Hydropower - Revision history

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2021-12-20T20:21:50Z

1 revision imported

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energy>Jmdonev at 19:52, 20 December 2021

2021-12-20T19:52:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:52, 20 December 2021
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	[[Category:Translated to Spanish]]		[[Category:Translated to Spanish]]
	[[File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A hydroelectric dam where hydroelectricity is generated.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 31, 2015). ''Ingur Hydroelectric Facility'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A hydroelectric dam where hydroelectricity is generated.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 31, 2015). ''Ingur Hydroelectric Facility'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Hydropower''' extracts ~~the~~ [[mechanical energy]] of [[water]], transforming it into [[electrical energy]] to generate [[electricity]]. Water in the environment often has both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, which can generate electricity using a generator.</onlyinclude> Note that traditionally this does '''not''' refer to the energy obtained from flowing water in the form of tides. In the case of obtaining energy from the tides, the term [[tidal power]] is used. The amount of potential energy stored in a body of water at a hydroelectric dam is measured using the height difference between the '''head race''' and [[tail race]], known as the [[hydraulic head\|elevation head]] (part of the hydraulic head). Roughly 1/6th of the electricity in the world comes from hydropower facilities, while values in the earlier twentieth century were much higher. In some countries around the world, hydroelectricity is the dominant form of electrical power generation.<ref>dom (May 23, 2020). "Global Use of Hydroelectricity" [Online]. Available: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth104/node/1060</ref>		<onlyinclude>'''Hydropower''' extracts [[mechanical energy]] from [[water]], transforming it into [[electrical energy]] to generate [[electricity]]. Water in the environment often has both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, which can generate electricity using a generator.</onlyinclude> Note that traditionally this does '''not''' refer to the energy obtained from flowing water in the form of tides. In the case of obtaining energy from the tides, the term [[tidal power]] is used. The amount of potential energy stored in a body of water at a hydroelectric dam is measured using the height difference between the '''head race''' and [[tail race]], known as the [[hydraulic head\|elevation head]] (part of the hydraulic head). Roughly 1/6th of the electricity in the world comes from hydropower facilities, while values in the earlier twentieth century were much higher. In some countries around the world, hydroelectricity is the dominant form of electrical power generation.<ref>dom (May 23, 2020). "Global Use of Hydroelectricity" [Online]. Available: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth104/node/1060</ref>

	Countries such as China, Canada, and Brazil are the leaders in total hydroelectricity generation with capacities of [[watt\|200 GW]], 89 GW, and 70 GW respectively.<ref name="RE1">Abhishek Shah. (September 2, 2015). ''List of World’s Largest Hydroelectricity Plants and Countries – China Leading in building Hydroelectric Stations'' [Online]. Available: http://www.greenworldinvestor.com/2011/03/29/list-of-worlds-largest-hydroelectricity-plants-and-countries-china-leading-in-building-hydroelectric-stations/</ref> Other notable producers include Russia, India, Norway, Japan, and Venezuela (which is almost completely dependent on hydropower).<ref name="RE1"/> See the data visualization below for more statistics on hydroelectricity around the world.		Countries such as China, Canada, and Brazil are the leaders in total hydroelectricity generation with capacities of [[watt\|200 GW]], 89 GW, and 70 GW respectively.<ref name="RE1">Abhishek Shah. (September 2, 2015). ''List of World’s Largest Hydroelectricity Plants and Countries – China Leading in building Hydroelectric Stations'' [Online]. Available: http://www.greenworldinvestor.com/2011/03/29/list-of-worlds-largest-hydroelectricity-plants-and-countries-china-leading-in-building-hydroelectric-stations/</ref> Other notable producers include Russia, India, Norway, Japan, and Venezuela (which is almost completely dependent on hydropower).<ref name="RE1"/> See the data visualization below for more statistics on hydroelectricity around the world.

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2021-10-18T16:14:42Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 16:14, 18 October 2021
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energy>Luisa at 22:33, 17 October 2021

2021-10-17T22:33:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:33, 17 October 2021
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	~~[[Category: Jason skim]]~~		[[Category:Done 2021-10-29]] [[Category:Translated to French]]
	[[Category:Done 2021-01-31]]
	[[Category:Translated to French]]
	[[fr:Hydroélectricité]]		[[fr:Hydroélectricité]]
			[[es:Energía hidroeléctrica]]
			[[Category:Translated to Spanish]]
	[[File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A hydroelectric dam where hydroelectricity is generated.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 31, 2015). ''Ingur Hydroelectric Facility'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A hydroelectric dam where hydroelectricity is generated.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 31, 2015). ''Ingur Hydroelectric Facility'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Hydropower''' extracts the [[mechanical energy]] of [[water]], transforming it into [[electrical energy]] to generate [[electricity]]. Water in the environment often has both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, which can generate electricity using a generator.</onlyinclude> Note that traditionally this does '''not''' refer to the energy obtained from flowing water in the form of tides. In the case of obtaining energy from the tides, the term [[tidal power]] is used. The amount of potential energy stored in a body of water at a hydroelectric dam is measured using the height difference between the '''head race''' and ~~'''~~tail race~~'''~~, known as the [[hydraulic head\|elevation head]] (part of the hydraulic head). Roughly 1/6th of the electricity in the world comes from hydropower facilities, while values in the earlier twentieth century were much higher. In some countries around the world, hydroelectricity is the dominant form of electrical power generation.<ref>dom (May 23, 2020). "Global Use of Hydroelectricity" [Online]. Available: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth104/node/1060</ref>		<onlyinclude>'''Hydropower''' extracts the [[mechanical energy]] of [[water]], transforming it into [[electrical energy]] to generate [[electricity]]. Water in the environment often has both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, which can generate electricity using a generator.</onlyinclude> Note that traditionally this does '''not''' refer to the energy obtained from flowing water in the form of tides. In the case of obtaining energy from the tides, the term [[tidal power]] is used. The amount of potential energy stored in a body of water at a hydroelectric dam is measured using the height difference between the '''head race''' and [[tail race]], known as the [[hydraulic head\|elevation head]] (part of the hydraulic head). Roughly 1/6th of the electricity in the world comes from hydropower facilities, while values in the earlier twentieth century were much higher. In some countries around the world, hydroelectricity is the dominant form of electrical power generation.<ref>dom (May 23, 2020). "Global Use of Hydroelectricity" [Online]. Available: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth104/node/1060</ref>

	Countries such as China, Canada, and Brazil are the leaders in total hydroelectricity generation with capacities of [[watt\|200 GW]], 89 GW, and 70 GW respectively.<ref name="RE1">Abhishek Shah. (September 2, 2015). ''List of World’s Largest Hydroelectricity Plants and Countries – China Leading in building Hydroelectric Stations'' [Online]. Available: http://www.greenworldinvestor.com/2011/03/29/list-of-worlds-largest-hydroelectricity-plants-and-countries-china-leading-in-building-hydroelectric-stations/</ref> Other notable producers include Russia, India, Norway, Japan, and Venezuela (which is almost completely dependent on hydropower).<ref name="RE1"/> See the data visualization below for more statistics on hydroelectricity around the world.		Countries such as China, Canada, and Brazil are the leaders in total hydroelectricity generation with capacities of [[watt\|200 GW]], 89 GW, and 70 GW respectively.<ref name="RE1">Abhishek Shah. (September 2, 2015). ''List of World’s Largest Hydroelectricity Plants and Countries – China Leading in building Hydroelectric Stations'' [Online]. Available: http://www.greenworldinvestor.com/2011/03/29/list-of-worlds-largest-hydroelectricity-plants-and-countries-china-leading-in-building-hydroelectric-stations/</ref> Other notable producers include Russia, India, Norway, Japan, and Venezuela (which is almost completely dependent on hydropower).<ref name="RE1"/> See the data visualization below for more statistics on hydroelectricity around the world.
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	==Benefits and Drawbacks==		==Benefits and Drawbacks==
	Hydroelectric power stations produce significantly fewer [[greenhouse gas]] emissions than other electricity generation options, such as the [[combustion]] of [[fossil ~~fuels~~]].<ref name="feshg">International Hydropower Association (May 30,2020).''GHG Measurement Guidelines for Freshwater Reservoirs'' [Online]. Accessible: https://www.hydropower.org/sites/default/files/publications-docs/GHG%20Measurement%20Guidelines%20for%20Freshwater%20Reservoirs.pdf</ref> The cost of operation once the [[hydroelectric dam\|dams]] and [[hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoirs]] are built is relatively inexpensive and these facilities can operate at very high [[efficiency\|efficiencies]].<ref name="RE1"/> However, the construction of these dams and reservoirs can result in habitat loss for aquatic species and an increase in greenhouse gas emissions due to the decomposition of organic matter in the newly flooded reservoirs.<ref name="feshg"/> For more information on the ecological impacts of hydropower facilities, see: [[water quality degradation]] and [[environmental impacts of hydropower]].		Hydroelectric power stations produce significantly fewer [[greenhouse gas]] emissions than other electricity generation options, such as the [[combustion]] of [[fossil fuel]]s.<ref name="feshg">International Hydropower Association (May 30,2020).''GHG Measurement Guidelines for Freshwater Reservoirs'' [Online]. Accessible: https://www.hydropower.org/sites/default/files/publications-docs/GHG%20Measurement%20Guidelines%20for%20Freshwater%20Reservoirs.pdf</ref> The cost of operation once the [[hydroelectric dam\|dams]] and [[hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoirs]] are built is relatively inexpensive and these facilities can operate at very high [[efficiency\|efficiencies]].<ref name="RE1"/> However, the construction of these dams and reservoirs can result in habitat loss for aquatic species and an increase in greenhouse gas emissions due to the decomposition of organic matter in the newly flooded reservoirs.<ref name="feshg"/> For more information on the ecological impacts of hydropower facilities, see: [[water quality degradation]] and [[environmental impacts of hydropower]].

	The mechanical energy derived from hydropower is considered [[high-quality energy]] and can be converted to electrical energy with near 100% [[efficiency]]. This is because there are minimal amounts of [[thermal energy]] transformation involved, though there are still minor losses associated with [[friction]] and inefficiencies in the [[electrical transmission\|transportation of electricity]] (as a result of factors such as [[resistance]] in transmission lines). Overall, this means energy from water can be converted to electricity and delivered to the end user with efficiencies higher than 90%.<ref>R. Wolfson. ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012</ref>		The mechanical energy derived from hydropower is considered [[high-quality energy]] and can be converted to electrical energy with near 100% [[efficiency]]. This is because there are minimal amounts of [[thermal energy]] transformation involved, though there are still minor losses associated with [[friction]] and inefficiencies in the [[electrical transmission\|transportation of electricity]] (as a result of factors such as [[resistance]] in transmission lines). Overall, this means energy from water can be converted to electricity and delivered to the end user with efficiencies higher than 90%.<ref>R. Wolfson. ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012</ref>

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2021-09-27T00:03:00Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 00:03, 27 September 2021
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energy>Luisa at 21:20, 13 September 2021

2021-09-13T21:20:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:20, 13 September 2021
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			[[Category: Jason skim]]
	[[Category:Done 2021-01-31]]		[[Category:Done 2021-01-31]]
	[[Category:Translated to French]]		[[Category:Translated to French]]
	[[fr:Hydroélectricité]]		[[fr:Hydroélectricité]]
	[[File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A hydroelectric dam where hydroelectricity is generated.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 31, 2015). ''Ingur Hydroelectric Facility'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A hydroelectric dam where hydroelectricity is generated.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 31, 2015). ''Ingur Hydroelectric Facility'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Hydropower''' extracts the [[mechanical energy]] of [[water]], transforming it into [[electrical energy]] to generate [[electricity]]. Water in the environment often has both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, which can generate electricity using a generator.)</onlyinclude> Note that traditionally this does '''not''' refer to the energy obtained from flowing water in the form of tides. In the case of obtaining energy from the tides, the term [[tidal power]] is used. The amount of potential energy stored in a body of water at a hydroelectric dam is measured using the height difference between the '''head race''' and '''tail race''', known as the [[hydraulic head\|elevation head]] (part of the hydraulic head). Roughly 1/6th of the electricity in the world comes from hydropower facilities, while values in the earlier twentieth century were much higher. In some countries around the world, hydroelectricity is the dominant form of electrical power generation<ref>dom (May 23, 2020). "Global Use of Hydroelectricity" [Online]. Available: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth104/node/1060</ref>.		<onlyinclude>'''Hydropower''' extracts the [[mechanical energy]] of [[water]], transforming it into [[electrical energy]] to generate [[electricity]]. Water in the environment often has both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, which can generate electricity using a generator.</onlyinclude> Note that traditionally this does '''not''' refer to the energy obtained from flowing water in the form of tides. In the case of obtaining energy from the tides, the term [[tidal power]] is used. The amount of potential energy stored in a body of water at a hydroelectric dam is measured using the height difference between the '''head race''' and '''tail race''', known as the [[hydraulic head\|elevation head]] (part of the hydraulic head). Roughly 1/6th of the electricity in the world comes from hydropower facilities, while values in the earlier twentieth century were much higher. In some countries around the world, hydroelectricity is the dominant form of electrical power generation.<ref>dom (May 23, 2020). "Global Use of Hydroelectricity" [Online]. Available: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth104/node/1060</ref>

	Countries such as China, Canada, and Brazil are the leaders in total hydroelectricity generation with capacities of [[watt\|200 GW]], 89 GW, and 70 GW respectively.<ref name="RE1">Abhishek Shah. (September 2, 2015). ''List of World’s Largest Hydroelectricity Plants and Countries – China Leading in building Hydroelectric Stations'' [Online]. Available: http://www.greenworldinvestor.com/2011/03/29/list-of-worlds-largest-hydroelectricity-plants-and-countries-china-leading-in-building-hydroelectric-stations/</ref> Other ~~notible~~ producers include Russia, India, Norway, Japan, and Venezuela (which is almost completely dependent on hydropower).<ref name="RE1"/> See the data visualization below for more statistics on hydroelectricity around the world.		Countries such as China, Canada, and Brazil are the leaders in total hydroelectricity generation with capacities of [[watt\|200 GW]], 89 GW, and 70 GW respectively.<ref name="RE1">Abhishek Shah. (September 2, 2015). ''List of World’s Largest Hydroelectricity Plants and Countries – China Leading in building Hydroelectric Stations'' [Online]. Available: http://www.greenworldinvestor.com/2011/03/29/list-of-worlds-largest-hydroelectricity-plants-and-countries-china-leading-in-building-hydroelectric-stations/</ref> Other notable producers include Russia, India, Norway, Japan, and Venezuela (which is almost completely dependent on hydropower).<ref name="RE1"/> See the data visualization below for more statistics on hydroelectricity around the world.

	[[File:AncientWaterWheel Syria.png\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2. Photograph of a water wheel in Syria in 1916 used here for irrigation purposes.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 30, 2020). ''Popular Science Monthly Vol. 88'' [Online]. Available: https://archive.org/details/popularsciencemo88newyuoft/page/82/mode/2up/search/water+wheel</ref>]]		[[File:AncientWaterWheel Syria.png\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2. Photograph of a water wheel in Syria in 1916 used here for irrigation purposes.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 30, 2020). ''Popular Science Monthly Vol. 88'' [Online]. Available: https://archive.org/details/popularsciencemo88newyuoft/page/82/mode/2up/search/water+wheel</ref>]]
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	Hydroelectricity is generated at a [[hydroelectric facility]] which for large-scale generation includes a [[hydroelectric dam]]. At these facilities a dam holds back a large volume of water, creating a [[Hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoir]]. This reservoir holds water at a higher elevation than the water on the downstream side of the dam. Compared to the water in the river, the water in the reservoir has a greater amount of [[potential energy]]. When a gate is opened at the top of the dam, the water from the reservoir flows through channels called [[penstock]]s down to the [[hydro turbine\|turbines]]. When the water reaches the turbines the potential energy it contains is converted into [[kinetic energy]]. This flowing water is then used to turn the blades of the turbine. As the turbines spin, they move a [[generator]] and generate electricity.		Hydroelectricity is generated at a [[hydroelectric facility]] which for large-scale generation includes a [[hydroelectric dam]]. At these facilities a dam holds back a large volume of water, creating a [[Hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoir]]. This reservoir holds water at a higher elevation than the water on the downstream side of the dam. Compared to the water in the river, the water in the reservoir has a greater amount of [[potential energy]]. When a gate is opened at the top of the dam, the water from the reservoir flows through channels called [[penstock]]s down to the [[hydro turbine\|turbines]]. When the water reaches the turbines the potential energy it contains is converted into [[kinetic energy]]. This flowing water is then used to turn the blades of the turbine. As the turbines spin, they move a [[generator]] and generate electricity.

	Although many hydroelectric facilities utilize dams, there are some types of systems that do not use dams and have very little [[water storage]] (meaning there is no large reservoir of stored water). These types of systems are known as [[run-of-the-river systems]], and have been gaining popularity as an alternative to large-scale reservoir dams<ref name="ror">BC Sustainable Energy Association (May 23rd, 2020) "Small Hydro and Run-Of-River Hydro" [Online]. Available: https://www.bcsea.org/node/4063/bcsea-info</ref>		Although many hydroelectric facilities utilize dams, there are some types of systems that do not use dams and have very little [[water storage]] (meaning there is no large reservoir of stored water). These types of systems are known as [[run-of-the-river systems]], and have been gaining popularity as an alternative to large-scale reservoir dams.<ref name="ror">BC Sustainable Energy Association (May 23rd, 2020) "Small Hydro and Run-Of-River Hydro" [Online]. Available: https://www.bcsea.org/node/4063/bcsea-info</ref>

	==Classifications==		==Classifications==
	Conventional hydroelectric generation relies on a [[hydraulic head]] difference created by man-made dams and obstructions. The majority of current hydroelectric generation is conventional and is comprised of hydroelectric dams and [[tidal dam]]s. Unconventional generation techniques generally rely on flow rate or on a small head differential. These unconventional techniques produce less energy than conventional methods, but also have less impact on the surrounding environment<ref name = "ror"/>. Some examples of unconventional hydropower platforms are [[low head hydro]], run-of-the-river systems, [[Instream microhydro power generator\|instream hydro]], and [[kinetic tidal]].		Conventional hydroelectric generation relies on a [[hydraulic head]] difference created by man-made dams and obstructions. The majority of current hydroelectric generation is conventional and is comprised of hydroelectric dams and [[tidal dam]]s. Unconventional generation techniques generally rely on flow rate or on a small head differential. These unconventional techniques produce less energy than conventional methods, but also have less impact on the surrounding environment.<ref name = "ror"/> Some examples of unconventional hydropower platforms are [[low head hydro]], run-of-the-river systems, [[Instream microhydro power generator\|instream hydro]], and [[kinetic tidal]].

	Each type of hydroelectric generation method has an associated output classification based on its capacity and are outlined in the table below.<ref>IPCC. (September 2, 2015). ''Chapter 5 - Hydropower'' [Online]. Available: www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srren/drafts/SRREN-FOD-Ch05.pdf</ref>		Each type of hydroelectric generation method has an associated output classification based on its capacity and are outlined in the table below.<ref>IPCC. (September 2, 2015). ''Chapter 5 - Hydropower'' [Online]. Available: www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srren/drafts/SRREN-FOD-Ch05.pdf</ref>
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	==Benefits and Drawbacks==		==Benefits and Drawbacks==
	Hydroelectric power stations produce significantly fewer [[greenhouse gas]] emissions than other electricity generation options, such as the [[combustion]] of [[fossil fuels]]<ref name="feshg">International Hydropower Association (May 30,2020).''GHG Measurement Guidelines for Freshwater Reservoirs'' [Online]. Accessible: https://www.hydropower.org/sites/default/files/publications-docs/GHG%20Measurement%20Guidelines%20for%20Freshwater%20Reservoirs.pdf</ref>. The cost of operation once the [[hydroelectric dam\|dams]] and [[hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoirs]] are built is relatively inexpensive and these facilities can operate at very high [[efficiency\|efficiencies]]<ref name="RE1"/>. However, the construction of these dams and reservoirs can result in habitat loss for aquatic species and an increase in greenhouse gas emissions due to the decomposition of organic matter in the newly flooded reservoirs<ref name="feshg"/>. For more information on the ecological impacts of hydropower facilities, see: [[water quality degradation]] and [[environmental impacts of hydropower]].		Hydroelectric power stations produce significantly fewer [[greenhouse gas]] emissions than other electricity generation options, such as the [[combustion]] of [[fossil fuels]].<ref name="feshg">International Hydropower Association (May 30,2020).''GHG Measurement Guidelines for Freshwater Reservoirs'' [Online]. Accessible: https://www.hydropower.org/sites/default/files/publications-docs/GHG%20Measurement%20Guidelines%20for%20Freshwater%20Reservoirs.pdf</ref> The cost of operation once the [[hydroelectric dam\|dams]] and [[hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoirs]] are built is relatively inexpensive and these facilities can operate at very high [[efficiency\|efficiencies]].<ref name="RE1"/> However, the construction of these dams and reservoirs can result in habitat loss for aquatic species and an increase in greenhouse gas emissions due to the decomposition of organic matter in the newly flooded reservoirs.<ref name="feshg"/> For more information on the ecological impacts of hydropower facilities, see: [[water quality degradation]] and [[environmental impacts of hydropower]].

	The mechanical energy derived from hydropower is considered [[high-quality energy]] and can be converted to electrical energy with near 100% [[efficiency]]. This is because there are minimal amounts of [[thermal energy]] transformation involved, though there are still minor losses associated with [[friction]] and inefficiencies in the [[electrical transmission\|transportation of electricity]] (as a result of factors such as [[resistance]] in transmission lines). Overall, this means energy from water can be converted to electricity and delivered to the end user with efficiencies higher than 90%.<ref>R. Wolfson. ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012</ref>		The mechanical energy derived from hydropower is considered [[high-quality energy]] and can be converted to electrical energy with near 100% [[efficiency]]. This is because there are minimal amounts of [[thermal energy]] transformation involved, though there are still minor losses associated with [[friction]] and inefficiencies in the [[electrical transmission\|transportation of electricity]] (as a result of factors such as [[resistance]] in transmission lines). Overall, this means energy from water can be converted to electricity and delivered to the end user with efficiencies higher than 90%.<ref>R. Wolfson. ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012</ref>

Jmdonev at 19:22, 7 September 2021

2021-09-07T19:22:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:22, 7 September 2021
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	[[Category:Done 2021-01-31]]		[[Category:Done 2021-01-31]]
	[[Category:Translated to French]]		[[Category:Translated to French]]
			[[fr:Hydroélectricité]]
	[[File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A hydroelectric dam where hydroelectricity is generated.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 31, 2015). ''Ingur Hydroelectric Facility'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A hydroelectric dam where hydroelectricity is generated.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 31, 2015). ''Ingur Hydroelectric Facility'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Hydropower''' extracts the [[mechanical energy]] of [[water]], transforming it into [[electrical energy]] to generate [[electricity]]. Water in the environment often has both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, which can generate electricity using a generator.)</onlyinclude> Note that traditionally this does '''not''' refer to the energy obtained from flowing water in the form of tides. In the case of obtaining energy from the tides, the term [[tidal power]] is used. The amount of potential energy stored in a body of water at a hydroelectric dam is measured using the height difference between the '''head race''' and '''tail race''', known as the [[hydraulic head\|elevation head]] (part of the hydraulic head). Roughly 1/6th of the electricity in the world comes from hydropower facilities, while values in the earlier twentieth century were much higher. In some countries around the world, hydroelectricity is the dominant form of electrical power generation<ref>dom (May 23, 2020). "Global Use of Hydroelectricity" [Online]. Available: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth104/node/1060</ref>.		<onlyinclude>'''Hydropower''' extracts the [[mechanical energy]] of [[water]], transforming it into [[electrical energy]] to generate [[electricity]]. Water in the environment often has both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, which can generate electricity using a generator.)</onlyinclude> Note that traditionally this does '''not''' refer to the energy obtained from flowing water in the form of tides. In the case of obtaining energy from the tides, the term [[tidal power]] is used. The amount of potential energy stored in a body of water at a hydroelectric dam is measured using the height difference between the '''head race''' and '''tail race''', known as the [[hydraulic head\|elevation head]] (part of the hydraulic head). Roughly 1/6th of the electricity in the world comes from hydropower facilities, while values in the earlier twentieth century were much higher. In some countries around the world, hydroelectricity is the dominant form of electrical power generation<ref>dom (May 23, 2020). "Global Use of Hydroelectricity" [Online]. Available: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth104/node/1060</ref>.

Jmdonev at 23:26, 1 September 2021

2021-09-01T23:26:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:26, 1 September 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Category:Done 2021-01-31]]		[[Category:Done 2021-01-31]]
	[[Category:Translated to French]]		[[Category:Translated to French]]
	~~[[fr:Hydroélectricité]]~~
	[[File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A hydroelectric dam where hydroelectricity is generated.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 31, 2015). ''Ingur Hydroelectric Facility'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A hydroelectric dam where hydroelectricity is generated.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 31, 2015). ''Ingur Hydroelectric Facility'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Hydropower''' extracts the [[mechanical energy]] of [[water]], transforming it into [[electrical energy]] to generate [[electricity]]. Water in the environment often has both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, which can generate electricity using a generator.)</onlyinclude> Note that traditionally this does '''not''' refer to the energy obtained from flowing water in the form of tides. In the case of obtaining energy from the tides, the term [[tidal power]] is used. The amount of potential energy stored in a body of water at a hydroelectric dam is measured using the height difference between the '''head race''' and '''tail race''', known as the [[hydraulic head\|elevation head]] (part of the hydraulic head). Roughly 1/6th of the electricity in the world comes from hydropower facilities, while values in the earlier twentieth century were much higher. In some countries around the world, hydroelectricity is the dominant form of electrical power generation<ref>dom (May 23, 2020). "Global Use of Hydroelectricity" [Online]. Available: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth104/node/1060</ref>.		<onlyinclude>'''Hydropower''' extracts the [[mechanical energy]] of [[water]], transforming it into [[electrical energy]] to generate [[electricity]]. Water in the environment often has both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, which can generate electricity using a generator.)</onlyinclude> Note that traditionally this does '''not''' refer to the energy obtained from flowing water in the form of tides. In the case of obtaining energy from the tides, the term [[tidal power]] is used. The amount of potential energy stored in a body of water at a hydroelectric dam is measured using the height difference between the '''head race''' and '''tail race''', known as the [[hydraulic head\|elevation head]] (part of the hydraulic head). Roughly 1/6th of the electricity in the world comes from hydropower facilities, while values in the earlier twentieth century were much higher. In some countries around the world, hydroelectricity is the dominant form of electrical power generation<ref>dom (May 23, 2020). "Global Use of Hydroelectricity" [Online]. Available: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth104/node/1060</ref>.

Jmdonev at 23:25, 1 September 2021

2021-09-01T23:25:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:25, 1 September 2021
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	[[Category:Done ~~2016~~-01-15]]		[[Category:Done 2021-01-31]]
			[[Category:Translated to French]]
			[[fr:Hydroélectricité]]
	[[File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A hydroelectric dam where hydroelectricity is generated.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 31, 2015). ''Ingur Hydroelectric Facility'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A hydroelectric dam where hydroelectricity is generated.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 31, 2015). ''Ingur Hydroelectric Facility'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingur_Hydroelectric_Power_Station.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Hydropower''' is the ~~process of utilizing the mechanical~~ [[~~potential~~ energy]] of ~~flowing~~ [[water]], transforming it into [[electrical energy]] to generate [[electricity]].</onlyinclude> Note that ~~in general,~~ this does '''not''' refer to the energy obtained by flowing water in the form of tides. In the case of obtaining energy from the tides, the term [[tidal power]] is used. The amount of potential energy ~~some~~ stored body of water ~~holds~~ is measured using the height difference between the head race and tail race, known as the [[hydraulic head]]. ~~Today, 16%~~ of the electricity in the world comes from hydropower facilities, while values in the earlier twentieth century were much higher. In some countries around the world, hydroelectricity is the ~~main type~~ of ~~electricity that is used~~.		<onlyinclude>'''Hydropower''' extracts the [[mechanical energy]] of [[water]], transforming it into [[electrical energy]] to generate [[electricity]]. Water in the environment often has both gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, which can generate electricity using a generator.)</onlyinclude> Note that traditionally this does '''not''' refer to the energy obtained from flowing water in the form of tides. In the case of obtaining energy from the tides, the term [[tidal power]] is used. The amount of potential energy stored in a body of water at a hydroelectric dam is measured using the height difference between the '''head race''' and '''tail race''', known as the [[hydraulic head\|elevation head]] (part of the hydraulic head). Roughly 1/6th of the electricity in the world comes from hydropower facilities, while values in the earlier twentieth century were much higher. In some countries around the world, hydroelectricity is the dominant form of electrical power generation<ref>dom (May 23, 2020). "Global Use of Hydroelectricity" [Online]. Available: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth104/node/1060</ref>.

	Countries such as China, Canada, and Brazil are the leaders in total hydroelectricity generation with capacities of [[watt\|200 GW]], 89 GW, and 70 GW respectively.<ref name="RE1">Abhishek Shah. (September 2, 2015). ''List of World’s Largest Hydroelectricity Plants and Countries – China Leading in building Hydroelectric Stations'' [Online]. Available: http://www.greenworldinvestor.com/2011/03/29/list-of-worlds-largest-hydroelectricity-plants-and-countries-china-leading-in-building-hydroelectric-stations/</ref> Other notible producers include Russia, India, Norway, Japan, and Venezuela (which is almost completely dependent on hydropower).<ref name="RE1"/> See the data visualization below for more statistics on hydroelectricity in the world.		Countries such as China, Canada, and Brazil are the leaders in total hydroelectricity generation with capacities of [[watt\|200 GW]], 89 GW, and 70 GW respectively.<ref name="RE1">Abhishek Shah. (September 2, 2015). ''List of World’s Largest Hydroelectricity Plants and Countries – China Leading in building Hydroelectric Stations'' [Online]. Available: http://www.greenworldinvestor.com/2011/03/29/list-of-worlds-largest-hydroelectricity-plants-and-countries-china-leading-in-building-hydroelectric-stations/</ref> Other notible producers include Russia, India, Norway, Japan, and Venezuela (which is almost completely dependent on hydropower).<ref name="RE1"/> See the data visualization below for more statistics on hydroelectricity around the world.

			[[File:AncientWaterWheel Syria.png\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2. Photograph of a water wheel in Syria in 1916 used here for irrigation purposes.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 30, 2020). ''Popular Science Monthly Vol. 88'' [Online]. Available: https://archive.org/details/popularsciencemo88newyuoft/page/82/mode/2up/search/water+wheel</ref>]]

	==Generation==		==Generation==
	~~With special [[technology\|technologies]], the energy of water can be harnessed by humans and used for [[electricity generation]].~~ Humans have been harnessing energy from water for millennia, although ~~it was~~ not ~~used to generate~~ electricity. The ancient Greeks used [[water wheel]]s to grind wheat over 2000 years ago.<ref>IEA. (September 2, 2015). ''What is hydropower’s history?'' [Online]. Available: http://www.ieahydro.org/What_is_hydropower’s_history.html</ref> Hydropower continued to be exclusively converted directly into [[mechanical power]] up until the end of the 19th century when electrical [[dynamo]]s ~~where~~ attached to the shaft to generate electricity.<ref>Water Power Program: History of Hydropower. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www1.eere.energy.gov/water/hydro_history.html</ref>		Humans have been harnessing energy from water for millennia, although not explicitly for electricity generation. The ancient Greeks used [[water wheel]]s to grind wheat over 2000 years ago.<ref>IEA. (September 2, 2015). ''What is hydropower’s history?'' [Online]. Available: http://www.ieahydro.org/What_is_hydropower’s_history.html</ref> Hydropower continued to be exclusively converted directly into [[mechanical power]] up until the end of the 19th century when electrical [[dynamo]]s were attached to the shaft to generate electricity.<ref>Water Power Program: History of Hydropower. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www1.eere.energy.gov/water/hydro_history.html</ref> Dynamos were the first type of electrical generator.

	Hydroelectricity is generated at a [[hydroelectric facility]] ~~- generally~~ for large-scale generation ~~this~~ includes a [[hydroelectric dam]]. At these facilities, a dam holds back a large ~~quantity~~ of water, creating a reservoir. This reservoir holds water at a higher elevation than the ~~rest~~ of the ~~original body of water (generally a river)~~. ~~This means that compared~~ to the water in the river, the water in the reservoir has ~~more~~ potential energy. When a gate is opened at the top of the dam, the water flows through channels called [[penstock]]s down to the [[hydro turbine\|turbines]]. When the water reaches the turbines, the potential energy it ~~held from being stored up in a reservoir~~ is ~~transferred~~ to the ~~rotational motion~~ of the ~~turbines~~. As the turbines spin, they move a [[generator]] and generate electricity~~. This is how hydropower (the power of water) creates hydroelectricity~~.		Hydroelectricity is generated at a [[hydroelectric facility]] which for large-scale generation includes a [[hydroelectric dam]]. At these facilities a dam holds back a large volume of water, creating a [[Hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoir]]. This reservoir holds water at a higher elevation than the water on the downstream side of the dam. Compared to the water in the river, the water in the reservoir has a greater amount of [[potential energy]]. When a gate is opened at the top of the dam, the water from the reservoir flows through channels called [[penstock]]s down to the [[hydro turbine\|turbines]]. When the water reaches the turbines the potential energy it contains is converted into [[kinetic energy]]. This flowing water is then used to turn the blades of the turbine. As the turbines spin, they move a [[generator]] and generate electricity.

	Although hydroelectric facilities ~~that have large outputs generally use~~ dams, there are some types of systems that do not ~~utilize~~ dams and have very little [[water storage]] (meaning there is no large reservoir of stored water). These types of systems are known as [[run-of-the-river systems]], and ~~are~~ gaining popularity ~~recently~~ as ~~alternatives~~ to large scale reservoir dams.		Although many hydroelectric facilities utilize dams, there are some types of systems that do not use dams and have very little [[water storage]] (meaning there is no large reservoir of stored water). These types of systems are known as [[run-of-the-river systems]], and have been gaining popularity as an alternative to large-scale reservoir dams<ref name="ror">BC Sustainable Energy Association (May 23rd, 2020) "Small Hydro and Run-Of-River Hydro" [Online]. Available: https://www.bcsea.org/node/4063/bcsea-info</ref>

	==Classifications==		==Classifications==
	Conventional hydroelectric generation relies on a head difference created by man-made dams and obstructions. The majority of current generation is conventional~~. Two types~~ of ~~systems that are considered conventional are~~ hydroelectric dams and [[tidal dam]]s. Unconventional generation techniques generally rely on flow rate or on a small head differential. These ~~platforms~~ produce less energy than conventional methods ~~however they~~ also have less impact on the surrounding environment. Some examples of unconventional hydropower platforms are [[low head hydro]], run-of-the-river systems, [[Instream microhydro power generator\|instream hydro]], and [[kinetic tidal]].		Conventional hydroelectric generation relies on a [[hydraulic head]] difference created by man-made dams and obstructions. The majority of current hydroelectric generation is conventional and is comprised of hydroelectric dams and [[tidal dam]]s. Unconventional generation techniques generally rely on flow rate or on a small head differential. These unconventional techniques produce less energy than conventional methods, but also have less impact on the surrounding environment<ref name = "ror"/>. Some examples of unconventional hydropower platforms are [[low head hydro]], run-of-the-river systems, [[Instream microhydro power generator\|instream hydro]], and [[kinetic tidal]].

	Each type of hydroelectric generation method has an associated output classification based on its capacity~~. They~~ are outlined in the table below.<ref>IPCC. (September 2, 2015). ''Chapter 5 - Hydropower'' [Online]. Available: www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srren/drafts/SRREN-FOD-Ch05.pdf</ref>		Each type of hydroelectric generation method has an associated output classification based on its capacity and are outlined in the table below.<ref>IPCC. (September 2, 2015). ''Chapter 5 - Hydropower'' [Online]. Available: www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srren/drafts/SRREN-FOD-Ch05.pdf</ref>

	<center>		<center>
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	==Benefits and Drawbacks==		==Benefits and Drawbacks==
			Hydroelectric power stations produce significantly fewer [[greenhouse gas]] emissions than other electricity generation options, such as the [[combustion]] of [[fossil fuels]]<ref name="feshg">International Hydropower Association (May 30,2020).''GHG Measurement Guidelines for Freshwater Reservoirs'' [Online]. Accessible: https://www.hydropower.org/sites/default/files/publications-docs/GHG%20Measurement%20Guidelines%20for%20Freshwater%20Reservoirs.pdf</ref>. The cost of operation once the [[hydroelectric dam\|dams]] and [[hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoirs]] are built is relatively inexpensive and these facilities can operate at very high [[efficiency\|efficiencies]]<ref name="RE1"/>. However, the construction of these dams and reservoirs can result in habitat loss for aquatic species and an increase in greenhouse gas emissions due to the decomposition of organic matter in the newly flooded reservoirs<ref name="feshg"/>. For more information on the ecological impacts of hydropower facilities, see: [[water quality degradation]] and [[environmental impacts of hydropower]].

	The ~~chief benefit of hydroelectricity is that it is less polluting than using the [[combustion]] of [[fossil fuel]]s for electricity. Although not free~~ from ~~[[emissions]] and other [[environmental impact]]s, they are almost always significantly less [[pollution\|polluting]] than other options. As well, hydroelectricity~~ is ~~relatively inexpensive to operate once~~ [[~~hydroelectric dam\|dams]] and [[hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoirs]] are built and these facilities can operate at very~~ high ~~[[efficiency\|efficiencies]].<ref name="RE1"/> For more information on the ecological impacts of hydropower facilities, see: [[water~~ quality ~~degradation~~]] and ~~[[environmental impacts of hydropower]]. As well, since hydroelectricity is generated using the [[mechanical energy]] of water, which is high-quality energy. Since it is such a high-quality energy it~~ can be converted to electrical energy with near 100% [[efficiency]] ~~since~~ there is minimal [[thermal energy]] involved ~~(and thus [[thermodynamics]] doesn't have to be taken into account). However~~, there are still minor losses associated with [[friction]] and inefficiencies in the [[electrical transmission\|transportation of electricity]] (as a result of factors such as [[resistance]] in ~~[[wire]]s~~). Overall, this means energy from water can be converted to electricity with efficiencies higher than 90%.<ref>R. Wolfson. ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012</ref>		The mechanical energy derived from hydropower is considered [[high-quality energy]] and can be converted to electrical energy with near 100% [[efficiency]]. This is because there are minimal amounts of [[thermal energy]] transformation involved, though there are still minor losses associated with [[friction]] and inefficiencies in the [[electrical transmission\|transportation of electricity]] (as a result of factors such as [[resistance]] in transmission lines). Overall, this means energy from water can be converted to electricity and delivered to the end user with efficiencies higher than 90%.<ref>R. Wolfson. ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012</ref>

	==World Electricity Generation: Hydroelectricity==		==World Electricity Generation: Hydroelectricity==
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	<html><iframe class='charts-iframe' id='world-energy'></iframe></html>		<html><iframe class='charts-iframe' id='world-energy'></iframe></html>

			==For Further Reading==
			*[[Dispatchable source of electricity]]
			*[[Electricity storage]]
			*[[Turbine]]
			*[[Solar power]]
			*[[Wind power]]
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]


	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]		{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]
	~~[[category: Ed edit]]~~

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