category:Done 2018-04-30]]
	[[Category:Done ~~2017~~-07-01]]		[[File:Flaring.jpg\|300px\|thumbnail\|right\|Figure 1: A natural gas flare on top of a 15 meter rig.<ref>M. Gorissen. Photographer. ''Well test; Flaring''. Flickr. 2015 [Accessed 29 July 2015]</ref>]]
	[[File:Flaring.jpg\|~~440px~~\|thumbnail\|right\|Figure 1: A natural gas flare ~~in the Middle East~~. <ref>''~~Image donated by an individual who wishes to remain anonymous.~~''</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Flaring''' is the process by which [[natural gas]] is [[combustion\|burned]] off in a controlled manner when extracting [[oil]]. Otherwise, the natural gas can burn in an uncontrolled way and be very dangerous. Usually, natural gas is captured, but when this is impossible it's flared. Flaring reduces the risk of gas [[ignition]] to facilities or to eliminate product that has been isn't fit for use.</onlyinclude><ref name =ref1>Tom Michelussi. (August 5, 2014).Altus Environmental Engineering Ltd, ''Best Management Practices for Facility Flare Reduction''.</ref> The [[volume]] of [[gas]] flared off is generally measured in '''[[bcm]]''' or billion cubic meters.		<onlyinclude>'''Flaring''' is the process by which [[natural gas]] is [[combustion\|burned]] off in a controlled manner when extracting [[oil]]. Otherwise, the natural gas can burn in an uncontrolled way and be very dangerous. Usually, natural gas is captured, but when this is impossible it's flared. Flaring reduces the risk of gas [[ignition]] to facilities or to eliminate product that has been isn't fit for use.</onlyinclude><ref name =ref1>Tom Michelussi. (August 5, 2014).Altus Environmental Engineering Ltd, ''Best Management Practices for Facility Flare Reduction''.</ref> The [[volume]] of [[gas]] flared off is generally measured in '''[[bcm]]''' or billion cubic meters.

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	==Carbon Dioxide from Flaring==		==Carbon Dioxide from Flaring==
	The flaring of natural gas results in the release of [[carbon dioxide]] into the [[atmosphere]] in the same way that burning natural gas as a [[fuel]] would. However, one of the main concerns with using flaring is that there is no real ''use'' or ''benefit'' other than keeping people and equipment safe. Although flaring is widely used, flaring rarely leads to a significant portion of a countries [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s, with the exception of a few countries (mostly in Africa). Overall in the world, flaring is less than 1% of the CO<sub>2</sub> released. ~~Please see the map below (click on countries to get data about those countries, click on water to return to the whole world) to see how much flaring contributes to carbon dioxide release:~~		[[File:pie_chart_for_GHG_emissions_by_source.PNG\|400px\|right\|Figure 2. In 2011, worldwide, flaring accounted for less than 1% of the GHG emissions of fossil fuels. This is still a large amount of <chem>CO2</chem> overall.]]
			The flaring of natural gas results in the release of [[carbon dioxide]] into the [[atmosphere]] in the same way that burning natural gas as a [[fuel]] would. However, one of the main concerns with using flaring is that there is no real ''use'' or ''benefit'' other than keeping people and equipment safe. Although flaring is widely used, flaring rarely leads to a significant portion of a countries [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s, with the exception of a few countries (mostly in Africa). Overall in the world, flaring is less than 1% of the CO<sub>2</sub> released.

	~~<html> <iframe class='charts-iframe' id='world-co2'></iframe></html>~~		Flaring releases significant greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and doesn't produce any [[work]] (useful energy) as a result. However, flaring the gas actually results in a less dramatic global warming effect than if the natural gas was to simply escape into the atmosphere. This is because [[methane]], the primary component of natural gas, has a higher [[global warming potential]] than carbon dioxide. Thus by igniting the methane and instead creating carbon dioxide, the carbon released to the atmosphere has less of a negative impact. However, this does not mean that flaring is beneficial, as keeping the [[carbon]] underground would have even less of an impact.

	~~As explained above, flaring~~ releases significant greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and doesn't produce any [[work]] (useful energy) as a result. However, flaring the gas actually results in a less dramatic global warming effect than if the natural gas was to simply escape into the atmosphere. This is because [[methane]], the primary component of natural gas, has a higher [[global warming potential]] than carbon dioxide. Thus by igniting the methane and instead creating carbon dioxide, the carbon released to the atmosphere has less of a negative impact. However, this does not mean that flaring is beneficial, as keeping the [[carbon]] underground would have even less of an impact.

	==Drawbacks of Flaring==		==Drawbacks of Flaring==
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	To learn more about projects to reduce gas flaring around the world, please see the World Bank's [http://go.worldbank.org/NEBP6PEHS0 GGFR project].		To learn more about projects to reduce gas flaring around the world, please see the World Bank's [http://go.worldbank.org/NEBP6PEHS0 GGFR project].

			== For further reading ==
			For further information please see the related pages below:
			*[[Natural gas]]
			*[[Natural gas formation]]
			*[[Oil and gas reservoir]]
			*[[Hydrocarbon combustion]]
			*[[Special:Random\|or explore a random page!]]

	==References==		==References==

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2017-08-29T01:47:37Z

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Jmdonev at 04:03, 27 August 2017

2017-08-27T04:03:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:03, 27 August 2017
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	[[category:Data Visualization]]		[[category:Data Visualization]]
	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-07-01]]		[[Category:Done 2017-07-01]]
	[[File:Flaring.jpg\|440px\|thumbnail\|right\|Figure 1: A natural gas flare in the Middle East. <ref>''Image donated by an individual who wishes to remain anonymous.''</ref>]]		[[File:Flaring.jpg\|440px\|thumbnail\|right\|Figure 1: A natural gas flare in the Middle East. <ref>''Image donated by an individual who wishes to remain anonymous.''</ref>]]
			<onlyinclude>'''Flaring''' is the process by which [[natural gas]] is [[combustion\|burned]] off in a controlled manner when extracting [[oil]]. Otherwise, the natural gas can burn in an uncontrolled way and be very dangerous. Usually, natural gas is captured, but when this is impossible it's flared. Flaring reduces the risk of gas [[ignition]] to facilities or to eliminate product that has been isn't fit for use.</onlyinclude><ref name =ref1>Tom Michelussi. (August 5, 2014).Altus Environmental Engineering Ltd, ''Best Management Practices for Facility Flare Reduction''.</ref> The [[volume]] of [[gas]] flared off is generally measured in '''[[bcm]]''' or billion cubic meters.
	<onlyinclude>'''Flaring''' is the process by which [[natural gas]] is [[combustion\|burned]] off in a controlled manner when extracting [[oil]]. ~~In places where~~ the ~~capturing of this~~ natural gas is ~~not possible or desired~~, ~~there must be some way to remove the gas from the site as uncontrolled~~ it ~~can pose a major hazard~~. Flaring ~~is done to reduce~~ the risk of gas [[ignition]] to facilities or to eliminate product that has been ~~deemed unfit~~ for use.</onlyinclude><ref name =ref1>Tom Michelussi. (August 5, 2014).Altus Environmental Engineering Ltd, ''Best Management Practices for Facility Flare Reduction''.</ref> The [[volume]] of [[gas]] flared off is generally measured in '''[[bcm]]''' or billion cubic meters.

	When [[oil formation\|oil forms]] underground, generally some amount of [[natural gas formation\|natural gas forms]] with it and together the two are trapped inside an [[oil and gas reservoir]]. Being less [[density\|dense]] than oil, natural gas settles above the oil in a pocket of gas. When companies drill for this oil in an attempt to extract it, this natural gas now has a place to escape the reservoir and accompanies the oil to the surface. In some reservoirs enough natural gas exists that it is economic to extract it along with the oil. However in other cases the gas exists in such small quantities that it is essentially of no use, and thus flaring is utilized.<ref name=ref2>Clearstone Engineering Ltd. (August 5, 2014). ''Guide for Estimation of Flaring and Venting Volumes''</ref>. Furthermore, when there is maintenance needed on facilities flaring is used to reduce the levels of natural gas in order to create a safer environment for workers.<ref name =ref3>Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. (August 5, 2014). ''Emergency Air Monitoring Best Management Practices''.</ref>		When [[oil formation\|oil forms]] underground, generally some amount of [[natural gas formation\|natural gas forms]] with it and together the two are trapped inside an [[oil and gas reservoir]]. Being less [[density\|dense]] than oil, natural gas settles above the oil in a pocket of gas. When companies drill for this oil in an attempt to extract it, this natural gas now has a place to escape the reservoir and accompanies the oil to the surface. In some reservoirs enough natural gas exists that it is economic to extract it along with the oil. However in other cases the gas exists in such small quantities that it is essentially of no use, and thus flaring is utilized.<ref name=ref2>Clearstone Engineering Ltd. (August 5, 2014). ''Guide for Estimation of Flaring and Venting Volumes''</ref>. Furthermore, when there is maintenance needed on facilities flaring is used to reduce the levels of natural gas in order to create a safer environment for workers.<ref name =ref3>Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. (August 5, 2014). ''Emergency Air Monitoring Best Management Practices''.</ref>

	==Carbon Dioxide from Flaring==		==Carbon Dioxide from Flaring==
	The flaring of natural gas results in the release of [[carbon dioxide]] into the [[atmosphere]] in the same way that burning natural gas as a fuel would. However, one of the main concerns with using flaring is that there is no real ''use'' or ''benefit'' ~~besides the mitigation of a hazard that results from flaring~~. Although flaring is widely used, flaring rarely leads to a significant portion of a countries [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s, with the exception of a few countries (mostly in Africa). Overall in the world, flaring is less than 1% of the CO<sub>2</sub> released. Please see the map below (click on countries to get data about those countries, click on water to return to the whole world) to see how much flaring contributes to carbon dioxide release:		The flaring of natural gas results in the release of [[carbon dioxide]] into the [[atmosphere]] in the same way that burning natural gas as a [[fuel]] would. However, one of the main concerns with using flaring is that there is no real ''use'' or ''benefit'' other than keeping people and equipment safe. Although flaring is widely used, flaring rarely leads to a significant portion of a countries [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s, with the exception of a few countries (mostly in Africa). Overall in the world, flaring is less than 1% of the CO<sub>2</sub> released. Please see the map below (click on countries to get data about those countries, click on water to return to the whole world) to see how much flaring contributes to carbon dioxide release:

	<html> <iframe class='charts-iframe' id='world-co2'></iframe></html>		<html> <iframe class='charts-iframe' id='world-co2'></iframe></html>
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	==Drawbacks of Flaring==		==Drawbacks of Flaring==
	~~The flaring~~ of natural gas ~~is a contributor~~ to climate change, ~~and the warming caused by the combustion of [[fossil fuel]]s is projected to get worse in the future. This contribution is mainly as a result of the emission of~~ carbon dioxide. Additionally, depending on the purity of the natural gas there are other harmful emissions, such as [[SOx\|sulfur oxides]] and [[NOx\|nitrogen oxides]], which combine with moisture in the atmosphere to form [[acid rain]].<ref name=effects>Anslem O. Ajugwo. (June 9, 2015). ''Negative Effects of Gas Flaring: The Nigerian Experience'' [Online]. Available: http://pubs.sciepub.com/jephh/1/1/2/</ref> This rain in turn acidifies lakes, streams, and damages vegetation. Other pollutants such as [[particulate matter]], ~~hydrocarbons~~, and ash can deplete soil nutrients through ~~acidification~~, harming agriculture.		Flaring of natural gas does contribute to climate change, because it releases carbon dioxide. Additionally, depending on the purity of the natural gas there are other harmful emissions, such as [[SOx\|sulfur oxides]] and [[NOx\|nitrogen oxides]], which combine with moisture in the atmosphere to form [[acid rain]].<ref name=effects>Anslem O. Ajugwo. (June 9, 2015). ''Negative Effects of Gas Flaring: The Nigerian Experience'' [Online]. Available: http://pubs.sciepub.com/jephh/1/1/2/</ref> This rain in turn acidifies lakes, streams, and damages vegetation. Other pollutants such as [[particulate matter]], [[hydrocarbon]]s, and [[ash]] can deplete [[soil]] nutrients through [[acid]]ification, harming [[agricultural energy use\|agriculture]].

	In addition to harming the [[environment]], there can be health implications of flaring. Exposure to the emissions of flaring can have adverse heath effects including cancer, lung damage and skin problems.<ref name=effects/>		In addition to harming the [[environment]], there can be health implications of flaring. Exposure to the emissions of flaring can have adverse heath effects including cancer, lung damage and skin problems.<ref name=effects/>

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:31:05Z

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J.williams at 16:54, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T16:54:23Z

New page

[[category:Data Visualization]]
[[Category:Done 2015-07-01]]
[[File:Flaring.jpg|440px|thumbnail|right|Figure 1: A natural gas flare in the Middle East. <ref>''Image donated by an individual who wishes to remain anonymous.''</ref>]]

<onlyinclude>'''Flaring''' is the process by which [[natural gas]] is [[combustion|burned]] off in a controlled manner when extracting [[oil]]. In places where the capturing of this natural gas is not possible or desired, there must be some way to remove the gas from the site as uncontrolled it can pose a major hazard. Flaring is done to reduce the risk of gas [[ignition]] to facilities or to eliminate product that has been deemed unfit for use.</onlyinclude><ref name =ref1>Tom Michelussi. (August 5, 2014).Altus Environmental Engineering Ltd, ''Best Management Practices for Facility Flare Reduction''.</ref> The [[volume]] of [[gas]] flared off is generally measured in '''[[bcm]]''' or billion cubic meters.

When [[oil formation|oil forms]] underground, generally some amount of [[natural gas formation|natural gas forms]] with it and together the two are trapped inside an [[oil and gas reservoir]]. Being less [[density|dense]] than oil, natural gas settles above the oil in a pocket of gas. When companies drill for this oil in an attempt to extract it, this natural gas now has a place to escape the reservoir and accompanies the oil to the surface. In some reservoirs enough natural gas exists that it is economic to extract it along with the oil. However in other cases the gas exists in such small quantities that it is essentially of no use, and thus flaring is utilized.<ref name=ref2>Clearstone Engineering Ltd. (August 5, 2014). ''Guide for Estimation of Flaring and Venting Volumes''</ref>. Furthermore, when there is maintenance needed on facilities flaring is used to reduce the levels of natural gas in order to create a safer environment for workers.<ref name =ref3>Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. (August 5, 2014). ''Emergency Air Monitoring Best Management Practices''.</ref>

==Carbon Dioxide from Flaring==
The flaring of natural gas results in the release of [[carbon dioxide]] into the [[atmosphere]] in the same way that burning natural gas as a fuel would. However, one of the main concerns with using flaring is that there is no real ''use'' or ''benefit'' besides the mitigation of a hazard that results from flaring. Although flaring is widely used, flaring rarely leads to a significant portion of a countries [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s, with the exception of a few countries (mostly in Africa). Overall in the world, flaring is less than 1% of the CO<sub>2</sub> released. Please see the map below (click on countries to get data about those countries, click on water to return to the whole world) to see how much flaring contributes to carbon dioxide release:

<html> <iframe class='charts-iframe' id='world-co2'></iframe></html>

As explained above, flaring releases significant greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and doesn't produce any [[work]] (useful energy) as a result. However, flaring the gas actually results in a less dramatic global warming effect than if the natural gas was to simply escape into the atmosphere. This is because [[methane]], the primary component of natural gas, has a higher [[global warming potential]] than carbon dioxide. Thus by igniting the methane and instead creating carbon dioxide, the carbon released to the atmosphere has less of a negative impact. However, this does not mean that flaring is beneficial, as keeping the [[carbon]] underground would have even less of an impact.

==Drawbacks of Flaring==
The flaring of natural gas is a contributor to climate change, and the warming caused by the combustion of [[fossil fuel]]s is projected to get worse in the future. This contribution is mainly as a result of the emission of carbon dioxide. Additionally, depending on the purity of the natural gas there are other harmful emissions, such as [[SOx|sulfur oxides]] and [[NOx|nitrogen oxides]], which combine with moisture in the atmosphere to form [[acid rain]].<ref name=effects>Anslem O. Ajugwo. (June 9, 2015). ''Negative Effects of Gas Flaring: The Nigerian Experience'' [Online]. Available: http://pubs.sciepub.com/jephh/1/1/2/</ref> This rain in turn acidifies lakes, streams, and damages vegetation. Other pollutants such as [[particulate matter]], hydrocarbons, and ash can deplete soil nutrients through acidification, harming agriculture.

In addition to harming the [[environment]], there can be health implications of flaring. Exposure to the emissions of flaring can have adverse heath effects including cancer, lung damage and skin problems.<ref name=effects/>

==Reduction of Flaring==
As global warming becomes a more widely recognized issue, many oil companies are developing methods that help reduce the need for flaring. As a result, flaring around the globe has decreased. New technologies are being developed that allow for the natural gas to be utilized in ways that weren't available previously. For example, natural gas can now be pumped back into [[oil well]]s in order to increase [[pressure]] and allow for oil to be continually pumped.<ref name=ref9>CAPP. (August 5, 2014). ''Flaring and Venting'' [Online]. Available: http://www.capp.ca/environmentCommunity/airClimateChange/Pages/FlaringVenting.aspx</ref> Furthermore, the amount of flaring has been reduced further since natural gas has become a product that companies want to harness and sell.<ref name =ref5>World Bank. (August 5, 2014). ''Natural Gas and Global Gas Flaring Reduction''. Available: http://go.worldbank.org/7WIFCC42A0 [August 5, 2014]</ref> There is still a demand for flaring to be reduced further, especially in less developed countries where the natural gas being flared could be utilized by those in desperate need.

To learn more about projects to reduce gas flaring around the world, please see the World Bank's [http://go.worldbank.org/NEBP6PEHS0 GGFR project].

==References==

{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]