Geothermal power plants - Revision history

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energy>Ethan.boechler at 18:29, 10 September 2021

2021-09-10T18:29:15Z

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	[[Category:Done 2017-07-01]]		[[Category:Done 2017-07-01]]
			[[Category:Translated to French]]
			[[fr:Centrales géothermiques]]
	[[File:icelandgeoplant.jpeg\|300px\|thumb\|Figure 1. Geothermal power plant (flash steam, combined cycle) in Iceland.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg#/media/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:icelandgeoplant.jpeg\|300px\|thumb\|Figure 1. Geothermal power plant (flash steam, combined cycle) in Iceland.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg#/media/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Geothermal power plants''' are used in order to generate [[electricity]] by the use of [[geothermal energy]] (the Earth's internal [[thermal energy]]). They essentially work the same as a [[coal-fired power plant\|coal]] or [[nuclear power plant]], the main difference being the heat source. With geothermal, the Earth's heat replaces the [[boiler]] of a coal plant or the [[nuclear reactor\|reactor]] of a nuclear plant.</onlyinclude><Ref name=wolf>R. Wolfson, "The Geothermal Resource" in ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed., New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012, ch. 8, pp. 204-218</ref> [[Geothermal gradient#Where does this heat come from?\|Click here]] to learn how this heat is produced.		<onlyinclude>'''Geothermal power plants''' are used in order to generate [[electricity]] by the use of [[geothermal energy]] (the Earth's internal [[thermal energy]]). They essentially work the same as a [[coal-fired power plant\|coal]] or [[nuclear power plant]], the main difference being the heat source. With geothermal, the Earth's heat replaces the [[boiler]] of a coal plant or the [[nuclear reactor\|reactor]] of a nuclear plant.</onlyinclude><Ref name=wolf>R. Wolfson, "The Geothermal Resource" in ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed., New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012, ch. 8, pp. 204-218</ref> [[Geothermal gradient#Where does this heat come from?\|Click here]] to learn how this heat is produced.
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	These types are the most common due to the lack of naturally occurring high-quality steam.<ref name=wolf/> In this method, water must be over 180°C, and under its own [[pressure]] it flows upwards through the well. This is a lower temperature than dry steam plants have. As its pressure decreases, some of the water "flashes" to steam, which is passed through the turbine section. The remaining water that did not become steam is cycled back down into the well, and can also be used for heating purposes. The cost of these systems is increased due to more complex parts, however they can still compete with conventional power sources.		These types are the most common due to the lack of naturally occurring high-quality steam.<ref name=wolf/> In this method, water must be over 180°C, and under its own [[pressure]] it flows upwards through the well. This is a lower temperature than dry steam plants have. As its pressure decreases, some of the water "flashes" to steam, which is passed through the turbine section. The remaining water that did not become steam is cycled back down into the well, and can also be used for heating purposes. The cost of these systems is increased due to more complex parts, however they can still compete with conventional power sources.

	Click [http://www.or.is/vinnsluras/ here to take an interactive tour] of a flash cycle power and heating plant] from Orkuveita Reykjavikur (a power company in Reykjavik).		Click [http://www.or.is/vinnsluras/ here to take an interactive tour] of a flash cycle power and heating plant from Orkuveita Reykjavikur (a power company in Reykjavik).

	===Binary cycle plants===		===Binary cycle plants===

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2017-08-29T01:47:40Z

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Jmdonev at 22:17, 28 August 2017

2017-08-28T22:17:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:17, 28 August 2017
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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-08-21]]		[[Category:Done 2017-07-01]]
	[[File:icelandgeoplant.jpeg\|300px\|thumb\|Figure 1. Geothermal power plant (flash steam, combined cycle) in Iceland.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg#/media/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:icelandgeoplant.jpeg\|300px\|thumb\|Figure 1. Geothermal power plant (flash steam, combined cycle) in Iceland.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg#/media/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Geothermal power plants''' are used in order to generate [[electricity]] by the use of [[geothermal energy]] (the Earth's internal [[thermal energy]]). They essentially work the same as a [[coal-fired power plant\|coal]] or [[nuclear power plant]], the main difference being the heat source. With geothermal, the Earth's heat replaces the [[boiler]] of a coal plant or the [[nuclear reactor\|reactor]] of a nuclear plant.</onlyinclude><Ref name=wolf>R. Wolfson, "The Geothermal Resource" in ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed., New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012, ch. 8, pp. 204-218</ref> [[Geothermal gradient#Where does this heat come from?\|Click here]] to learn how this heat is produced.		<onlyinclude>'''Geothermal power plants''' are used in order to generate [[electricity]] by the use of [[geothermal energy]] (the Earth's internal [[thermal energy]]). They essentially work the same as a [[coal-fired power plant\|coal]] or [[nuclear power plant]], the main difference being the heat source. With geothermal, the Earth's heat replaces the [[boiler]] of a coal plant or the [[nuclear reactor\|reactor]] of a nuclear plant.</onlyinclude><Ref name=wolf>R. Wolfson, "The Geothermal Resource" in ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed., New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012, ch. 8, pp. 204-218</ref> [[Geothermal gradient#Where does this heat come from?\|Click here]] to learn how this heat is produced.

	In ~~all~~ geothermal plants the [[water]] pulled up from the ground ~~must be cycled~~ back ~~down, otherwise~~ the ~~plant would run out of water before it ran out of heat~~. The rate of water used is ~~always~~ larger than the rate of water returned, so make-up water supplies are generally needed.		Hot water or [[steam]] is extracted from the Earth through a series of wells and feeds the [[power plant]]. In most geothermal plants the [[water]] pulled up from the ground is returned back to the subsurface. The rate of water used is often larger than the rate of water returned, so make-up water supplies are generally needed.

	==Types==		==Types==
	There are 3 main types of geothermal power plants, with the flash cycle being the most common. ~~Diagrams~~ of each plant may be seen below:<Ref name=~~alma~~>~~California~~ Energy ~~Commission~~. (August 11, ~~2015~~). ''Types of Geothermal Power Plants'' [Online], Available: ~~http~~://~~energyalmanac.ca~~.gov/~~renewables~~/geothermal/~~types.html~~</ref>		There are 3 main types of geothermal power plants, with the flash cycle being the most common. The choice of plant depends on how much geothermal energy is available, and how hot the resource is. The hotter the resource, the less [[fluid]] needs to flow from the ground to take advantage of it, the more useful it is. Some details of each plant may be seen below:<Ref name=DOE>Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy - Geothermal - electricity generation. (August 28, 2017). ''Types of Geothermal Power Plants'' [Online], Available: https://energy.gov/eere/geothermal/electricity-generation</ref>

	===Dry steam plants===		===Dry steam plants===
	[[File:Sonoma_Plant.png\|300px\|thumb\|Figure 2. One of 22 dry steam plants at The Geysers in California.<Ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Sonoma_Plant_at_The_Geysers_4778.png</ref>]]		[[File:Sonoma_Plant.png\|300px\|thumb\|Figure 2. One of 22 dry steam plants at The Geysers in California.<Ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Sonoma_Plant_at_The_Geysers_4778.png</ref>]]
	These plants use steam that is naturally produced in the ground. This steam travels from the production well to the surface and through a [[turbine]], and after transferring its energy to the turbine it condenses and is injected back into the Earth. These types are the oldest types of geothermal power plants, ~~with~~ the first ~~used~~ in Italy ~~in 1904~~.<Ref name=~~alma~~/>		These plants use [[dry steam]] that is naturally produced in the ground. This steam travels from the production well to the surface and through a [[turbine]], and after transferring its [[energy]] to the turbine it condenses and is injected back into the Earth. These types are the oldest types of geothermal power plants, the first one was built back in 1904 in Italy.<Ref name=DOE/> Because this type of power plant requires the highest temperatures they can only be used where the temperature underground is quite high, but this type requires the least fluid flow.

	The dry steam plants at the Geysers in northern California, first drilled in 1924, are the largest geothermal source of electricity. At their peak production in the late 1980s they produced a whopping 2 GW of electricity - the equivalent of two large coal or nuclear power plants.<Ref name=wolf/> However due to [[Geothermal energy#Sustainability\|high rates of extraction]], power has since declined to 1.5 GW of capacity, with an average output of less than 1 GW.<ref name=wolf/>		The dry steam plants at the Geysers in northern California, first drilled in 1924, are the largest geothermal source of electricity. At their peak production in the late 1980s they produced a whopping 2 [[watt\|GW]] of electricity - the equivalent of two large [[coal]] or nuclear power plants.<Ref name=wolf/> However due to [[Geothermal energy#Sustainability\|high rates of extraction]], power has since declined to 1.5 GW of capacity, with an average output of less than 1 GW.<ref name=wolf/>

	===Flash cycle steam plants===		===Flash cycle steam plants===

	These types are the most common due to the lack of naturally occurring high-quality steam.<ref name=wolf/> In this method, water must be over 180°C, and under its own [[pressure]] it flows upwards through the well. As its pressure decreases, some of the water "flashes" to steam, which is passed through the turbine section. The remaining water that did not become steam is cycled back down into the well, and can also be used for heating purposes. The cost of these systems is increased due to more complex parts, however they can still compete with conventional power sources.		These types are the most common due to the lack of naturally occurring high-quality steam.<ref name=wolf/> In this method, water must be over 180°C, and under its own [[pressure]] it flows upwards through the well. This is a lower temperature than dry steam plants have. As its pressure decreases, some of the water "flashes" to steam, which is passed through the turbine section. The remaining water that did not become steam is cycled back down into the well, and can also be used for heating purposes. The cost of these systems is increased due to more complex parts, however they can still compete with conventional power sources.

	Click [http://www.or.is/vinnsluras/ here to take an interactive tour] of a flash cycle power and heating plant] from Orkuveita Reykjavikur (a power company in Reykjavik).		Click [http://www.or.is/vinnsluras/ here to take an interactive tour] of a flash cycle power and heating plant] from Orkuveita Reykjavikur (a power company in Reykjavik).
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	===Binary cycle plants===		===Binary cycle plants===

	Binary power plants are expected to be the most ~~dominantly~~ used in the future, as locations outside of the known hot spots begin to use geothermal energy.<Ref name=~~alma~~/> This is because binary cycle plants can make use of lower temperature water. They use a secondary loop (hence the name "binary") which contains a fluid with a low [[boiling point]], such as [[pentane]] or [[butane]]. The water from the well flows through a [[heat exchanger]] which transfers its heat to this fluid, which vaporizes due to its low boiling point. It is then passed through a turbine, accomplishing the same task as steam.<ref name=boyle>G. Boyle. ''Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref>		Binary power plants are expected to be the most commonly used type of geothermal power plant in the future, as locations outside of the known hot spots begin to use geothermal energy.<Ref name=DOE/> This is because binary cycle plants can make use of lower temperature water than the other two types of plants. They use a secondary loop (hence the name "binary") which contains a fluid with a low [[boiling point]], such as [[pentane]] or [[butane]]. The water from the well flows through a [[heat exchanger]] which transfers its heat to this fluid, which vaporizes due to its low boiling point. It is then passed through a turbine, accomplishing the same task as steam.<ref name=boyle>G. Boyle. ''Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref>

	<gallery mode=packed heights=350px>		<gallery mode=packed heights=350px>
	File:geodry.png\|Figure 3. Dry steam cycle.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_VaporDominatedGeothermal_inturperated_version.svg#/media/File:Diagram_VaporDominatedGeothermal_inturperated_version.svg		File:geodry.png\|Figure 3. Dry steam cycle.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_VaporDominatedGeothermal_inturperated_version.svg#/media/File:Diagram_VaporDominatedGeothermal_inturperated_version.svg</ref>
	File:geoflash.png\|Figure 4. Flash steam cycle.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_HotWaterGeothermal_inturperated_version.svg#/media/File:Diagram_HotWaterGeothermal_inturperated_version.svg		File:geoflash.png\|Figure 4. Flash steam cycle.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_HotWaterGeothermal_inturperated_version.svg#/media/File:Diagram_HotWaterGeothermal_inturperated_version.svg</ref>
	File:geobinary.png\|Figure 5. Binary cycle. The lighter brown is vaporized butane, while darker brown is liquid butane.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geothermal_Binary_System.svg#/media/File:Geothermal_Binary_System.svg		File:geobinary.png\|Figure 5. Binary cycle. The lighter brown is vaporized butane, while darker brown is liquid butane.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geothermal_Binary_System.svg#/media/File:Geothermal_Binary_System.svg</ref>
	</gallery>		</gallery>

	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]		{{Reflist}}
			[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:31:53Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 21:31, 26 August 2015
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J.williams at 18:50, 24 August 2015

2015-08-24T18:50:43Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-08-21]]
[[File:icelandgeoplant.jpeg|300px|thumb|Figure 1. Geothermal power plant (flash steam, combined cycle) in Iceland.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg#/media/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg</ref>]]
<onlyinclude>'''Geothermal power plants''' are used in order to generate [[electricity]] by the use of [[geothermal energy]] (the Earth's internal [[thermal energy]]). They essentially work the same as a [[coal-fired power plant|coal]] or [[nuclear power plant]], the main difference being the heat source. With geothermal, the Earth's heat replaces the [[boiler]] of a coal plant or the [[nuclear reactor|reactor]] of a nuclear plant.</onlyinclude><Ref name=wolf>R. Wolfson, "The Geothermal Resource" in ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed., New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012, ch. 8, pp. 204-218</ref> [[Geothermal gradient#Where does this heat come from?|Click here]] to learn how this heat is produced.

In all geothermal plants the [[water]] pulled up from the ground must be cycled back down, otherwise the plant would run out of water before it ran out of heat. The rate of water used is always larger than the rate of water returned, so make-up water supplies are generally needed.

==Types==
There are 3 main types of geothermal power plants, with the flash cycle being the most common. Diagrams of each plant may be seen below:<Ref name=alma>California Energy Commission. (August 11, 2015). ''Types of Geothermal Power Plants'' [Online], Available: http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/renewables/geothermal/types.html</ref>

===Dry steam plants===
[[File:Sonoma_Plant.png|300px|thumb|Figure 2. One of 22 dry steam plants at The Geysers in California.<Ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Sonoma_Plant_at_The_Geysers_4778.png</ref>]]
These plants use steam that is naturally produced in the ground. This steam travels from the production well to the surface and through a [[turbine]], and after transferring its energy to the turbine it condenses and is injected back into the Earth. These types are the oldest types of geothermal power plants, with the first used in Italy in 1904.<Ref name=alma/>

The dry steam plants at the Geysers in northern California, first drilled in 1924, are the largest geothermal source of electricity. At their peak production in the late 1980s they produced a whopping 2 GW of electricity - the equivalent of two large coal or nuclear power plants.<Ref name=wolf/> However due to [[Geothermal energy#Sustainability|high rates of extraction]], power has since declined to 1.5 GW of capacity, with an average output of less than 1 GW.<ref name=wolf/>

===Flash cycle steam plants===

These types are the most common due to the lack of naturally occurring high-quality steam.<ref name=wolf/> In this method, water must be over 180°C, and under its own [[pressure]] it flows upwards through the well. As its pressure decreases, some of the water "flashes" to steam, which is passed through the turbine section. The remaining water that did not become steam is cycled back down into the well, and can also be used for heating purposes. The cost of these systems is increased due to more complex parts, however they can still compete with conventional power sources.

Click [http://www.or.is/vinnsluras/ here to take an interactive tour] of a flash cycle power and heating plant] from Orkuveita Reykjavikur (a power company in Reykjavik).

===Binary cycle plants===

Binary power plants are expected to be the most dominantly used in the future, as locations outside of the known hot spots begin to use geothermal energy.<Ref name=alma/> This is because binary cycle plants can make use of lower temperature water. They use a secondary loop (hence the name "binary") which contains a fluid with a low [[boiling point]], such as [[pentane]] or [[butane]]. The water from the well flows through a [[heat exchanger]] which transfers its heat to this fluid, which vaporizes due to its low boiling point. It is then passed through a turbine, accomplishing the same task as steam.<ref name=boyle>G. Boyle. ''Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=350px>
File:geodry.png|Figure 3. Dry steam cycle.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_VaporDominatedGeothermal_inturperated_version.svg#/media/File:Diagram_VaporDominatedGeothermal_inturperated_version.svg
File:geoflash.png|Figure 4. Flash steam cycle.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_HotWaterGeothermal_inturperated_version.svg#/media/File:Diagram_HotWaterGeothermal_inturperated_version.svg
File:geobinary.png|Figure 5. Binary cycle. The lighter brown is vaporized butane, while darker brown is liquid butane.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geothermal_Binary_System.svg#/media/File:Geothermal_Binary_System.svg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]