Hurricane - Revision history

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	[[Category: Done ~~2018~~-04-30]]		[[Category:Done 2026-08-01]]
	[[File:Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg\|250px\|thumbnail\|right\|Figure 1. Hurricanes are large storms, note the land for scale. Hurricanes are getting more powerful as a result of climate change.<ref>By Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC - http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=7938, Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina#/media/File:Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg\|250px\|thumbnail\|right\|Figure 1. Hurricanes are large storms, note the land for scale. Hurricanes are getting more powerful as a result of climate change.<ref>By Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC - http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=7938, Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina#/media/File:Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Hurricanes''' are large storms (see ~~figure~~ 1) with winds of 119 km/hr or higher.<ref name=RE1>"What Are Hurricanes?", NASA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-are-hurricanes-58.html. [Accessed: 12- Jun- 2016].</ref> The generic, scientific term for these storms, regardless of where they occur, is [[tropical cyclone]].</onlyinclude> They form near the equator over warm [[ocean]] [[water]]s. The term hurricane is used only for the large storms that form over the Atlantic Ocean or the eastern Pacific Ocean. When a hurricane reaches land, it pushes a wall of ocean water towards the land. This wall of water that forms is called a [[storm surge]], and when mixed in with heavy [[rain]], it can cause [[flood \| flooding]], especially near the coast.		<onlyinclude>'''Hurricanes''' are large storms (see Figure 1) with winds of 119 km/hr or higher.<ref name=RE1>"What Are Hurricanes?", NASA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-are-hurricanes-58.html. [Accessed: 12- Jun- 2016].</ref> The generic, scientific term for these storms, regardless of where they occur, is [[tropical cyclone]].</onlyinclude> They form near the equator over warm [[ocean]] [[water]]s. The term "hurricane" is used only for the large storms that form over the ''Atlantic Ocean'' or the ''eastern Pacific Ocean''. When a hurricane reaches land, it pushes a wall of ocean water towards the land. This wall of water that forms is called a [[storm surge]], and when mixed in with heavy [[rain]] it can cause [[flood \|flooding]], especially near the coast (see Figure 2).

	[[~~File:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2~~.~~jpg~~\|~~250px\|thumbnail\|right\|Figure 2. Hurricanes lead to flooding of coastal areas~~.<ref>~~AP Photo/U~~.S. ~~Coast Guard, Petty Officer 2nd Class Kyle Niemi, Public Domain, https~~://en.~~wikipedia~~.~~org~~/~~wiki~~/~~Hurricane_Katrina#/media/File~~:~~KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2~~.~~jpg~~</ref>]]		A hurricane starts out as a tropical disturbance, an area over warm ocean waters where [[rain cloud]]s are forming. Tropical cyclones are like engines that require warm and moist [[air]] as the fuel. So the first ingredient needed for a tropical cyclone is warm ocean water. That is why tropical cyclones form only in tropical regions where the ocean is at least 26°[[Celsius\|C]] for at least 50 meters below the surface.<ref name=RE2>"NOAA': How does a hurricane form?", NASA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov/hurricane/. [Accessed: 08- Jun- 2016].</ref> The second ingredient for a tropical cyclone is [[wind]]. For hurricanes that form in the Atlantic Ocean, the wind blowing westward across the Atlantic from Africa provides the necessary ingredient. As the [[wind]] passes over the ocean's surface, water evaporates and turns into water vapour and rises. As it rises, the [[water vapour]] cools, and condenses back into large water droplets, [[cloud formation \|forming large cumulonimbus clouds]].<ref name=RE2/>

	~~A hurricane starts out as a tropical disturbance, an area over warm ocean waters where~~ [[~~rain cloud]]s are forming~~. ~~Tropical cyclones are like engines that require warm and moist [[air]] as the fuel~~. So the first ingredient needed for a tropical cyclone is warm ocean water. That is why tropical cyclones form only in tropical regions where the ocean is at least 26°[[Celsius\|C]] for at least the top 50 meters below the surface.<ref ~~name=RE2~~>~~"NOAA': How does a hurricane form?"~~, ~~NASA~~, ~~2016. [Online]. Available: http~~://~~scijinks~~.~~jpl~~.~~nasa.gov~~/~~hurricane~~/~~. [Accessed~~: ~~08- Jun- 2016]~~.</ref> The second ingredient for a tropical cyclone is [[wind]]. Hurricanes that form in the Atlantic Ocean, the wind blowing westward across the Atlantic from Africa provides the necessary ingredient. As the [[wind]] passes over the ocean's surface, water evaporates and turns into water vapour and rises. As it rises, the [[water vapour]] cools, and condenses back into large water droplets, [[cloud formation \| ~~forming large cumulonimbus clouds~~]]~~.<ref name=RE2/>~~		[[File:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg\|250px\|thumbnail\|Figure 2. Hurricanes lead to flooding of coastal areas.<ref>AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard, Petty Officer 2nd Class Kyle Niemi, Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina#/media/File:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg</ref>\|left]]

	==Categorizing Hurricanes==		==Categorizing Hurricanes==
	Hurricanes are categorized by wind speeds using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1-5 scale that categorizes hurricanes based on their intensity at a specific time. Damages typically rise by a factor of four for every category increase.<ref name=RE3>"Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.", NOAA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/pages/aboutsshs.php. [Accessed: 14- Jun- 2016].</ref> ~~The scale does not address the potential for such other hurricane related impacts such as waves, storm surge, floods, or tornadoes.~~		Hurricanes are categorized by wind speeds using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1-5 scale that categorizes hurricanes based on their intensity at a specific time. Damages typically rise by a factor of four for every category increase.<ref name=RE3>"Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.", NOAA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/pages/aboutsshs.php. [Accessed: 14- Jun- 2016].</ref>
	* Category 1: Winds 119-153 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>		:::::::::::* '''Category 1:''' Winds 119-153 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>
	* Category 2: Winds 154-177 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>		:::::::::::* '''Category 2:''' Winds 154-177 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>
	* Category 3: Winds 178-208 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>		:::::::::::* '''Category 3:''' Winds 178-208 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>
	* Category 4: Winds 209-251 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>		:::::::::::* '''Category 4:''' Winds 209-251 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>
	* Category 5: Winds more than 252 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>		:::::::::::* '''Category 5:''' Winds more than 252 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>
			This scale does not address the potential for other hurricane related impacts such as waves, storm surge, tornadoes, or floods (see Figure 2).

	~~==Hurricane Strength and Climate Change:==~~

	The frequency of hurricanes generally decreases in the Atlantic and Western pacific regions during [[El Nino Southern Oscillation \| El Niño]]. While these areas experience a decrease, the central North and South Pacific regions experience an increase in hurricanes.<ref name=RE5>"Evidence for Changes in Tropical Storms - AR4 WGI Chapter 3: Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change", Ipcc.ch, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3s3-8-3.html. [Accessed: 10- Jun- 2016].</ref>

			==Hurricane Strength and Climate Change==

			The frequency of hurricanes generally decreases in the Atlantic and Western pacific regions during [[El Nino Southern Oscillation \|El Niño]]. While these areas experience a decrease, the central North and South Pacific regions experience an increase in hurricanes.<ref name="RE5">"Evidence for Changes in Tropical Storms - AR4 WGI Chapter 3: Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change", Ipcc.ch, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3s3-8-3.html. [Accessed: 10- Jun- 2016].</ref>

	By the end of the century, tropical storms are predicted to become 2-11% more intense due to [[anthropogenic]] warming.<ref name=RE4>"Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory - Global Warming and Hurricanes", NOAA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global-warming-and-hurricanes. [Accessed: August 3, 2016].</ref> This increase would lead to more economic and social damage. It would also lead to higher rainfall rates compared to present day, with models predicting an increase of 10-15%.<ref name=RE4/> Hurricane models also project that the maximum intensity of hurricanes bred in the Atlantic will increase by about 5% by the year 2100.<ref name=RE4/>		By the end of the century, tropical storms are predicted to become 2-11% more intense due to [[anthropogenic]] warming.<ref name=RE4>"Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory - Global Warming and Hurricanes", NOAA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global-warming-and-hurricanes. [Accessed: August 3, 2016].</ref> This increase would lead to more economic and social damage. It would also lead to higher rainfall rates compared to present day, with models predicting an increase of 10-15%.<ref name=RE4/> Hurricane models also project that the maximum intensity of hurricanes bred in the Atlantic will increase by about 5% by the year 2100.<ref name=RE4/>
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	<HTML5video width="800" height="450" autoplay="false" loop="true">Hurricanes_Archer</HTML5video>		<HTML5video width="800" height="450" autoplay="false" loop="true">Hurricanes_Archer</HTML5video>

			== For Further Reading ==

			* [[Storm surge]]
			* [[Cloud formation]]
			* [[Modes of climate variability]]
			* Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category: Uploaded]]		[[Category: Uploaded]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2018-05-11T18:17:11Z

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Jmdonev at 02:39, 10 May 2018

2018-05-10T02:39:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:39, 10 May 2018
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	[[Category:Done ~~2017~~-07-01]]		[[Category: Done 2018-04-30]]
	[[File:Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg\|~~400px~~\|thumbnail\|right\|Figure 1. Hurricanes are large storms, note the land for scale. Hurricanes are getting more powerful as a result of climate change.<ref>By Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC - http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=7938, Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina#/media/File:Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg\|250px\|thumbnail\|right\|Figure 1. Hurricanes are large storms, note the land for scale. Hurricanes are getting more powerful as a result of climate change.<ref>By Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC - http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=7938, Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina#/media/File:Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Hurricanes''' are large storms (see figure 1) with winds of 119 km/hr or higher.<ref name=RE1>"What Are Hurricanes?", NASA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-are-hurricanes-58.html. [Accessed: 12- Jun- 2016].</ref> The generic, scientific term for these storms, regardless of where they occur, is [[tropical cyclone]].</onlyinclude> They form near the equator over warm [[ocean]] [[water]]s. The term hurricane is used only for the large storms that form over the Atlantic Ocean or the eastern Pacific Ocean. When a hurricane reaches land, it pushes a wall of ocean water towards the land. This wall of water that forms is called a [[storm surge]], and when mixed in with heavy [[rain]], it can cause [[flood \| flooding]], especially near the coast.		<onlyinclude>'''Hurricanes''' are large storms (see figure 1) with winds of 119 km/hr or higher.<ref name=RE1>"What Are Hurricanes?", NASA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-are-hurricanes-58.html. [Accessed: 12- Jun- 2016].</ref> The generic, scientific term for these storms, regardless of where they occur, is [[tropical cyclone]].</onlyinclude> They form near the equator over warm [[ocean]] [[water]]s. The term hurricane is used only for the large storms that form over the Atlantic Ocean or the eastern Pacific Ocean. When a hurricane reaches land, it pushes a wall of ocean water towards the land. This wall of water that forms is called a [[storm surge]], and when mixed in with heavy [[rain]], it can cause [[flood \| flooding]], especially near the coast.

	[[File:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg\|~~400px~~\|thumbnail\|right\|Figure 2. Hurricanes lead to flooding of coastal areas.<ref>AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard, Petty Officer 2nd Class Kyle Niemi, Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina#/media/File:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg\|250px\|thumbnail\|right\|Figure 2. Hurricanes lead to flooding of coastal areas.<ref>AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard, Petty Officer 2nd Class Kyle Niemi, Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina#/media/File:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg</ref>]]

	A hurricane starts out as a tropical disturbance, an area over warm ocean waters where [[rain cloud]]s are forming. Tropical cyclones are like engines that require warm and moist [[air]] as the fuel. So the first ingredient needed for a tropical cyclone is warm ocean water. That is why tropical cyclones form only in tropical regions where the ocean is at least 26°[[Celsius\|C]] for at least the top 50 meters below the surface.<ref name=RE2>"NOAA': How does a hurricane form?", NASA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov/hurricane/. [Accessed: 08- Jun- 2016].</ref> The second ingredient for a tropical cyclone is [[wind]]. Hurricanes that form in the Atlantic Ocean, the wind blowing westward across the Atlantic from Africa provides the necessary ingredient. As the [[wind]] passes over the ocean's surface, water evaporates and turns into water vapour and rises. As it rises, the [[water vapour]] cools, and condenses back into large water droplets, [[cloud formation \| forming large cumulonimbus clouds]].<ref name=RE2/>		A hurricane starts out as a tropical disturbance, an area over warm ocean waters where [[rain cloud]]s are forming. Tropical cyclones are like engines that require warm and moist [[air]] as the fuel. So the first ingredient needed for a tropical cyclone is warm ocean water. That is why tropical cyclones form only in tropical regions where the ocean is at least 26°[[Celsius\|C]] for at least the top 50 meters below the surface.<ref name=RE2>"NOAA': How does a hurricane form?", NASA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov/hurricane/. [Accessed: 08- Jun- 2016].</ref> The second ingredient for a tropical cyclone is [[wind]]. Hurricanes that form in the Atlantic Ocean, the wind blowing westward across the Atlantic from Africa provides the necessary ingredient. As the [[wind]] passes over the ocean's surface, water evaporates and turns into water vapour and rises. As it rises, the [[water vapour]] cools, and condenses back into large water droplets, [[cloud formation \| forming large cumulonimbus clouds]].<ref name=RE2/>
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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
			[[Category: Uploaded]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2017-08-29T01:47:22Z

1 revision imported

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Jmdonev at 23:04, 15 August 2017

2017-08-15T23:04:34Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2017-07-01]]
[[File:Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg|400px|thumbnail|right|Figure 1. Hurricanes are large storms, note the land for scale. Hurricanes are getting more powerful as a result of climate change.<ref>By Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC - http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=7938, Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina#/media/File:Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg</ref>]]
<onlyinclude>'''Hurricanes''' are large storms (see figure 1) with winds of 119 km/hr or higher.<ref name=RE1>"What Are Hurricanes?", NASA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-are-hurricanes-58.html. [Accessed: 12- Jun- 2016].</ref> The generic, scientific term for these storms, regardless of where they occur, is [[tropical cyclone]].</onlyinclude> They form near the equator over warm [[ocean]] [[water]]s. The term hurricane is used only for the large storms that form over the Atlantic Ocean or the eastern Pacific Ocean. When a hurricane reaches land, it pushes a wall of ocean water towards the land. This wall of water that forms is called a [[storm surge]], and when mixed in with heavy [[rain]], it can cause [[flood | flooding]], especially near the coast.

[[File:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg|400px|thumbnail|right|Figure 2. Hurricanes lead to flooding of coastal areas.<ref>AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard, Petty Officer 2nd Class Kyle Niemi, Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina#/media/File:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg</ref>]]

A hurricane starts out as a tropical disturbance, an area over warm ocean waters where [[rain cloud]]s are forming. Tropical cyclones are like engines that require warm and moist [[air]] as the fuel. So the first ingredient needed for a tropical cyclone is warm ocean water. That is why tropical cyclones form only in tropical regions where the ocean is at least 26°[[Celsius|C]] for at least the top 50 meters below the surface.<ref name=RE2>"NOAA': How does a hurricane form?", NASA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov/hurricane/. [Accessed: 08- Jun- 2016].</ref> The second ingredient for a tropical cyclone is [[wind]]. Hurricanes that form in the Atlantic Ocean, the wind blowing westward across the Atlantic from Africa provides the necessary ingredient. As the [[wind]] passes over the ocean's surface, water evaporates and turns into water vapour and rises. As it rises, the [[water vapour]] cools, and condenses back into large water droplets, [[cloud formation | forming large cumulonimbus clouds]].<ref name=RE2/>

==Categorizing Hurricanes==
Hurricanes are categorized by wind speeds using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1-5 scale that categorizes hurricanes based on their intensity at a specific time. Damages typically rise by a factor of four for every category increase.<ref name=RE3>"Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.", NOAA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/pages/aboutsshs.php. [Accessed: 14- Jun- 2016].</ref> The scale does not address the potential for such other hurricane related impacts such as waves, storm surge, floods, or tornadoes.
* Category 1: Winds 119-153 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>
* Category 2: Winds 154-177 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>
* Category 3: Winds 178-208 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>
* Category 4: Winds 209-251 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>
* Category 5: Winds more than 252 km/hr<ref name=RE1/>

==Hurricane Strength and Climate Change:==

The frequency of hurricanes generally decreases in the Atlantic and Western pacific regions during [[El Nino Southern Oscillation | El Niño]]. While these areas experience a decrease, the central North and South Pacific regions experience an increase in hurricanes.<ref name=RE5>"Evidence for Changes in Tropical Storms - AR4 WGI Chapter 3: Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change", Ipcc.ch, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3s3-8-3.html. [Accessed: 10- Jun- 2016].</ref>

By the end of the century, tropical storms are predicted to become 2-11% more intense due to [[anthropogenic]] warming.<ref name=RE4>"Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory - Global Warming and Hurricanes", NOAA, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global-warming-and-hurricanes. [Accessed: August 3, 2016].</ref> This increase would lead to more economic and social damage. It would also lead to higher rainfall rates compared to present day, with models predicting an increase of 10-15%.<ref name=RE4/> Hurricane models also project that the maximum intensity of hurricanes bred in the Atlantic will increase by about 5% by the year 2100.<ref name=RE4/>

The video below is a lecture from Prof. David Archer, Department of Geophysical Sciences at the University of Chicago,<ref name = Archer>Prof. David Archer has graciously allowed the use of this and other videos in a private communication with Jason Donev.</ref> talking about hurricanes and how [[climate change]] effects hurricanes:

<HTML5video width="800" height="450" autoplay="false" loop="true">Hurricanes_Archer</HTML5video>

==References==
{{reflist}}