Fractional distillation - Revision history

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

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energy>Ethan.boechler at 20:56, 10 September 2021

2021-09-10T20:56:02Z

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			[[Category:Translated to French]]
			[[fr:Distillation fractionnée]]
	[[File:fractionaldistillation.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. Diagram of a fractional distillation tower, showing where the different fractions will condense.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 25, 2015). ''Crude Oil Distillation Tower'' [Online]. Available: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg/260px-Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg.png</ref> Note that the temperature is higher at the bottom, so the longer carbon chains will fall out at the bottom, the shorter carbon chains will go up the column until they hit a temperature at which they become [[liquid]].]]		[[File:fractionaldistillation.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. Diagram of a fractional distillation tower, showing where the different fractions will condense.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 25, 2015). ''Crude Oil Distillation Tower'' [Online]. Available: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg/260px-Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg.png</ref> Note that the temperature is higher at the bottom, so the longer carbon chains will fall out at the bottom, the shorter carbon chains will go up the column until they hit a temperature at which they become [[liquid]].]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

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Energy>Jmdonev at 21:37, 19 January 2020

2020-01-19T21:37:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:37, 19 January 2020
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	[[category:371 topics]]		[[category:371 topics]]
	[[Category:Done ~~2018~~-04-30]]		[[Category:Done 2020-01-31]]
	[[File:fractionaldistillation.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. Diagram of a fractional distillation tower, showing where the different fractions will condense.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 25, 2015). ''Crude Oil Distillation Tower'' [Online]. Available: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg/260px-Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg.png</ref> Note that the temperature is higher at the bottom, so the longer carbon chains will fall out at the bottom, the shorter carbon chains will go up the column until they hit a temperature at which they become [[liquid]].]]		[[File:fractionaldistillation.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. Diagram of a fractional distillation tower, showing where the different fractions will condense.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 25, 2015). ''Crude Oil Distillation Tower'' [Online]. Available: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg/260px-Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg.png</ref> Note that the temperature is higher at the bottom, so the longer carbon chains will fall out at the bottom, the shorter carbon chains will go up the column until they hit a temperature at which they become [[liquid]].]]

	<onlyinclude>'''Fractional distillation''' is the process by which [[oil]] refineries separate [[crude oil]] into different, more useful [[hydrocarbon]] products based on their relative molecular weights in a distillation tower. This is the first step in the processing of crude oil, and it is considered to be the main separation process as it performs the initial rough separation of the different [[fuel]]s.</onlyinclude><ref>J. Kraushaar, R. Ristinen. (May 26, 2015).Energy and the Environment, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons, 2006</ref> The different components that are separated out during this process are known as '''fractions'''. Fractions that are separated out include [[gasoline]], [[diesel]], [[kerosene]], and [[bitumen]].<ref name="wolfson">R. Wolfson. (May 25, 2015) ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012, pp. 97-98</ref>		<onlyinclude>'''Fractional distillation''' is the process by which [[oil]] refineries separate [[crude oil]] into different, more useful [[hydrocarbon]] products based on their relative molecular weights in a distillation tower. This is the first step in the processing of crude oil, and it is considered to be the main separation process as it performs the initial rough separation of the different [[fuel]]s.</onlyinclude><ref>J. Kraushaar, R. Ristinen. (May 26, 2015).Energy and the Environment, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons, 2006</ref> The different components that are separated out during this process are known as '''fractions'''. Fractions that are separated out include [[gasoline]], [[diesel]], [[kerosene]], and [[bitumen]].<ref name="wolfson">R. Wolfson. (May 25, 2015) ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012, pp. 97-98</ref> Fractional distillation allows a lot of useful products to be made from crude oil, with many environmental consequences for the use of those useful products!

	==Process==		==Process==

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2018-05-11T18:17:03Z

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Jmdonev at 22:00, 8 May 2018

2018-05-08T22:00:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:00, 8 May 2018
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	[[category:371 topics]]		[[category:371 topics]]
	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-06-11]]		[[Category:Done 2018-04-30]]
	[[File:fractionaldistillation.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. Diagram of a fractional distillation tower, showing where the different fractions will condense.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 25, 2015). ''Crude Oil Distillation Tower'' [Online]. Available: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg/260px-Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg.png</ref>]]		[[File:fractionaldistillation.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. Diagram of a fractional distillation tower, showing where the different fractions will condense.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 25, 2015). ''Crude Oil Distillation Tower'' [Online]. Available: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg/260px-Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg.png</ref> Note that the temperature is higher at the bottom, so the longer carbon chains will fall out at the bottom, the shorter carbon chains will go up the column until they hit a temperature at which they become [[liquid]].]]

	<onlyinclude>'''Fractional distillation''' is the process by which [[oil]] refineries separate [[crude oil]] into different, more useful [[hydrocarbon]] products based on their relative molecular weights in a distillation tower. This is the first step in the processing of crude oil, and it is considered to be the main separation process as it performs the initial rough separation of the different [[fuel]]s.</onlyinclude><ref>J. Kraushaar, R. Ristinen. (May 26, 2015).Energy and the Environment, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons, 2006</ref> The different components that are separated out during this process are known as '''fractions'''. Fractions that are separated out include [[gasoline]], [[diesel]], [[kerosene]], and [[bitumen]].<ref name="wolfson">R. Wolfson. (May 25, 2015) ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012, pp. 97-98</ref>		<onlyinclude>'''Fractional distillation''' is the process by which [[oil]] refineries separate [[crude oil]] into different, more useful [[hydrocarbon]] products based on their relative molecular weights in a distillation tower. This is the first step in the processing of crude oil, and it is considered to be the main separation process as it performs the initial rough separation of the different [[fuel]]s.</onlyinclude><ref>J. Kraushaar, R. Ristinen. (May 26, 2015).Energy and the Environment, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons, 2006</ref> The different components that are separated out during this process are known as '''fractions'''. Fractions that are separated out include [[gasoline]], [[diesel]], [[kerosene]], and [[bitumen]].<ref name="wolfson">R. Wolfson. (May 25, 2015) ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012, pp. 97-98</ref>
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	However, there are two major components that are not accounted for in these three categories. At the very top of the tower are the gases that are too volatile to condense,such as propane and butane. At the bottom are the "residuals" that contain heavy tars too dense to rise up the tower, including bitumen and other waxes. To further distill these they undergo steam or vacuum distillation as they are very useful.<ref name=sys/>		However, there are two major components that are not accounted for in these three categories. At the very top of the tower are the gases that are too volatile to condense,such as propane and butane. At the bottom are the "residuals" that contain heavy tars too dense to rise up the tower, including bitumen and other waxes. To further distill these they undergo steam or vacuum distillation as they are very useful.<ref name=sys/>

			Please see the video below from [https://www.fuseschool.org/users/sign_in?PHPSESSID=1e1200be68b8938dd8a17dec70be253a fuse school] to see how fractional distillation works.
			<html>
			<iframe width="816" height="459" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/JZdvsQzOKuk" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
			</html>

			== For further reading ==
			For further information please see the related pages below:
			*[[Oil]]
			*[[Energy currency]]
			*[[Gasoline]]
			*[[Bitumen]]
			*[[Special:Random\|or explore a random page!]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:31:06Z

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J.williams at 16:54, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T16:54:27Z

New page

[[category:371 topics]]
[[Category:Done 2015-06-11]]
[[File:fractionaldistillation.png|400px|framed|right|Figure 1. Diagram of a fractional distillation tower, showing where the different fractions will condense.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 25, 2015). ''Crude Oil Distillation Tower'' [Online]. Available: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg/260px-Crude_Oil_Distillation-en.svg.png</ref>]]

<onlyinclude>'''Fractional distillation''' is the process by which [[oil]] refineries separate [[crude oil]] into different, more useful [[hydrocarbon]] products based on their relative molecular weights in a distillation tower. This is the first step in the processing of crude oil, and it is considered to be the main separation process as it performs the initial rough separation of the different [[fuel]]s.</onlyinclude><ref>J. Kraushaar, R. Ristinen. (May 26, 2015).Energy and the Environment, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons, 2006</ref> The different components that are separated out during this process are known as '''fractions'''. Fractions that are separated out include [[gasoline]], [[diesel]], [[kerosene]], and [[bitumen]].<ref name="wolfson">R. Wolfson. (May 25, 2015) ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012, pp. 97-98</ref>

==Process==
The process of fractional distillation is fairly simple, but is powerful in the way that it separates all the different, complex components of crude oil. First, the crude oil is heated to vapourize it and is fed into the bottom of a distillation tower. The resulting vapour then rises through the vertical column. As the gases rise through the tower, the temperature decreases. As the temperature decreases, certain hydrocarbons begin to condense and run off at different levels. Each fraction that condenses off at a certain level contains hydrocarbon molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms.<ref name=bbc>GCSE Bitesized. (May 26, 2016). ''Fractional Distillation'' [Online]. Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/rocks/fuelsrev3.shtml</ref> These boiling point 'cuts' allow several hydrocarbons to be separated out in a single process.<ref name=sys>G.Boyle, B.Everett, S.Peake, J.Ramage. (May 26, 2015). ''Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd Ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.</ref> It is this cooling with the height of the tower that allows for the separation.

After this rough refinement, individual fuels may undergo more refinement to remove any contaminants or undesirable substances, or to improve the quality of the fuel through cracking.

==Fractions==
There are several ways of classifying the useful fractions that are distilled from crude oil. One general way is by dividing into three categories: light, middle, and heavy fractions. Heavier components condense at higher [[temperature]]s and are removed at the bottom of the column. The lighter fractions are able to rise higher in the column before they are cooled to their condensing temperature, allowing them to be removed at slightly higher levels.<ref name="wolfson"/> In addition to this, the fractions have the following properties:<ref name=sys/>

* '''Light distillate''' is one of the more important fractions, and its products have [[boiling point]]s around 70-200°C. Useful hydrocarbons in this range include gasoline, naphta (a chemical feedstock), kerosene, jet fuel, and paraffin. These products are highly [[volatile]], have small [[molecule]]s, have low boiling points, flow easily, and ignite easily.<ref name=bbc/>
* '''Medium distillate''' are products that have boiling points of [[Celsius|200-350°C]]. Products in this range include [[diesel]] [[fuel]] and gas oil - used in the manufacturing of [[town gas]] and for commercial heating.
* '''Heavy distillate''' are the products with the lowest volatility and have boiling points above 350°C. These fractions can be solid or semi-solid and may need to be heated in order to flow. Fuel oil is produced in this fraction. These products have large molecules, a low volatility, flow poorly, and do not ignite easily.<ref name=bbc/>

However, there are two major components that are not accounted for in these three categories. At the very top of the tower are the gases that are too volatile to condense,such as propane and butane. At the bottom are the "residuals" that contain heavy tars too dense to rise up the tower, including bitumen and other waxes. To further distill these they undergo steam or vacuum distillation as they are very useful.<ref name=sys/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]