Fly ash - Revision history

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2019-01-04T18:14:53Z

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2dev>Jmdonev at 03:38, 6 October 2018

2018-10-06T03:38:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:38, 6 October 2018
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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-09-05]]		[[Category:Done 2018-12-10]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Fly ash''' is a '''coal combustion product''', part of a set of products that makes up the most abundant waste materials worldwide.<ref name="RE2">A.Alva, T. Punshon, K.Sajwan,I.Twardowska. ''Coal Combustion Byproducts and Environmental Issues'', 1st Ed. Springer Link, 2006</ref> If not collected, this waste material is blown out with the [[flue gas]] in a [[coal]] fired [[power plant]].</onlyinclude> ~~This~~ ash exists after [[combustion]] because ash adheres to coal, making up between 1-15% of its weight. ~~The ash remains after combustion and about~~ 90% of the ash is fly ash while 10% is [[bottom ash]].<ref name="RE1">J.Fay, D. Golomb. ''Energy and the Environment'', 1st ed. New York, U.S.A.: Oxford, 2002.</ref> Fly ash is composed of tiny, airborne [[particle]]s and is thus considered to be a type of [[particulate matter]] or '''particle pollution'''.<ref>SourceWatch. (July 28, 2015). ''Particulates and Coal'' [Online]. Available: http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Particulates_and_coal</ref> Below is a comparison of fly ash and bottom ash, to show the size difference of the particles and the difference in texture.		[[Category: Rudi grade Ashley edit]]
			<onlyinclude>'''Fly ash''' is a '''coal combustion product'''. It is part of a set of products that makes up the most abundant waste materials worldwide.<ref name="RE2">A.Alva, T. Punshon, K.Sajwan,I.Twardowska. ''Coal Combustion Byproducts and Environmental Issues'', 1st Ed. Springer Link, 2006</ref> If not collected, this waste material is blown out with the [[flue gas]] in a [[coal]] fired [[power plant]].</onlyinclude> Fly ash exists after [[combustion]] because ash adheres to coal, making up between 1-15% of its weight. About 90% of the ash is fly ash, while 10% is [[bottom ash]].<ref name="RE1">J.Fay, D. Golomb. ''Energy and the Environment'', 1st ed. New York, U.S.A.: Oxford, 2002.</ref> Fly ash is composed of tiny, airborne [[particle]]s and is thus considered to be a type of [[particulate matter]] or '''particle pollution'''.<ref>SourceWatch. (July 28, 2015). ''Particulates and Coal'' [Online]. Available: http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Particulates_and_coal</ref> Below is a comparison of fly ash and bottom ash, to show the size difference of the particles and the difference in texture.

	<gallery mode=packed widths="350" heights="350">		<gallery mode=packed widths="350" heights="350">
Line 7:		Line 8:
	</gallery>		</gallery>

	To prevent the ash from completely escaping when the coal is burned, [[electrostatic precipitator]]s are used to collect the fly ash. Additionally, other stack filtration devices such as [[baghouse]]s and [[scrubber]]s are used to reduce the emission of fly ash. These methods are able to catch most, but not all of the ash as they are unable to capture particles that are less than a [[micrometer]] in diameter. Overall, ~~only~~ about 1% of the particles are released into the air.<ref>EPA. (July 14, 2015). ''Fly Ash'' [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/radiation/tenorm/coalandcoalash.html</ref> These small particles escape the flue stacks into the air.<ref name="RE1"/> The captured fly ash is analyzed to determine if it contains [[chemical]]s that are dangerous to human health. If it is deemed harmful, it is disposed of. If the fly ash is found to be nonhazardous, it is recycled and used in the production of concrete or asphalt.		To prevent the ash from completely escaping when the coal is burned, [[electrostatic precipitator]]s are used to collect the fly ash. Additionally, other stack filtration devices such as [[baghouse]]s and [[scrubber]]s are used to reduce the emission of fly ash. These methods are able to catch most, but not all, of the ash as they are unable to capture particles that are less than a [[micrometer]] in diameter. Overall, about 1% of the particles are released into the air.<ref>EPA. (July 14, 2015). ''Fly Ash'' [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/radiation/tenorm/coalandcoalash.html</ref> These small particles escape the flue stacks into the air.<ref name="RE1"/> The captured fly ash is analyzed to determine if it contains [[chemical]]s that are dangerous to human health. If it is deemed harmful, it is disposed of. If the fly ash is found to be nonhazardous, it is recycled and used in the production of concrete or asphalt.

	Along with the health and environmental impacts of fly ash, ~~one~~ issue ~~with it~~ is that it exists in massive quantities. ~~Although the total~~ coal ash ~~generation varies from year to year depending on~~ the amount ~~and ash content~~ of ~~the~~ coal ~~burned, the~~ amount of coal ash has been increasing since 1996.<ref name="RE2"/>		Along with the health and environmental impacts of fly ash, an additional issue is that it exists in massive quantities. The amount of coal burned and its ash content dictates the total amount of coal ash generated each year. The amount of coal ash has been increasing since 1996.<ref name="RE2"/>

	==Health Effects==		==Health Effects==
	Fly ash can have a different chemical makeup depending on where the coal was mined.<ref name="RE4">PSR. (July 14, 2015). ''Coal Ash: Hazardous to Human Health'' [Online]. Available: http://www.psr.org/assets/pdfs/coal-ash-hazardous-to-human-health.pdf</ref> Broadly speaking, fly ash is a [[pollutant]], and it contains [[acid\|acidic]], toxic, and [[radioactive]] matter.<ref name="RE1"/> This ash can contain [[lead]], [[arsenic]], [[mercury]], [[cadmium]], and [[uranium]].<ref name="RE3">Ed Dodge. (July 13, 2015). ''Can Coal Fly Ash Waste Be Put to Good Use?'' [Online]. Available: http://breakingenergy.com/2014/02/18/can-coal-fly-ash-waste-be-put-to-good-use/</ref> The EPA found that significant exposure to fly ash and other components of [[coal ash]] increases a persons risk of developing cancer and other respiratory diseases. ~~As well, wet~~ ash ponds can pollute groundwater and if ingested, the arsenic contaminated water increases a ~~persons~~ risk of developing cancer. ~~Additionally, inhalation~~ or ingestion of the toxins in fly ash can have nervous system ~~impacts~~, cognitive defects, developmental delays, and behavioral problems ~~along with~~ increasing a ~~persons~~ chance of developing lung disease, kidney disease, and gastrointestinal illness.<ref name="RE4"/>		Fly ash can have a different chemical makeup depending on where the coal was mined.<ref name="RE4">PSR. (July 14, 2015). ''Coal Ash: Hazardous to Human Health'' [Online]. Available: http://www.psr.org/assets/pdfs/coal-ash-hazardous-to-human-health.pdf</ref> Broadly speaking, fly ash is a [[pollutant]], and it contains [[acid\|acidic]], toxic, and [[radioactive]] matter.<ref name="RE1"/> This ash can contain [[lead]], [[arsenic]], [[mercury]], [[cadmium]], and [[uranium]].<ref name="RE3">Ed Dodge. (July 13, 2015). ''Can Coal Fly Ash Waste Be Put to Good Use?'' [Online]. Available: http://breakingenergy.com/2014/02/18/can-coal-fly-ash-waste-be-put-to-good-use/</ref> The EPA found that significant exposure to fly ash and other components of [[coal ash]] increases a persons risk of developing cancer and other respiratory diseases. Wet ash ponds can pollute groundwater and if ingested, the arsenic contaminated water increases a person's risk of developing cancer. Inhalation or ingestion of the toxins in fly ash can have impacts on the nervous system, causing cognitive defects, developmental delays, and behavioral problems while also increasing a person's chance of developing lung disease, kidney disease, and gastrointestinal illness.<ref name="RE4"/>

			==Disposal and Recycling==
			The sheer amount of fly ash that exists is a problem. The EPA estimates that 140 million tons of coal ash are generated each year, with fly ash making up a majority of this ash.<ref name="RE4"/>

			Some power plants dispose of coal ash in surface impoundments - known as wet ash ponds because the ash is kept wet to ensure it does not fly away - or in landfills, while others get rid of the ash by putting it into a waterway. It can also be recycled into several different materials. Fly ash has long been used as an additive in cement, grout, and concrete or to stabilize road beds as a fill material.<ref name="RE3"/> About 43% of the fly ash in the USA is recycled.<ref name="RE3"/> Re-purposing this coal ash reduces [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s and reduces the amount of space taken up in landfills by this ash. Making concrete and bricks released a significant amount of greenhouse gases. Using fly ash in the manufacturing process reduces these emissions. There are also economic benefits of re-purposing fly ash, including reduced costs associated with its disposal, increased [[revenue]] from the sale of new coal ash products, and savings from using coal ash instead of other more costly materials. Although re-purposing this ash reduces environmental effects, there are critics who say that the use of fly ash in building materials is dangerous, as there could be air contamination from leaching chemicals.<ref name="RE2"/>

	==Environmental Effects==		==Environmental Effects==
	[[File:3405466_755e933d.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 3. Piles of fly ash.<ref>Derek Dye. (July 13, 2015). ''Fly-Ash Removal'' [Online]. Available: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3405466</ref>]]		[[File:3405466_755e933d.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 3. Piles of fly ash.<ref>Derek Dye. (July 13, 2015). ''Fly-Ash Removal'' [Online]. Available: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3405466</ref>]]
	When ash is disposed in dry landfills or wet ponds, there are associated environmental effects. Wet surface impoundments account for a fifth of coal ash disposal. These wet impoundments can be an issue~~, because~~ if they do not have proper liners to prevent leaking and leaching ~~then~~ groundwater contamination ~~is much more common~~. Leaching is a process that occurs when fly ash is wet, and it simply means that the toxic components of the ash dissolve out and percolate through water. This groundwater contamination can be harmful to human heath if the groundwater is a source of drinking water.<ref name="RE4"/> In addition to leaching, fly ash toxics are able to travel through the environment as a result of erosion, runoff, or through the air as fine dust. ~~Overall, it is the~~ fact that the chemicals in the ash can escape and move through the environment ~~that~~ makes fly ash harmful~~.<ref name="RE4"/>~~		When ash is disposed in dry landfills or wet ponds, there are associated environmental effects. Wet surface impoundments account for a fifth of coal ash disposal. These wet impoundments can be an issue if they do not have proper liners for the landfill or pond to prevent leaking and leaching. Both leaking and leaching lead to groundwater contamination. Leaching is a process that occurs when fly ash is wet, and it simply means that the toxic components of the ash dissolve out and percolate through water. This groundwater contamination can be harmful to human heath if the groundwater is a source of drinking water.<ref name="RE4"/> In addition to leaching, fly ash toxics are able to travel through the environment as a result of erosion, runoff, or through the air as fine dust. The fact that the chemicals in the ash can escape and move through the environment is what makes fly ash harmful.<ref name="RE4"/>

	~~==Disposal and Recycling==~~
	~~The sheer amount of fly ash that exists is a problem. The EPA estimates that 140 million tons of coal ash are generated each year, with fly ash making up a majority of this ash~~.<ref name="RE4"/>

	Some power plants dispose of coal ash in surface impoundments - known as wet ash ponds because the ash is kept wet to ensure it doesn't fly away - or in landfills, while others get rid of the ash by putting it into a waterway. It can also be recycled into several different materials. Fly ash has long been used as an additive in cement, grout, or concrete or to stabilize road beds as a fill material.<ref name=~~"RE3"/> About 43% of the fly ash in the USA is recycled.<ref name~~=~~"RE3"/> Re-purposing this coal ash reduces~~ [[~~greenhouse gas~~]] [[~~emission~~]]~~s and reduces the space taken up in landfills by this ash.~~ Greenhouse gas ~~emissions are reduced because concrete and brick making are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, and thus using fly~~ ash to reduce the amount of brick or concrete produced helps reduce these emissions. There are also economic benefits of re-purposing fly ash. This includes reduced costs associated with its disposal, increased revenue from the sale of new coal ash products, and savings from using coal ash instead of other more costly materials. Although re-purposing this ash reduces environmental effects, there are critics who say that the use of fly ash in building materials is dangerous, as there could be air contamination from leaching chemicals.<ref name="RE2"/>		==For Further Reading==
			*[[Combustion]]
			*[[Particulate matter]]
			*[[Greenhouse gas emission]]
			*[[Bottom ash]]
			*[[Pollutant]]
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-03T18:22:26Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 18:22, 3 September 2015
(No difference)

Jmdonev at 02:47, 28 August 2015

2015-08-28T02:47:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:47, 28 August 2015
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	[[Category:Done 2015-07-24]]		[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Fly ash''' is a '''coal combustion product''', part of a set of products that makes up the most abundant waste materials worldwide.<ref name="RE2">A.Alva, T. Punshon, K.Sajwan,I.Twardowska. ''Coal Combustion Byproducts and Environmental Issues'', 1st Ed. Springer Link, 2006</ref> If not collected, this waste material is blown out with the [[flue gas]] in a [[coal]] fired [[power plant]].</onlyinclude> This ash exists after [[combustion]] because ash adheres to coal, making up between 1-15% of its weight. The ash remains after combustion and about 90% of the ash is fly ash while 10% is [[bottom ash]].<ref name="RE1">J.Fay, D. Golomb. ''Energy and the Environment'', 1st ed. New York, U.S.A.: Oxford, 2002.</ref> Fly ash is composed of tiny, airborne ~~particles~~ and is thus considered to be a type of [[particulate matter]] or '''particle pollution'''.<ref>SourceWatch. (July 28, 2015). ''Particulates and Coal'' [Online]. Available: http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Particulates_and_coal</ref> Below is a comparison of fly ash and bottom ash, to show the size difference of the particles and the difference in texture.		<onlyinclude>'''Fly ash''' is a '''coal combustion product''', part of a set of products that makes up the most abundant waste materials worldwide.<ref name="RE2">A.Alva, T. Punshon, K.Sajwan,I.Twardowska. ''Coal Combustion Byproducts and Environmental Issues'', 1st Ed. Springer Link, 2006</ref> If not collected, this waste material is blown out with the [[flue gas]] in a [[coal]] fired [[power plant]].</onlyinclude> This ash exists after [[combustion]] because ash adheres to coal, making up between 1-15% of its weight. The ash remains after combustion and about 90% of the ash is fly ash while 10% is [[bottom ash]].<ref name="RE1">J.Fay, D. Golomb. ''Energy and the Environment'', 1st ed. New York, U.S.A.: Oxford, 2002.</ref> Fly ash is composed of tiny, airborne [[particle]]s and is thus considered to be a type of [[particulate matter]] or '''particle pollution'''.<ref>SourceWatch. (July 28, 2015). ''Particulates and Coal'' [Online]. Available: http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Particulates_and_coal</ref> Below is a comparison of fly ash and bottom ash, to show the size difference of the particles and the difference in texture.

	<gallery mode=packed widths="350" heights="350">		<gallery mode=packed widths="350" heights="350">
Line 7:		Line 7:
	</gallery>		</gallery>

	To prevent the ash from completely escaping when the coal is burned, [[electrostatic precipitator]]s are used to collect the fly ash. Additionally, other stack filtration devices such as ~~baghouses~~ and [[scrubber]]s are used to reduce the emission of fly ash. These methods are able to catch most, but not all of the ash as they are unable to capture ~~[[particle]]s~~ that are less than a micrometer in diameter. Overall, only about 1% of the particles are released into the air.<ref>EPA. (July 14, 2015). ''Fly Ash'' [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/radiation/tenorm/coalandcoalash.html</ref> These small particles escape the flue stacks into the air.<ref name="RE1"/> The captured fly ash is analyzed to determine if it contains [[chemical]]s that are dangerous to human health. If it is deemed harmful, it is disposed of. If the fly ash is found to be nonhazardous, it is recycled and used in the production of concrete or asphalt.		To prevent the ash from completely escaping when the coal is burned, [[electrostatic precipitator]]s are used to collect the fly ash. Additionally, other stack filtration devices such as [[baghouse]]s and [[scrubber]]s are used to reduce the emission of fly ash. These methods are able to catch most, but not all of the ash as they are unable to capture particles that are less than a [[micrometer]] in diameter. Overall, only about 1% of the particles are released into the air.<ref>EPA. (July 14, 2015). ''Fly Ash'' [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/radiation/tenorm/coalandcoalash.html</ref> These small particles escape the flue stacks into the air.<ref name="RE1"/> The captured fly ash is analyzed to determine if it contains [[chemical]]s that are dangerous to human health. If it is deemed harmful, it is disposed of. If the fly ash is found to be nonhazardous, it is recycled and used in the production of concrete or asphalt.

	Along with the health and environmental impacts of fly ash, one issue with it is that it exists in massive quantities. Although the total coal ash generation varies from year to year depending on the amount and ash content of the coal burned, the amount of coal ash has been increasing since 1996.<ref name="RE2"/>		Along with the health and environmental impacts of fly ash, one issue with it is that it exists in massive quantities. Although the total coal ash generation varies from year to year depending on the amount and ash content of the coal burned, the amount of coal ash has been increasing since 1996.<ref name="RE2"/>

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:31:06Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 21:31, 26 August 2015
(No difference)

J.williams at 16:54, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T16:54:24Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-07-24]]
<onlyinclude>'''Fly ash''' is a '''coal combustion product''', part of a set of products that makes up the most abundant waste materials worldwide.<ref name="RE2">A.Alva, T. Punshon, K.Sajwan,I.Twardowska. ''Coal Combustion Byproducts and Environmental Issues'', 1st Ed. Springer Link, 2006</ref> If not collected, this waste material is blown out with the [[flue gas]] in a [[coal]] fired [[power plant]].</onlyinclude> This ash exists after [[combustion]] because ash adheres to coal, making up between 1-15% of its weight. The ash remains after combustion and about 90% of the ash is fly ash while 10% is [[bottom ash]].<ref name="RE1">J.Fay, D. Golomb. ''Energy and the Environment'', 1st ed. New York, U.S.A.: Oxford, 2002.</ref> Fly ash is composed of tiny, airborne particles and is thus considered to be a type of [[particulate matter]] or '''particle pollution'''.<ref>SourceWatch. (July 28, 2015). ''Particulates and Coal'' [Online]. Available: http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Particulates_and_coal</ref> Below is a comparison of fly ash and bottom ash, to show the size difference of the particles and the difference in texture.

<gallery mode=packed widths="350" heights="350">
File:flyash.jpg|Figure 1. Fly ash.<ref name=pic>''Photo taken by a member of the Energy Education team.''</ref>
File:bottomashfinal.jpg|Figure 2. Bottom ash.<ref name=pic/>
</gallery>

To prevent the ash from completely escaping when the coal is burned, [[electrostatic precipitator]]s are used to collect the fly ash. Additionally, other stack filtration devices such as baghouses and [[scrubber]]s are used to reduce the emission of fly ash. These methods are able to catch most, but not all of the ash as they are unable to capture [[particle]]s that are less than a micrometer in diameter. Overall, only about 1% of the particles are released into the air.<ref>EPA. (July 14, 2015). ''Fly Ash'' [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/radiation/tenorm/coalandcoalash.html</ref> These small particles escape the flue stacks into the air.<ref name="RE1"/> The captured fly ash is analyzed to determine if it contains [[chemical]]s that are dangerous to human health. If it is deemed harmful, it is disposed of. If the fly ash is found to be nonhazardous, it is recycled and used in the production of concrete or asphalt.

Along with the health and environmental impacts of fly ash, one issue with it is that it exists in massive quantities. Although the total coal ash generation varies from year to year depending on the amount and ash content of the coal burned, the amount of coal ash has been increasing since 1996.<ref name="RE2"/>

==Health Effects==
Fly ash can have a different chemical makeup depending on where the coal was mined.<ref name="RE4">PSR. (July 14, 2015). ''Coal Ash: Hazardous to Human Health'' [Online]. Available: http://www.psr.org/assets/pdfs/coal-ash-hazardous-to-human-health.pdf</ref> Broadly speaking, fly ash is a [[pollutant]], and it contains [[acid|acidic]], toxic, and [[radioactive]] matter.<ref name="RE1"/> This ash can contain [[lead]], [[arsenic]], [[mercury]], [[cadmium]], and [[uranium]].<ref name="RE3">Ed Dodge. (July 13, 2015). ''Can Coal Fly Ash Waste Be Put to Good Use?'' [Online]. Available: http://breakingenergy.com/2014/02/18/can-coal-fly-ash-waste-be-put-to-good-use/</ref> The EPA found that significant exposure to fly ash and other components of [[coal ash]] increases a persons risk of developing cancer and other respiratory diseases. As well, wet ash ponds can pollute groundwater and if ingested, the arsenic contaminated water increases a persons risk of developing cancer. Additionally, inhalation or ingestion of the toxins in fly ash can have nervous system impacts, cognitive defects, developmental delays, and behavioral problems along with increasing a persons chance of developing lung disease, kidney disease, and gastrointestinal illness.<ref name="RE4"/>

==Environmental Effects==
[[File:3405466_755e933d.jpg|360px|thumb|right|Figure 3. Piles of fly ash.<ref>Derek Dye. (July 13, 2015). ''Fly-Ash Removal'' [Online]. Available: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3405466</ref>]]
When ash is disposed in dry landfills or wet ponds, there are associated environmental effects. Wet surface impoundments account for a fifth of coal ash disposal. These wet impoundments can be an issue, because if they do not have proper liners to prevent leaking and leaching then groundwater contamination is much more common. Leaching is a process that occurs when fly ash is wet, and it simply means that the toxic components of the ash dissolve out and percolate through water. This groundwater contamination can be harmful to human heath if the groundwater is a source of drinking water.<ref name="RE4"/> In addition to leaching, fly ash toxics are able to travel through the environment as a result of erosion, runoff, or through the air as fine dust. Overall, it is the fact that the chemicals in the ash can escape and move through the environment that makes fly ash harmful.<ref name="RE4"/>

==Disposal and Recycling==
The sheer amount of fly ash that exists is a problem. The EPA estimates that 140 million tons of coal ash are generated each year, with fly ash making up a majority of this ash.<ref name="RE4"/>

Some power plants dispose of coal ash in surface impoundments - known as wet ash ponds because the ash is kept wet to ensure it doesn't fly away - or in landfills, while others get rid of the ash by putting it into a waterway. It can also be recycled into several different materials. Fly ash has long been used as an additive in cement, grout, or concrete or to stabilize road beds as a fill material.<ref name="RE3"/> About 43% of the fly ash in the USA is recycled.<ref name="RE3"/> Re-purposing this coal ash reduces [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s and reduces the space taken up in landfills by this ash. Greenhouse gas emissions are reduced because concrete and brick making are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, and thus using fly ash to reduce the amount of brick or concrete produced helps reduce these emissions. There are also economic benefits of re-purposing fly ash. This includes reduced costs associated with its disposal, increased revenue from the sale of new coal ash products, and savings from using coal ash instead of other more costly materials. Although re-purposing this ash reduces environmental effects, there are critics who say that the use of fly ash in building materials is dangerous, as there could be air contamination from leaching chemicals.<ref name="RE2"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]