Flood - Revision history

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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-10~~-15~~]]		[[Category:Done 2018-12-10]]
			[[Category: Rudi grade Ashley edit]]
	[[File:floodingman.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 1. Flood caused by excessive rain in a short period of time.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Trapped_woman_on_a_car_roof_during_flash_flooding_in_Toowoomba_2.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:floodingman.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 1. Flood caused by excessive rain in a short period of time.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Trapped_woman_on_a_car_roof_during_flash_flooding_in_Toowoomba_2.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>A '''flood''' is the overflowing of the normal confines of a stream or other body of [[water]], or the accumulation of water over areas that are not normally submerged.<ref name=IPCC_SREX>IPCC, 2012: Glossary of terms. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 555-564.</ref> Floods can occur nearly anywhere on Earth; in any place that rain can fall, floods can occur.<Ref name=natgeo>National Geographic. (accessed September 27, 2015). ''Floods'' [Online], Available: http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/floods-profile/</ref></onlyinclude> ~~Floods~~ are not exclusive to rain ~~however~~. Tsunamis ~~are a common case for this~~, ~~as is~~ ruptured plumbing in houses, buildings and neighbourhoods.		<onlyinclude>A '''flood''' is the overflowing of the normal confines of a stream or other body of [[water]], or the accumulation of water over areas that are not normally submerged.<ref name=IPCC_SREX>IPCC, 2012: Glossary of terms. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 555-564.</ref> Floods can occur nearly anywhere on Earth; in any place that rain can fall, floods can occur.<Ref name=natgeo>National Geographic. (accessed September 27, 2015). ''Floods'' [Online], Available: http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/floods-profile/</ref></onlyinclude> However, floods are not exclusive to rain. Tsunamis, ruptured plumbing in houses, buildings and neighbourhoods also cause floods.

	[[Climate change]] will cause floods to get more intense and more frequent in many areas around the world in the coming decades. A warmer world holds more [[water vapour]] in the [[atmosphere]]. ~~Along with this,~~ [[~~precipitation~~]] events are expected to occur ''less'' ~~frequently, meaning~~ intense downpours and floods when they do ~~occur, yet~~ longer dry periods ~~and~~ [[drought]]s between rain events.<Ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (Accessed September 27, 2015). ''Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis'' (page 54) [Online], Available: http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_FAQbrochure_FINAL.pdf#19</ref>		[[Climate change]] will cause floods to get more intense and more frequent in many areas around the world in the coming decades. A warmer world holds more [[water vapour]] in the [[atmosphere]]. [[Precipitation]] events are expected to occur ''less'' frequently—which means intense downpours and floods when they ''do'' occur—and longer dry periods ([[drought]]s) between rain events.<Ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (Accessed September 27, 2015). ''Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis'' (page 54) [Online], Available: http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_FAQbrochure_FINAL.pdf#19</ref>

	==Causes==		==Causes==
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	Another common occurrence are coastal floods, caused by large storms or earthquakes that cause the sea to flow inland. Coastal floods alone have caused trillions of dollars worth of damage, and claimed countless lives.<Ref name=natgeo/>		Another common occurrence are coastal floods, caused by large storms or earthquakes that cause the sea to flow inland. Coastal floods alone have caused trillions of dollars worth of damage, and claimed countless lives.<Ref name=natgeo/>

	Many floods take hours to come into full effect so they provide people with time to evacuate safely while salvaging as many of their valuable possessions as they can. Sometimes, however, floods generate in minutes and give little warning to their formation. These are known as '''flash floods''', and can be extremely dangerous. Flash floods are the #1 [[weather]]-related cause of death in the United ~~states~~.<ref name=ready>Ready.gov. (Accessed September 27, 2015). ''Floods'' [Online], Available: http://www.ready.gov/floods</ref> ~~'''''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxAUoXTUtS8 Click here] to see footage of a devastating flash flood~~.~~'''''~~		Many floods take hours to come into full effect so they provide people with time to evacuate safely while salvaging as many of their valuable possessions as they can. Sometimes, however, floods generate in minutes and give little warning to their formation. These are known as '''flash floods''', and can be extremely dangerous. Flash floods are the #1 [[weather]]-related cause of death in the United States.<ref name=ready>Ready.gov. (Accessed September 27, 2015). ''Floods'' [Online], Available: http://www.ready.gov/floods</ref> See video below for an example.

	==Impacts==		==Impacts==

	The brute force of thousands of [[gallon]]s of water flowing at once is tremendous. Houses, roads, bridges, even entire buildings can crumble in its path, leaving nothing but rubble ~~in its wake~~. When people are present in such situations there can be many fatalities, as ~~has been the case~~ in numerous flooding incidents ~~in the past~~.		The brute force of thousands of [[gallon]]s of water flowing at once is tremendous. Houses, roads, bridges, even entire buildings can crumble in its path, leaving nothing but rubble behind. When people are present in such situations there can be many fatalities, as seen in numerous flooding incidents.

	The flood itself is often not even the greatest disaster, as the aftermath can prove to be even more troublesome. With the water often comes debris, which is often harmful; containing hazardous [[chemical]]s like pesticides or various [[fuel]]s, untreated sewage, toxins, and more. Residents can be left in [[famine]] without food or clean drinking water for days or weeks~~, and can be exposed to various diseases~~.		The flood itself is often not even the greatest disaster, as the aftermath can prove to be even more troublesome. With the water often comes debris, which is often harmful; containing hazardous [[chemical]]s like pesticides or various [[fuel]]s, untreated sewage, toxins, and more. Residents can be left exposed to various diseases and in [[famine]] without food or clean drinking water for days or weeks.

	===Banqiao Dam===		===Banqiao Dam===
	:''[[dam failures\|main article]]''		:''[[dam failures\|main article]]''
	[[File:1360287103419.jpeg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2. The Banqiao dam after failure.<ref>International Rivers. (September 2, 2015). ''Banqiao Dam'' [Online]. Available: http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/the-forgotten-legacy-of-the-banqiao-dam-collapse-7821</ref>]]		[[File:1360287103419.jpeg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2. The Banqiao dam after failure.<ref>International Rivers. (September 2, 2015). ''Banqiao Dam'' [Online]. Available: http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/the-forgotten-legacy-of-the-banqiao-dam-collapse-7821</ref>]]
	The Banqiao Reservoir Dam in the Henan province of China ~~failed~~ in 1975, killing an estimated 171 000 ~~people (although some reports suggest the number could be as high as 230 000)~~. When the dam failed, it destroyed the homes ~~of 11 million~~ people and is considered the largest dam failure in history.<ref name=~~dam1>Engineering Failures. (September 2, 2015). ''Banqiao Dam Failure'' [Online]. Available: http://engineeringfailures.org/?p=723#sthash.yNDn0HFR.dpuf<~~/~~ref~~>		The Banqiao Reservoir Dam in the Henan province of China collapsed due to a typhoon in 1975 (along with 63 other dams in the region, killing an estimated 171 000<ref name = handbook>C. Cleveland and C. Morris, Handbook of energy, Volume II, Chronologies, top ten lists, and word clouds. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, 2014.</ref>. When the dam failed, it destroyed the homes millions people and is considered the largest dam failure in history.<ref name = handbook/>

	In August 1975, the region experienced an extreme flood, resulting in quantities of water falling that had not been considered during the construction of the dam. More than a ~~years~~ worth of rain fell in only 24 hours, and the dam failed on August 8. Early on August 8, the dam was breached and 700 million cubic [[meter]]s of floodwater was released, flooding communities and homes downstream. After this burst a chain reaction began, and the other 61 reservoirs located in the area collapsed releasing another six billion cubic meters of floodwater. The water covered an area equal to 10 000 square ~~kilometers~~. The failure to plan and account for extreme floodwaters resulted in the immediate death of 26 000 as a result of the water itself. 145 000 more people died as a result of epidemics and famine following the flood.<ref name=dam1/>		In August 1975, the region experienced an extreme flood, resulting in quantities of water falling that had not been considered during the construction of the dam. More than a year's worth of rain fell in only 24 hours, and the dam failed on August 8. Early on August 8, the dam was breached and 700 million cubic [[meter]]s of floodwater was released, flooding communities and homes downstream. After this burst, a chain reaction began, and the other 62 reservoirs located in the area collapsed releasing another six billion cubic meters of floodwater. <ref>Si, Y., 1998. The World’s most catastrophic dam failures. Qing (1998a), pp.25-38.</ref>The water covered an area equal to 10 000 square kilometres.

	==Safety tips==		==Safety tips==
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	For more information on what to do in the case of a flood please [http://www.ready.gov/floods click here].		For more information on what to do in the case of a flood please [http://www.ready.gov/floods click here].

			Here is a video of an example of the power of a flash flood:
			<html>
			<iframe width="816" height="459" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cxAUoXTUtS8" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
			</html>
			==For Further Reading==
			*[[Water]]
			*[[Precipitation]]
			*[[Dam failures]]
			*[[Climate change]]
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[~~category~~:~~Ed edit~~]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-11-13T01:47:30Z

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Jmdonev at 04:54, 4 October 2015

2015-10-04T04:54:09Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-10-15]]
[[File:floodingman.jpg|400px|thumb|Figure 1. Flood caused by excessive rain in a short period of time.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Trapped_woman_on_a_car_roof_during_flash_flooding_in_Toowoomba_2.jpg</ref>]]
<onlyinclude>A '''flood''' is the overflowing of the normal confines of a stream or other body of [[water]], or the accumulation of water over areas that are not normally submerged.<ref name=IPCC_SREX>IPCC, 2012: Glossary of terms. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 555-564.</ref> Floods can occur nearly anywhere on Earth; in any place that rain can fall, floods can occur.<Ref name=natgeo>National Geographic. (accessed September 27, 2015). ''Floods'' [Online], Available: http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/floods-profile/</ref></onlyinclude> Floods are not exclusive to rain however. Tsunamis are a common case for this, as is ruptured plumbing in houses, buildings and neighbourhoods.

[[Climate change]] will cause floods to get more intense and more frequent in many areas around the world in the coming decades. A warmer world holds more [[water vapour]] in the [[atmosphere]]. Along with this, [[precipitation]] events are expected to occur ''less'' frequently, meaning intense downpours and floods when they do occur, yet longer dry periods and [[drought]]s between rain events.<Ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (Accessed September 27, 2015). ''Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis'' (page 54) [Online], Available: http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_FAQbrochure_FINAL.pdf#19</ref>

==Causes==

The most common way for a flood to happen is by an overflowing river or stream. This can happen in a variety of ways: excessive rain, a failed [[hydroelectric dam]], rapid ice melt, or even the failure of an unfortunately placed beaver dam! The resulting overflow is known as a floodplain and can devastate structures and take lives.<ref name=natgeo/>

Another common occurrence are coastal floods, caused by large storms or earthquakes that cause the sea to flow inland. Coastal floods alone have caused trillions of dollars worth of damage, and claimed countless lives.<Ref name=natgeo/>

Many floods take hours to come into full effect so they provide people with time to evacuate safely while salvaging as many of their valuable possessions as they can. Sometimes, however, floods generate in minutes and give little warning to their formation. These are known as '''flash floods''', and can be extremely dangerous. Flash floods are the #1 [[weather]]-related cause of death in the United states.<ref name=ready>Ready.gov. (Accessed September 27, 2015). ''Floods'' [Online], Available: http://www.ready.gov/floods</ref> '''''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxAUoXTUtS8 Click here] to see footage of a devastating flash flood.'''''

==Impacts==

The brute force of thousands of [[gallon]]s of water flowing at once is tremendous. Houses, roads, bridges, even entire buildings can crumble in its path, leaving nothing but rubble in its wake. When people are present in such situations there can be many fatalities, as has been the case in numerous flooding incidents in the past.

The flood itself is often not even the greatest disaster, as the aftermath can prove to be even more troublesome. With the water often comes debris, which is often harmful; containing hazardous [[chemical]]s like pesticides or various [[fuel]]s, untreated sewage, toxins, and more. Residents can be left in [[famine]] without food or clean drinking water for days or weeks, and can be exposed to various diseases.

===Banqiao Dam===
:''[[dam failures|main article]]''
[[File:1360287103419.jpeg|360px|thumb|right|Figure 2. The Banqiao dam after failure.<ref>International Rivers. (September 2, 2015). ''Banqiao Dam'' [Online]. Available: http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/the-forgotten-legacy-of-the-banqiao-dam-collapse-7821</ref>]]
The Banqiao Reservoir Dam in the Henan province of China failed in 1975, killing an estimated 171 000 people (although some reports suggest the number could be as high as 230 000). When the dam failed, it destroyed the homes of 11 million people and is considered the largest dam failure in history.<ref name=dam1>Engineering Failures. (September 2, 2015). ''Banqiao Dam Failure'' [Online]. Available: http://engineeringfailures.org/?p=723#sthash.yNDn0HFR.dpuf</ref>

In August 1975, the region experienced an extreme flood, resulting in quantities of water falling that had not been considered during the construction of the dam. More than a years worth of rain fell in only 24 hours, and the dam failed on August 8. Early on August 8, the dam was breached and 700 million cubic [[meter]]s of floodwater was released, flooding communities and homes downstream. After this burst a chain reaction began, and the other 61 reservoirs located in the area collapsed releasing another six billion cubic meters of floodwater. The water covered an area equal to 10 000 square kilometers. The failure to plan and account for extreme floodwaters resulted in the immediate death of 26 000 as a result of the water itself. 145 000 more people died as a result of epidemics and famine following the flood.<ref name=dam1/>

==Safety tips==
Some basic tips in the event of a flood:<ref name=ready/>
*Evacuate in the case of a flood warning
*Do not walk or drive through flood waters
*Move immediately to higher ground
*6 inches of water can knock a person down, and 2 feet can sweep a vehicle away

For more information on what to do in the case of a flood please [http://www.ready.gov/floods click here].

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[category:Ed edit]]