Heat engine - Revision history

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2021-09-27T00:02:46Z

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energy>Ethan.boechler at 16:36, 13 September 2021

2021-09-13T16:36:45Z

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	[[Category:Done 2018-07-20]]		[[Category:Done 2018-07-20]]
			[[Category:Translated to Spanish]]
			[[es:Motor térmico]]
			[[Category:Translated to French]]
			[[fr:Moteur thermique]]
	[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif\|framed\|4-stroke [[internal combustion engine]]. Figure 1. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion([[work]] is done), 4:exhaust<ref>"File:4StrokeEngine Ortho 3D Small.gif - Wikimedia Commons", Commons.wikimedia.org, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif. [Accessed: 17- May- 2018].</ref>]]		[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif\|framed\|4-stroke [[internal combustion engine]]. Figure 1. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion([[work]] is done), 4:exhaust<ref>"File:4StrokeEngine Ortho 3D Small.gif - Wikimedia Commons", Commons.wikimedia.org, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif. [Accessed: 17- May- 2018].</ref>]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2018-07-21T01:13:00Z

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Jmdonev at 20:20, 17 July 2018

2018-07-17T20:20:50Z

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	[[Category:Done 2018-06-01]]		[[Category:Done 2018-07-20]]
	[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif\|framed\|4-stroke [[internal combustion engine]]. Figure 1. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion([[work]] is done), 4:exhaust<ref>"File:4StrokeEngine Ortho 3D Small.gif - Wikimedia Commons", Commons.wikimedia.org, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif. [Accessed: 17- May- 2018].</ref>]]		[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif\|framed\|4-stroke [[internal combustion engine]]. Figure 1. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion([[work]] is done), 4:exhaust<ref>"File:4StrokeEngine Ortho 3D Small.gif - Wikimedia Commons", Commons.wikimedia.org, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif. [Accessed: 17- May- 2018].</ref>]]

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	===Internal combustion===		===Internal combustion===
	* [[Piston]] engine		* [[Piston]] engine
	* [[~~Gas_turbine_engine~~#Pistons_vs_turbines\|Gas turbine]]		* [[Gas_turbine#Pistons_vs_turbines\|Gas turbine]]
	* [[Jet engine]]		* [[Jet engine]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported: Doing upload, largely of old redirects.

2018-06-04T16:52:23Z

1 revision imported: Doing upload, largely of old redirects.

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Jmdonev at 17:45, 1 June 2018

2018-06-01T17:45:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:45, 1 June 2018
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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-09-06]]		[[Category:Done 2018-06-01]]
	[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif\|framed\|4-stroke [[internal combustion engine]]. Figure 1. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion([[work]] is done), 4:exhaust<ref>~~Zephyris (Richard Wheeler). (accessed 2015, Jan. 4). ''~~4StrokeEngine Ortho 3D Small.gif'' [Online]. Available: ~~http~~://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif</ref>]]		[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif\|framed\|4-stroke [[internal combustion engine]]. Figure 1. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion([[work]] is done), 4:exhaust<ref>"File:4StrokeEngine Ortho 3D Small.gif - Wikimedia Commons", Commons.wikimedia.org, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif. [Accessed: 17- May- 2018].</ref>]]

	<onlyinclude>A '''heat engine''' is a ~~device~~ (like the motor in a car) that produces macroscopic motion from [[heat]].</onlyinclude> When people rub their hands together [[friction]] turns [[mechanical energy]] (the motion of our hands) into [[thermal energy]] (the hands get warmer). Heat engines do just the opposite; they take the [[energy]] from being warm (compared to the surroundings) and turn that into motion. Often this motion is turned into [[electricity]] with a [[generator]].		<onlyinclude>A '''heat engine''' is a type of [[engine]], (like the motor in a car) that produces macroscopic motion from [[heat]].</onlyinclude> When people rub their hands together [[friction]] turns [[mechanical energy]] (the motion of our hands) into [[thermal energy]] (the hands get warmer). Heat engines do just the opposite; they take the [[energy]] from being warm (compared to the surroundings) and turn that into motion. Often this motion is turned into [[electricity]] with a [[generator]].

	Almost all of the energy that is harnessed for [[transportation]] and electricity comes from heat engines. Hot objects, even [[gas]]es, have thermal energy that can be turned into something useful. Heat engines move energy from a hot place to a cold place and divert some of that energy into mechanical energy. Heat engines require a difference in [[temperature]] to function.		Almost all of the energy that is harnessed for [[transportation]] and electricity comes from heat engines. Hot objects, even [[gas]]es, have thermal energy that can be turned into something useful. Heat engines move energy from a hot place to a cold place and divert some of that energy into mechanical energy. Heat engines require a difference in [[temperature]] to function.
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	:''[[internal combustion engine\|full article]]''		:''[[internal combustion engine\|full article]]''

	Internal combustion engines are the most common form of heat engines, as they are used in vehicles, boats, ships, airplanes, and trains. They are named as such because the fuel is ignited in order to do work inside the engine. The same fuel and air mixture is then emitted as exhaust. While this is most commonly done using a piston, it can also be done with a turbine.		Internal combustion engines are the most common form of heat engines, as they are used in vehicles, boats, ships, airplanes, and trains. They are named as such because the fuel is ignited in order to do work inside the engine. The same fuel and air mixture is then emitted as exhaust. While this is most commonly done using a [[piston]], it can also be done with a [[turbine]].

	Figure 1 is an example of an internal combustion engine. This particular type is called a four stroke engine, which is quite common in cars.		Figure 1 is an example of an internal combustion engine. This particular type is called a four stroke engine, which is quite common in cars.
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	:''[[Cogeneration\|main article]]''		:''[[Cogeneration\|main article]]''
	A heat engine has two byproducts: work and heat. The purpose of most engines is to produce work, and the heat is treated simply as [[waste]]. Cogeneration is using the waste heat for useful things. The heater in a car works using cogeneration - taking waste heat from the engine to heat [[air]] which warms up the cabin. This is why running a car's [[heater]] in winter has little effect on gas mileage, but running [[air conditioning]] in the summertime can cost an estimated 10-20% of a car's gas mileage.		A heat engine has two byproducts: work and heat. The purpose of most engines is to produce work, and the heat is treated simply as [[waste]]. Cogeneration is using the waste heat for useful things. The heater in a car works using cogeneration - taking waste heat from the engine to heat [[air]] which warms up the cabin. This is why running a car's [[heater]] in winter has little effect on gas mileage, but running [[air conditioning]] in the summertime can cost an estimated 10-20% of a car's gas mileage.

			==For Further Reading==
			*[[Rotary engine]]
			*[[Reciprocating engine]]
			*[[Work]]
			*[[First law of thermodynamics]]
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\| random page]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-18T16:52:01Z

1 revision imported

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Jmdonev at 22:08, 4 September 2015

2015-09-04T22:08:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:08, 4 September 2015
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	[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]		[[Category:Done 2015-09-06]]
	[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif\|framed\|4-stroke [[internal combustion engine]]. Figure 1. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion([[work]] is done), 4:exhaust<ref>Zephyris (Richard Wheeler). (accessed 2015, Jan. 4). ''4StrokeEngine Ortho 3D Small.gif'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif</ref>]]		[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif\|framed\|4-stroke [[internal combustion engine]]. Figure 1. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion([[work]] is done), 4:exhaust<ref>Zephyris (Richard Wheeler). (accessed 2015, Jan. 4). ''4StrokeEngine Ortho 3D Small.gif'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif</ref>]]

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	The study of [[thermodynamics]] was initially inspired by trying to get as much energy out of heat engines as possible.<ref> "Energy the subtle concept" J. Coopersmith, Chapter 12 pg 208, Oxford University press 2010.</ref> To this day, various [[fuel]]s are used, like [[gasoline]], [[coal]], and [[uranium]]. All of these heat engines still operate under the limits imposed by the [[second law of thermodynamics]]. This means that various [[fuel]]s are used to heat a gas and a large cold reservoir is needed in order to get rid of [[waste heat]]. Often, the waste heat goes into the [[atmosphere]] or a large body of water (the ocean, a lake, or a river).		The study of [[thermodynamics]] was initially inspired by trying to get as much energy out of heat engines as possible.<ref> "Energy the subtle concept" J. Coopersmith, Chapter 12 pg 208, Oxford University press 2010.</ref> To this day, various [[fuel]]s are used, like [[gasoline]], [[coal]], and [[uranium]]. All of these heat engines still operate under the limits imposed by the [[second law of thermodynamics]]. This means that various [[fuel]]s are used to heat a gas and a large cold reservoir is needed in order to get rid of [[waste heat]]. Often, the waste heat goes into the [[atmosphere]] or a large body of water (the ocean, a lake, or a river).

	Depending on the type of engine, different processes are employed, like igniting fuel through [[combustion]] (gasoline and coal), or using energy from nuclear processes to produce heat ([[uranium]]), but the end goal is the same: to turn the heat into [[work]]. The most familiar example of a heat engine is the engine of a car, but most [[power plant]]s, like [[coal-fired power plant\|coal]], [[natural gas power plant\|natural gas]], and [[nuclear power \|nuclear]], are also heat engines.		Depending on the type of engine, different processes are employed, like [[ignition\|igniting]] fuel through [[combustion]] (gasoline and coal), or using energy from nuclear processes to produce heat ([[uranium]]), but the end goal is the same: to turn the heat into [[work]]. The most familiar example of a heat engine is the engine of a car, but most [[power plant]]s, like [[coal-fired power plant\|coal]], [[natural gas power plant\|natural gas]], and [[nuclear power \|nuclear]], are also heat engines.

	==Internal combustion engine==		==Internal combustion engine==
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	==External heat engine==		==External heat engine==
	[[File:BoilingWaterReactor.gif\|framed\|Figure 2. A boiling water nuclear reactor, which is an [[external heat engine]].<ref>(2015, Jan. 4). ''Boiling Water Reactor'' [Online]. Available: http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/students/animated-bwr.html</ref>]]
	:''[[external heat engine\|full article]]''		:''[[external heat engine\|full article]]''

	External heat engines are generally steam ~~engines~~, and they differ from internal ones in that the heat source is separate from the gas that does work. These heat engines are usually called external combustion engines because combustion is occurring outside of the engine. For example, external combustion would be using a flame to heat water into steam, then using the steam to turn a turbine. This is different from internal combustion, like in a car engine, where the gasoline ignites inside a piston, does work, and then is expelled.		External heat engines are generally [[steam engine]]s, and they differ from internal ones in that the heat source is separate from the gas that does work. These heat engines are usually called external combustion engines because combustion is occurring outside of the engine. For example, external combustion would be using a flame to heat [[water]] into [[steam]], then using the steam to turn a turbine. This is different from internal combustion, like in a car engine, where the gasoline ignites inside a piston, does work, and then is expelled.

	Nuclear reactors don't have combustion, so the broader term external heat engine is used. The [[boiling water reactor]] in ~~figure~~ 2 is an external heat engine, as are other [[nuclear power plant]]s.		Nuclear reactors don't have combustion, so the broader term external heat engine is used. The [[boiling water reactor]] in Figure 2 is an external heat engine, as are other [[nuclear power plant]]s.

			[[File:BoilingWaterReactor.gif\|thumb\|800px\|center\|Figure 2. A boiling water nuclear reactor, which is an [[external heat engine]].<ref>(2015, Jan. 4). ''Boiling Water Reactor'' [Online]. Available: http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/students/animated-bwr.html</ref>]]

	==Examples of heat engines==		==Examples of heat engines==
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	==Efficiency==		==Efficiency==
	:''[[Thermal efficiency\| main article]]''		:''[[Thermal efficiency\| main article]]''
	The efficiency of an engine is the percentage of energy input that the engine can convert to useful work. The equation for this is ''η'' = work output / energy input. The most efficient piston engines run at about 50% efficiency, and an average coal-fired power plant runs at around 33% efficiency. More recently built power plants are getting more than 40% efficiencies.		The [[efficiency]] of an engine is the percentage of energy input that the engine can convert to useful work. The equation for this is ''η'' = work output / energy input. The most efficient piston engines run at about 50% efficiency, and an average coal-fired power plant runs at around 33% efficiency. More recently built power plants are getting more than 40% efficiencies.

	Smaller heat engines, like those in cars, have [[mechanical power]] outputs measured in terms of [[horsepower]]. Larger heat engines, like power plants, measure outputs in terms of [[MW]]. Of course the output can be measured in any units of [[power]], such as [[watt]]s.		Smaller heat engines, like those in cars, have [[mechanical power]] outputs measured in terms of [[horsepower]]. Larger heat engines, like power plants, measure outputs in terms of [[MW]]. Of course the output can be measured in any [[units]] of [[power]], such as [[watt]]s.

	The input of a heat engine is also a power, often measured in MW. With a power plant there is also an electric output power. In order to distinguish between the two powers, the [[thermal power]] (input power) is measured in megawatts thermal ([[MWt]]), while for electricity production the output power is measured in megawatts electric ([[MWe]]). For heat engines that provide motion instead of electricity, the output power would be [[mechanical power]].		The input of a heat engine is also a power, often measured in MW. With a power plant there is also an electric output power. In order to distinguish between the two powers, the [[thermal power]] (input power) is measured in megawatts thermal ([[MWt]]), while for electricity production the output power is measured in megawatts electric ([[MWe]]). For heat engines that provide motion instead of electricity, the output power would be [[mechanical power]].
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	==Cogeneration==		==Cogeneration==
	:''[[Cogeneration\|main article]]''		:''[[Cogeneration\|main article]]''
	A heat engine has two byproducts: work and heat. The purpose of most engines is to produce work, and the heat is treated simply as waste. Cogeneration is using the waste heat for useful things. The heater in a car works using cogeneration - taking waste heat from the engine to heat air which warms up the cabin. This is why running ~~your~~ heater in winter has little effect on gas mileage, but running [[~~Heat pump#Air conditioning\|~~air conditioning]] in the summertime can cost an estimated 10-20% of a car's gas mileage.		A heat engine has two byproducts: work and heat. The purpose of most engines is to produce work, and the heat is treated simply as [[waste]]. Cogeneration is using the waste heat for useful things. The heater in a car works using cogeneration - taking waste heat from the engine to heat [[air]] which warms up the cabin. This is why running a car's [[heater]] in winter has little effect on gas mileage, but running [[air conditioning]] in the summertime can cost an estimated 10-20% of a car's gas mileage.

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-03T18:22:01Z

1 revision imported

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Jmdonev at 21:32, 27 August 2015

2015-08-27T21:32:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:32, 27 August 2015
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	[[Category:Done 2015-01-15]]		[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]
	[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif\|framed\|4-stroke [[internal combustion engine]]. Figure 1. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion([[work]] is done), 4:exhaust<ref>Zephyris (Richard Wheeler). (accessed 2015, Jan. 4). ''4StrokeEngine Ortho 3D Small.gif'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif</ref>]]		[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif\|framed\|4-stroke [[internal combustion engine]]. Figure 1. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion([[work]] is done), 4:exhaust<ref>Zephyris (Richard Wheeler). (accessed 2015, Jan. 4). ''4StrokeEngine Ortho 3D Small.gif'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif</ref>]]

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	External heat engines are generally steam engines, and they differ from internal ones in that the heat source is separate from the gas that does work. These heat engines are usually called external combustion engines because combustion is occurring outside of the engine. For example, external combustion would be using a flame to heat water into steam, then using the steam to turn a turbine. This is different from internal combustion, like in a car engine, where the gasoline ignites inside a piston, does work, and then is expelled.		External heat engines are generally steam engines, and they differ from internal ones in that the heat source is separate from the gas that does work. These heat engines are usually called external combustion engines because combustion is occurring outside of the engine. For example, external combustion would be using a flame to heat water into steam, then using the steam to turn a turbine. This is different from internal combustion, like in a car engine, where the gasoline ignites inside a piston, does work, and then is expelled.

	Nuclear reactors don't have combustion, so the broader term external heat engine is used. The [[~~Boiling Water Reactor~~]] in figure 2 is an external heat engine, as are other [[nuclear power plant]]s.		Nuclear reactors don't have combustion, so the broader term external heat engine is used. The [[boiling water reactor]] in figure 2 is an external heat engine, as are other [[nuclear power plant]]s.

	==Examples of heat engines==		==Examples of heat engines==
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	===External combustion===		===External combustion===
	* [[nuclear reactor]]s like [[CANDU reactor]], [[~~Boiling Water Reactor~~]]		* [[nuclear reactor]]s like [[CANDU reactor]], [[pressurized water reactor]]
	* [[coal-fired power plant]]		* [[coal-fired power plant]]
	* [[natural gas power plant]]		* [[natural gas power plant]]