Heat wave - Revision history

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2020-04-28T15:32:43Z

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energy>Jmdonev at 17:07, 13 April 2020

2020-04-13T17:07:31Z

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	[[Category:Done ~~2016~~-04-30]]		[[Category:Done 2020-02-29]]
	[[File:Canicule_Europe_2003.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|Figure 1. A heat wave in Europe in 2003. Regions experienced temperatures over ~~10°C~~ hotter than average, and the death toll was around 70,000.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Canicule_Europe_2003.jpg</ref> (click to enlarge)]]		[[File:Canicule_Europe_2003.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|Figure 1. A heat wave in Europe in 2003. Regions experienced temperatures over 10[[Celsius\|°C]] hotter than average, and the death toll was around 70,000.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Canicule_Europe_2003.jpg</ref> (click to enlarge)]]
	<onlyinclude>A '''heat wave''' is a period of unusually hot [[weather]], typically lasting two or more ~~days~~.~~</onlyinclude>~~ To qualify as a heat wave, the recorded [[temperature]]s must be above the average temperatures for a given area; ~~30°C~~ in Las Vegas during Spring is fairly normal, but 30°C in Toronto during Spring is quite hot.		<onlyinclude>A '''heat wave''' is a period of unusually hot [[weather]], typically lasting two or more [[day]]s. To qualify as a heat wave, the recorded [[temperature]]s must be above the average temperatures for a given area; 30[[Celsius\|°C]] in Las Vegas during Spring is fairly normal, but 30°C in Toronto during Spring is quite hot.</onlyinclude> The World Health Organization estimates that the number of people exposed to heat waves ''increased'' by 125 million people between 2000 and 2016.<ref name = "WHO1">World Health Organization, Information and public health advice: heat and health, online, available: https://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/heat-and-health/en/ accessed April 13th, 2020.</ref>

	Heat waves can be quite dangerous, especially when the public is not prepared. For example, in July 2012 over 8000 temperature records were broken in the United States, and many deaths were attributed to the heat waves.<ref name=noaa>NOAA. (Accessed May 21, 2016). ''What is a Heat Wave'' [Online], Available: http://scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov/heat/</ref> As discussed in ~~figure~~ 1, the 2003 heat wave in Europe killed approximately 70,000 people.		Heat waves can be quite dangerous, especially when the public is not prepared. For example, in July 2012 over 8000 temperature records were broken in the United States, and many deaths were attributed to the heat waves.<ref name=noaa>NOAA. (Accessed May 21, 2016). ''What is a Heat Wave'' [Online], Available: http://scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov/heat/</ref> As discussed in Figure 1, the 2003 heat wave in Europe killed approximately 70,000 people. In 2010 40,000 people in the Russian Federation were killed by a heatwave.<ref name = "WHO1"/>

	==What causes a heat wave?==		==What causes a heat wave?==
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	===Staying safe===		===Staying safe===
	It is important to drink lots of [[water]] during a heatwave, and to wear appropriate clothing. Never stay in a car for an extended period of time, unless it has a working [[air conditioner]]. Also avoid getting too much sun, as sunburns make it harder for people to cool off.<Ref name=noaa/>		It is important to drink lots of [[water]] during a heatwave, and to wear appropriate clothing. Never stay in a car for an extended period of time, unless it has a working [[air conditioner]]. Also avoid getting too much sun, as sunburns make it harder for people to cool off.<Ref name=noaa/> Heat waves are particularly hazardous for more vulnerable people in the population, see figure 2.

	Since heatwaves are not attributed to the same danger level as tornadoes, ~~hurricanes~~ or ~~cyclones~~, many underestimate their effects. This lack of caution exacerbates the problem, especially with people who are already vulnerable with pre-existing conditions.<ref name=bom>Australian Bureau of Meteorology. (Accessed May 21, 2016). ''About Pilot Heatwave Forecast'' [Online], Available: http://www.bom.gov.au/weather-services/about/heatwave-forecast.shtml</ref>		[[File:multiple-vulnerabilities-heat_wave.jpg\|800px\|center\|thumb\|Figure 2. Vulnerable populations are more at risk during heat waves.<ref name = "WHO1"/>]]

			Since heatwaves are not attributed to the same danger level as tornadoes, [[hurricane]]s or [[cyclone]]s, many underestimate their effects. This lack of caution exacerbates the problem, especially with people who are already vulnerable with pre-existing conditions.<ref name=bom>Australian Bureau of Meteorology. (Accessed May 21, 2016). ''About Pilot Heatwave Forecast'' [Online], Available: http://www.bom.gov.au/weather-services/about/heatwave-forecast.shtml</ref>

	==Climate change effect on heat waves==		==Climate change effect on heat waves==

	Global [[climate change]] is very [[likelihood\|likely]] to cause both increased frequencies and intensities of heat waves.<ref name=bom/><ref name=ipcc>IPCC. (Accessed May 21, 2016). ''Thermal Stress (Heat Waves, Cold Spells)'' [Online], Available: http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/index.php?idp=353</ref> For much of the world, summers are expected to be warmer, and winters milder. Natural variability plays an important role in extreme weather and climate change has effected natural limits, making heat waves more frequent and more intense. NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center reported from January 1 to June 18 of 2012 new high temperature records, which outnumbered cold records across the United States by nearly 10:1.<ref name=RE1>”Global Surface Temperature Anomaliesr", NOAA, 2016. [Online]. Available:https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/anomalies.php [Accessed: 22- July- 2016].</ref> This ratio illustrates how unusual 2012 was and how these types of extremes are becoming more likely. Climate change shifts the curve to the hotter side, moving the average over. In addition, climate change flattens the curve, which provides for a greater spread of events and an increase in variability. The combination provides for an increase in record hot weather.		Global [[climate change]] is very [[likelihood\|likely]] to cause both increased [[frequency\|frequencies]] and intensities of heat waves.<ref name=bom/><ref name=ipcc>IPCC. (Accessed May 21, 2016). ''Thermal Stress (Heat Waves, Cold Spells)'' [Online], Available: http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/index.php?idp=353</ref> For much of the world, summers are expected to be warmer, and winters milder. Natural variability plays an important role in extreme weather and climate change has effected natural limits, making heat waves more frequent and more intense. NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center reported from January 1 to June 18 of 2012 new high temperature records, which outnumbered cold records across the United States by nearly 10:1.<ref name=RE1>”Global Surface Temperature Anomaliesr", NOAA, 2016. [Online]. Available:https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/anomalies.php [Accessed: 22- July- 2016].</ref> This ratio illustrates how unusual 2012 was and how these types of extremes are becoming more likely. Climate change shifts the curve to the hotter side, moving the average over. In addition, climate change flattens the curve, which provides for a greater spread of events and an increase in [[Climate variability\|variability]]. The combination provides for an increase in record hot weather.

	This is problematic not only because of the known effects of [[global warming]], but from a mere mortality viewpoint. Mortality rates already increase with the heat waves experienced commonly, and will only increase further as heat waves get more intense. Some studies say, however, that the milder winters will reduce mortality rates during winter, resulting in a balance or even a reduction of total deaths.<Ref name=ipcc/>		This is problematic not only because of the known effects of [[global warming]], but from a mere mortality viewpoint. Mortality rates already increase with the heat waves experienced commonly, and will only increase further as heat waves get more intense. Some studies say, however, that the milder winters will reduce mortality rates during winter, resulting in a balance or even a reduction of total deaths.<Ref name=ipcc/>
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			==For Further Reading==
			*[[Climate vs weather]]
			*[[Climate variability]]
			*[[Global warming]]
			*[[Extreme weather events]]
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
			[[Category: Uploaded]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported: From the summer

2016-09-17T22:29:32Z

1 revision imported: From the summer

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Jmdonev at 00:52, 25 July 2016

2016-07-25T00:52:29Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2016-04-30]]
[[File:Canicule_Europe_2003.jpg|300px|thumb|Figure 1. A heat wave in Europe in 2003. Regions experienced temperatures over 10°C hotter than average, and the death toll was around 70,000.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Canicule_Europe_2003.jpg</ref> (click to enlarge)]]
<onlyinclude>A '''heat wave''' is a period of unusually hot [[weather]], typically lasting two or more days.</onlyinclude> To qualify as a heat wave, the recorded [[temperature]]s must be above the average temperatures for a given area; 30°C in Las Vegas during Spring is fairly normal, but 30°C in Toronto during Spring is quite hot.

Heat waves can be quite dangerous, especially when the public is not prepared. For example, in July 2012 over 8000 temperature records were broken in the United States, and many deaths were attributed to the heat waves.<ref name=noaa>NOAA. (Accessed May 21, 2016). ''What is a Heat Wave'' [Online], Available: http://scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov/heat/</ref> As discussed in figure 1, the 2003 heat wave in Europe killed approximately 70,000 people.

==What causes a heat wave?==
Heat waves are the result of trapped [[air]]. Normally air circles the globe in large [[prevailing winds]], however if it is trapped over one region it is allowed to warm to uncharacteristic temperatures due to [[sunlight]].

The air is often trapped due to [[high-pressure system]]s. These systems force the air downwards, in effect acting as a large cap. With the air being trapped, it is unable to rise into the cooler upper [[atmosphere]], therefore preventing [[precipitation]].<ref name=noaa/>

===Staying safe===
It is important to drink lots of [[water]] during a heatwave, and to wear appropriate clothing. Never stay in a car for an extended period of time, unless it has a working [[air conditioner]]. Also avoid getting too much sun, as sunburns make it harder for people to cool off.<Ref name=noaa/>

Since heatwaves are not attributed to the same danger level as tornadoes, hurricanes or cyclones, many underestimate their effects. This lack of caution exacerbates the problem, especially with people who are already vulnerable with pre-existing conditions.<ref name=bom>Australian Bureau of Meteorology. (Accessed May 21, 2016). ''About Pilot Heatwave Forecast'' [Online], Available: http://www.bom.gov.au/weather-services/about/heatwave-forecast.shtml</ref>

==Climate change effect on heat waves==

Global [[climate change]] is very [[likelihood|likely]] to cause both increased frequencies and intensities of heat waves.<ref name=bom/><ref name=ipcc>IPCC. (Accessed May 21, 2016). ''Thermal Stress (Heat Waves, Cold Spells)'' [Online], Available: http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/index.php?idp=353</ref> For much of the world, summers are expected to be warmer, and winters milder. Natural variability plays an important role in extreme weather and climate change has effected natural limits, making heat waves more frequent and more intense. NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center reported from January 1 to June 18 of 2012 new high temperature records, which outnumbered cold records across the United States by nearly 10:1.<ref name=RE1>”Global Surface Temperature Anomaliesr", NOAA, 2016. [Online]. Available:https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/anomalies.php [Accessed: 22- July- 2016].</ref> This ratio illustrates how unusual 2012 was and how these types of extremes are becoming more likely. Climate change shifts the curve to the hotter side, moving the average over. In addition, climate change flattens the curve, which provides for a greater spread of events and an increase in variability. The combination provides for an increase in record hot weather.

This is problematic not only because of the known effects of [[global warming]], but from a mere mortality viewpoint. Mortality rates already increase with the heat waves experienced commonly, and will only increase further as heat waves get more intense. Some studies say, however, that the milder winters will reduce mortality rates during winter, resulting in a balance or even a reduction of total deaths.<Ref name=ipcc/>

The short video below shows how the average summer temperature anomaly has changed over a 60 year timespan. A temperature anomaly is a departure from the long-term average temperature,<ref name=RE1/> so what the video is showing is that this departure has been increasing into warmer temperatures over time. Moreover, the curve is spreading out as time increases, meaning there is a wider range of temperature extremes.<Ref>NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center GISS and Scientific Visualization Studio. (Accessed May 23, 2016). ''Shifting Distribution of Northern Hemisphere Summer Temperature Anomalies, 1951-2011'' [Online], Available: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=3975</ref>

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==References==
{{reflist}}