Francis turbine - Revision history

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2021-10-15T19:13:42Z

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energy>Jmdonev at 22:41, 11 June 2021

2021-06-11T22:41:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:41, 11 June 2021
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	[[Category:Done ~~2020~~-02-29]]		[[Category:Done 2021-01-31]] [[File:Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A Francis turbine.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 25, 2015). ''Francis turbine'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station.jpg</ref>]]
	[[File:Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A Francis turbine.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 25, 2015). ''Francis turbine'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station.jpg</ref>]]

	<onlyinclude>A '''Francis turbine''' is a type of [[hydro turbine\|reaction turbine]] used most frequently in medium- or large-scale [[hydroelectric facility\|hydroelectric plants]]. These turbines can be used for [[hydraulic head\|heads]] as low as 2 [[meter]]s and as high as 300 meters. Additionally, these turbines are beneficial as they work equally well when positioned horizontally as they do when they are oriented vertically. Francis turbines are the most frequently used turbines for hydropower plants.</onlyinclude><ref name=boyle/> The water going through a Francis turbine loses pressure, but stays at more or less the same speed, so it would be considered a [[reaction turbine]].		<onlyinclude>A '''Francis turbine''' is a type of [[hydro turbine\|reaction turbine]] used most frequently in medium- or large-scale [[hydroelectric facility\|hydroelectric plants]]. These turbines can be used for [[hydraulic head\|heads]] as low as 2 [[meter]]s and as high as 300 meters. Additionally, these turbines are beneficial as they work equally well when positioned horizontally as they do when they are oriented vertically. Francis turbines are the most frequently used turbines for hydropower plants.</onlyinclude><ref name=boyle/> The water going through a Francis turbine loses pressure, but stays at more or less the same speed, so it would be considered a [[reaction turbine]].
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	==Design==		==Design==
	Francis turbines have a fairly simplistic design. A flat, circular plate is attached to a rotating shaft that rests on this plate vertically. The plate itself has curved blades on it, and this combined unit of blades, plate, and rotating shaft are known collectively as the '''runner'''.<ref name="RE2">Learn Engineering. (August 25, 2015). ''How does Francis turbine work?'' [Online]. Available: ~~http~~://www.learnengineering.org~~/2014/01~~/how-does-francis-turbine-work.html</ref> Surrounding the runner is a channel known as a '''volute'''. The volute is simply a curved tube that diminishes in size as it approaches the runner, slightly resembling a snail shell.<ref name="RE1"/> Blades known as '''guide vanes''' do not move, and are set into the inner surface of the volute. These vanes serve the purpose of directing the water through the volute to the runner at an appropriate angle.<ref name=boyle/>		Francis turbines have a fairly simplistic design. A flat, circular plate is attached to a rotating shaft that rests on this plate vertically. The plate itself has curved blades on it, and this combined unit of blades, plate, and rotating shaft are known collectively as the '''runner'''.<ref name="RE2">Learn Engineering. (August 25, 2015). ''How does Francis turbine work?'' [Online]. Available: https://www.learnengineering.org/how-does-francis-turbine-work.html</ref> Surrounding the runner is a channel known as a '''volute'''. The volute is simply a curved tube that diminishes in size as it approaches the runner, slightly resembling a snail shell.<ref name="RE1"/> Blades known as '''guide vanes''' do not move, and are set into the inner surface of the volute. These vanes serve the purpose of directing the water through the volute to the runner at an appropriate angle.<ref name=boyle/>

	The designs of these turbines can result in [[efficiency\|efficiencies]] as high as 95%, but only in optimum conditions.<ref name=boyle/> Water must enter the turbine at the appropriate [[speed]] and direction for the runner blades to operate properly.		The designs of these turbines can result in [[efficiency\|efficiencies]] as high as 95%, but only in optimum conditions.<ref name=boyle/> Water must enter the turbine at the appropriate [[speed]] and direction for the runner blades to operate properly.
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	As the water crosses the specially curved blades of the runner, the water is deflected sideways slightly. This causes the water to lose some of its "whirl" motion. The water is also deflected axially, so that it exits out of a '''draft tube''' to the [[tail race]]. This tube reduces the exit velocity of the water to obtain the maximum amount of [[energy]] from the input water. The process of water being deflected through the runner blades results in a [[force]] that pushes the blades in the opposite direction as the water is deflected. This '''reaction force''' (like Newton's third law) is what causes [[power]] to be transferred from the water to the turbine's shaft, maintaining rotation. Because the turbine moves as a result of this reaction force, Francis turbines are known as '''reaction turbines'''.<ref name="RE2"/> The process of changing the direction of the water flow also results in a decrease in pressure within the turbine itself.<ref name=boyle/>		As the water crosses the specially curved blades of the runner, the water is deflected sideways slightly. This causes the water to lose some of its "whirl" motion. The water is also deflected axially, so that it exits out of a '''draft tube''' to the [[tail race]]. This tube reduces the exit velocity of the water to obtain the maximum amount of [[energy]] from the input water. The process of water being deflected through the runner blades results in a [[force]] that pushes the blades in the opposite direction as the water is deflected. This '''reaction force''' (like Newton's third law) is what causes [[power]] to be transferred from the water to the turbine's shaft, maintaining rotation. Because the turbine moves as a result of this reaction force, Francis turbines are known as '''reaction turbines'''.<ref name="RE2"/> The process of changing the direction of the water flow also results in a decrease in pressure within the turbine itself.<ref name=boyle/>

	For more information on how Francis turbines work, click [~~http~~://www.learnengineering.org~~/2014/01~~/how-does-francis-turbine-work.html here].		For more information on how Francis turbines work, click [https://www.learnengineering.org/how-does-francis-turbine-work.html here].

			<html>
			<iframe src="https://energyeducation.ca/3dmodels/Francis_Turbine/" width="100%" height="450px" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" /></iframe></html>
			Figure 3. A three dimensional model of a Francis turbine.

	==For Further Reading==		==For Further Reading==
	*[[Kaplan turbine]]		*[[Kaplan turbine]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2020-04-28T15:32:34Z

1 revision imported

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energy>Jmdonev at 17:07, 10 April 2020

2020-04-10T17:07:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:07, 10 April 2020
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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-09-05]]		[[Category:Done 2020-02-29]]
	[[File:Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A Francis turbine.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 25, 2015). ''Francis turbine'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A Francis turbine.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 25, 2015). ''Francis turbine'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station.jpg</ref>]]

	<onlyinclude>A '''Francis turbine''' is a type of [[hydro turbine\|turbine]] used most frequently in medium- or large-scale [[hydroelectric facility\|hydroelectric plants]]. These turbines can be used for [[hydraulic head\|heads]] as low as 2 [[meter]]s and as high as 300 meters. Additionally, these turbines are beneficial as they work equally well when positioned horizontally as they do when they are oriented vertically.</onlyinclude><ref name=boyle/>		<onlyinclude>A '''Francis turbine''' is a type of [[hydro turbine\|reaction turbine]] used most frequently in medium- or large-scale [[hydroelectric facility\|hydroelectric plants]]. These turbines can be used for [[hydraulic head\|heads]] as low as 2 [[meter]]s and as high as 300 meters. Additionally, these turbines are beneficial as they work equally well when positioned horizontally as they do when they are oriented vertically. Francis turbines are the most frequently used turbines for hydropower plants.</onlyinclude><ref name=boyle/> The water going through a Francis turbine loses pressure, but stays at more or less the same speed, so it would be considered a [[reaction turbine]].

	Water enters these turbines ''radially'' meaning that it enters the turbine perpendicular to the rotational axis. Once entering the turbine, the [[water]] always flows inwards, towards the center.<ref name=boyle>G. Boyle. ''Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref> Once the water has flown through the turbine, it exits axially - parallel to the rotational axis. Francis turbines were the first hydraulic turbines that had a radial inflow, designed by American scientist James Francis.<ref name="RE1">BrightHub Engineering. (August 25, 2015). ''Francis Turbines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.brighthubengineering.com/fluid-mechanics-hydraulics/27407-hydraulic-turbines-francis-turbine/</ref>		Water enters these turbines ''radially'' meaning that it enters the turbine perpendicular to the rotational axis. Once entering the turbine, the [[water]] always flows inwards, towards the center.<ref name=boyle>G. Boyle. ''Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref> Once the water has flown through the turbine, it exits axially - parallel to the rotational axis. Francis turbines were the first hydraulic turbines that had a radial inflow, designed by American scientist James Francis.<ref name="RE1">BrightHub Engineering. (August 25, 2015). ''Francis Turbines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.brighthubengineering.com/fluid-mechanics-hydraulics/27407-hydraulic-turbines-francis-turbine/</ref>
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	For more information on how Francis turbines work, click [http://www.learnengineering.org/2014/01/how-does-francis-turbine-work.html here].		For more information on how Francis turbines work, click [http://www.learnengineering.org/2014/01/how-does-francis-turbine-work.html here].
			==For Further Reading==
			*[[Kaplan turbine]]
			*[[Pelton turbine]]
			*[[Turgo turbine]]
			*[[Hydroelectric facility]]
			*[[Hydroelectric dam]]
			*[[Primary energy]]
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-03T18:22:27Z

1 revision imported

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Jmdonev at 18:49, 28 August 2015

2015-08-28T18:49:49Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]
[[File:Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Figure 1. A Francis turbine.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 25, 2015). ''Francis turbine'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Francis_turbine_for_Sakuma_power_station.jpg</ref>]]

<onlyinclude>A '''Francis turbine''' is a type of [[hydro turbine|turbine]] used most frequently in medium- or large-scale [[hydroelectric facility|hydroelectric plants]]. These turbines can be used for [[hydraulic head|heads]] as low as 2 [[meter]]s and as high as 300 meters. Additionally, these turbines are beneficial as they work equally well when positioned horizontally as they do when they are oriented vertically.</onlyinclude><ref name=boyle/>

Water enters these turbines ''radially'' meaning that it enters the turbine perpendicular to the rotational axis. Once entering the turbine, the [[water]] always flows inwards, towards the center.<ref name=boyle>G. Boyle. ''Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref> Once the water has flown through the turbine, it exits axially - parallel to the rotational axis. Francis turbines were the first hydraulic turbines that had a radial inflow, designed by American scientist James Francis.<ref name="RE1">BrightHub Engineering. (August 25, 2015). ''Francis Turbines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.brighthubengineering.com/fluid-mechanics-hydraulics/27407-hydraulic-turbines-francis-turbine/</ref>

==Design==
Francis turbines have a fairly simplistic design. A flat, circular plate is attached to a rotating shaft that rests on this plate vertically. The plate itself has curved blades on it, and this combined unit of blades, plate, and rotating shaft are known collectively as the '''runner'''.<ref name="RE2">Learn Engineering. (August 25, 2015). ''How does Francis turbine work?'' [Online]. Available: http://www.learnengineering.org/2014/01/how-does-francis-turbine-work.html</ref> Surrounding the runner is a channel known as a '''volute'''. The volute is simply a curved tube that diminishes in size as it approaches the runner, slightly resembling a snail shell.<ref name="RE1"/> Blades known as '''guide vanes''' do not move, and are set into the inner surface of the volute. These vanes serve the purpose of directing the water through the volute to the runner at an appropriate angle.<ref name=boyle/>

The designs of these turbines can result in [[efficiency|efficiencies]] as high as 95%, but only in optimum conditions.<ref name=boyle/> Water must enter the turbine at the appropriate [[speed]] and direction for the runner blades to operate properly.

==Operation==
Francis turbines are used frequently in hydroelectric [[power plant]]s. In these plants, high [[pressure]] water enters the turbine through the snail-shell casing (the volute). This lowers the pressure as the water curls through the tube, but the speed of the water is maintained. After passing through the volute, the water moves through the guide vanes and is directed towards the blades on the runner at optimum angles.<ref name="RE1"/>

As the water crosses the specially curved blades of the runner, the water is deflected sideways slightly. This causes the water to lose some of its "whirl" motion. The water is also deflected axially, so that it exits out of a '''draft tube''' to the [[tail race]]. This tube reduces the exit velocity of the water to obtain the maximum amount of [[energy]] from the input water. The process of water being deflected through the runner blades results in a [[force]] that pushes the blades in the opposite direction as the water is deflected. This '''reaction force''' (like Newton's third law) is what causes [[power]] to be transferred from the water to the turbine's shaft, maintaining rotation. Because the turbine moves as a result of this reaction force, Francis turbines are known as '''reaction turbines'''.<ref name="RE2"/> The process of changing the direction of the water flow also results in a decrease in pressure within the turbine itself.<ref name=boyle/>

For more information on how Francis turbines work, click [http://www.learnengineering.org/2014/01/how-does-francis-turbine-work.html here].

==References==
{{reflist}}