Glacial and interglacial periods - Revision history

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	An [[ice age]] is a period of time where [[Global surface temperature\|global temperatures]] drop so significantly that [[glacier]]s advance and encompass over one third of [[Earth]]’s surface both [[Latitude\|laterally]] and [[Longitude\|longitudinally]].<onlyinclude> During an ice age, a '''glacial''' is the period of time where glacial advancement occurs.<ref>S. Marshak, Earth: Portrait of a Planet, 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 2008. Part VI, pp. 791 & 797. [Accessed: 02-Mar-2018].</ref> Similarly, an '''interglacial''' or interglacial period is the warmer period of time between ice ages where glaciers retreat and [[Rising sea level\|sea levels rise]].</onlyinclude><ref name="ref1"/> Over the last 450,000 years, glacials have lasted anywhere from 70,000 to 90,000 years whereas interglacials last approximately 10,000 years.<ref>S. G. Philander, Ed., Encyclopedia of global warming and climate change, vol. 2, 3 vols. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2008. pp. 519-522.</ref>		An [[ice age]] is a period of time where [[Global surface temperature\|global temperatures]] drop so significantly that [[glacier]]s advance and encompass over one third of [[Earth]]’s surface both [[Latitude\|laterally]] and [[Longitude\|longitudinally]].<onlyinclude> During an ice age, a '''glacial''' is the period of time where glacial advancement occurs.<ref>S. Marshak, Earth: Portrait of a Planet, 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 2008. Part VI, pp. 791 & 797. [Accessed: 02-Mar-2018].</ref> Similarly, an '''interglacial''' or interglacial period is the warmer period of time between ice ages where glaciers retreat and [[Rising sea level\|sea levels rise]].</onlyinclude><ref name="ref1"/> Over the last 450,000 years, glacials have lasted anywhere from 70,000 to 90,000 years whereas interglacials last approximately 10,000 years.<ref>S. G. Philander, Ed., Encyclopedia of global warming and climate change, vol. 2, 3 vols. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2008. pp. 519-522.</ref>

	[[File:mxti9nqwax9allwndsil.png\|thumb\|800px\|Figure 1: The globe on the left displays 18,000 years before present during the most recent glacial with ice coverage. The globe on the right displays the present day Holocene interglacial with significantly less glacial coverage. <ref name=ref1>“Glacial-Interglacial Cycles \| National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC).” [Online]. Available: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/abrupt-climate-change/Glacial-Interglacial%20Cycles. [Accessed: 02-Mar-2018].</ref>]]		[[File:mxti9nqwax9allwndsil.png\|thumb\|800px\|Figure 1: The globe on the left displays 18,000 years before present during the most recent glacial with ice coverage. The globe on the right displays the present day Holocene interglacial with significantly less glacial coverage. <ref name=ref1>“Glacial-Interglacial Cycles \| National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC).” [Online]. Available: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/abrupt-climate-change/Glacial-Interglacial%20Cycles. [Accessed: 02-Mar-2018].</ref>]]

	Another major difference between glacials and interglacials are the changes in sea level. During a glacial, sea levels drop an average of 100m as water is evaporated and stored in the growing glaciers and ice sheets. During an interglacial, sea levels rise as ice sheets and glaciers melt with the increase in temperature, thus resulting in an increase in volume of the ocean as water is heated.<ref> Poore, R.Z., Williams, R.S., Jr., and Tracey, Christopher, 2000, "Sea level and climate", U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 002–00, 2 p., [Online]. Available: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs2-00/. [Accessed: 12-Mar-2018].</ref> However, due to the combustion of [[~~Fossil fuels\|~~ fossil ~~fuels~~]] resulting in an increase in [[Global warming\|global warming]], the icecaps are melting at a more rapid pace annually—raising the sea level by an average of 3.2 mm/yr and over 70 mm since 1995.<ref>NASA, "Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet: Sea Level", [Online]. Available: https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/. [Accessed: 12-Mar-2018].</ref>		Another major difference between glacials and interglacials are the changes in sea level. During a glacial, sea levels drop an average of 100m as water is evaporated and stored in the growing glaciers and ice sheets. During an interglacial, sea levels rise as ice sheets and glaciers melt with the increase in temperature, thus resulting in an increase in volume of the ocean as water is heated.<ref> Poore, R.Z., Williams, R.S., Jr., and Tracey, Christopher, 2000, "Sea level and climate", U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 002–00, 2 p., [Online]. Available: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs2-00/. [Accessed: 12-Mar-2018].</ref> However, due to the combustion of [[fossil fuel]]s resulting in an increase in [[Global warming\|global warming]], the icecaps are melting at a more rapid pace annually—raising the sea level by an average of 3.2 mm/yr and over 70 mm since 1995.<ref>NASA, "Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet: Sea Level", [Online]. Available: https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/. [Accessed: 12-Mar-2018].</ref>

	Presently, we are experiencing an abnormally long interglacial called the [[Holocene]] that has lasted nearly 11,000 years. A new glaciation has been expected to begin; however, due to human induced [[Climate change\|climate change]] or [[Natural vs anthropogenic climate change\| anthropogenic climate change]], the next glaciation is being delayed anywhere from a few thousand to hundreds of thousands of years. Therefore, it is expected that the Holocene interglacial may last at least another 150,000 years.<ref>Ganopolski, A., Winkelmann, R., Schellnuber, H. J., “Cristical insolation – CO2 relation for diagnosing past and future glacial inception”, Nature, vol. 529, p. 200, Jan 2016.</ref>		Presently, we are experiencing an abnormally long interglacial called the [[Holocene]] that has lasted nearly 11,000 years. A new glaciation has been expected to begin; however, due to human induced [[Climate change\|climate change]] or [[Natural vs anthropogenic climate change\| anthropogenic climate change]], the next glaciation is being delayed anywhere from a few thousand to hundreds of thousands of years. Therefore, it is expected that the Holocene interglacial may last at least another 150,000 years.<ref>Ganopolski, A., Winkelmann, R., Schellnuber, H. J., “Cristical insolation – CO2 relation for diagnosing past and future glacial inception”, Nature, vol. 529, p. 200, Jan 2016.</ref>

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An [[ice age]] is a period of time where [[Global surface temperature|global temperatures]] drop so significantly that [[glacier]]s advance and encompass over one third of [[Earth]]’s surface both [[Latitude|laterally]] and [[Longitude|longitudinally]].<onlyinclude> During an ice age, a '''glacial''' is the period of time where glacial advancement occurs.<ref>S. Marshak, Earth: Portrait of a Planet, 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 2008. Part VI, pp. 791 & 797. [Accessed: 02-Mar-2018].</ref> Similarly, an '''interglacial''' or interglacial period is the warmer period of time between ice ages where glaciers retreat and [[Rising sea level|sea levels rise]].</onlyinclude><ref name="ref1"/> Over the last 450,000 years, glacials have lasted anywhere from 70,000 to 90,000 years whereas interglacials last approximately 10,000 years.<ref>S. G. Philander, Ed., Encyclopedia of global warming and climate change, vol. 2, 3 vols. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2008. pp. 519-522.</ref>

[[File:mxti9nqwax9allwndsil.png|thumb|800px|Figure 1: The globe on the left displays 18,000 years before present during the most recent glacial with ice coverage. The globe on the right displays the present day Holocene interglacial with significantly less glacial coverage. <ref name=ref1>“Glacial-Interglacial Cycles | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC).” [Online]. Available: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/abrupt-climate-change/Glacial-Interglacial%20Cycles. [Accessed: 02-Mar-2018].</ref>]]

Another major difference between glacials and interglacials are the changes in sea level. During a glacial, sea levels drop an average of 100m as water is evaporated and stored in the growing glaciers and ice sheets. During an interglacial, sea levels rise as ice sheets and glaciers melt with the increase in temperature, thus resulting in an increase in volume of the ocean as water is heated.<ref> Poore, R.Z., Williams, R.S., Jr., and Tracey, Christopher, 2000, "Sea level and climate", U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 002–00, 2 p., [Online]. Available: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs2-00/. [Accessed: 12-Mar-2018].</ref> However, due to the combustion of [[Fossil fuels| fossil fuels]] resulting in an increase in [[Global warming|global warming]], the icecaps are melting at a more rapid pace annually—raising the sea level by an average of 3.2 mm/yr and over 70 mm since 1995.<ref>NASA, "Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet: Sea Level", [Online]. Available: https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/. [Accessed: 12-Mar-2018].</ref>

Presently, we are experiencing an abnormally long interglacial called the [[Holocene]] that has lasted nearly 11,000 years. A new glaciation has been expected to begin; however, due to human induced [[Climate change|climate change]] or [[Natural vs anthropogenic climate change| anthropogenic climate change]], the next glaciation is being delayed anywhere from a few thousand to hundreds of thousands of years. Therefore, it is expected that the Holocene interglacial may last at least another 150,000 years.<ref>Ganopolski, A., Winkelmann, R., Schellnuber, H. J., “Cristical insolation – CO2 relation for diagnosing past and future glacial inception”, Nature, vol. 529, p. 200, Jan 2016.</ref>

[[File:ice_ages2.gif|center|800px|thumb|Figure 2: Glacial-interglacial cycles over the past 450,000 years to present. Glacials historically last anywhere from 7 to 9 times longer than interglacials.<ref>Utah Geological Survey. “Glad You Asked: Ice Ages – What are they and what causes them?". [Online]. Available: https://geology.utah.gov/map-pub/survey-notes/glad-you-asked/ice-ages-what-are-they-and-what-causes-them/.[Accessed: 12-Mar-2018]</ref>]]

== For Further Reading ==
For further information please see the related pages below:
*[[Ice age]]
*[[Rising sea level]]
*[[Glacial lake outburst flood]] (also called [[GLOF]]s
*[[Glacier]]
*[[Climate change]]
*Or explore a [[Special:Random|random page]]

==References==
{{reflist}}