Internal combustion engine - Revision history

Jmdonev at 16:37, 10 May 2022

2022-05-10T16:37:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:37, 10 May 2022
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	[[Category:Done ~~2018~~-06-01]]		[[Category:Done 2022-01-29]]
			[[Category:Translated to Spanish]]
			[[es:Motor de combustión interna]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Internal combustion engines (ICE)''' are the most common form of [[heat engine]]s, as they are used in vehicles, boats, ships, airplanes, and trains. They are named as such because the [[fuel]] is [[ignition\|ignited]] in order to do [[work]] inside the engine.<ref name=Knight>R. D. Knight, "Heat Engines and Refrigerators" in ''Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach,'' 3nd ed. San Francisco, U.S.A.: Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2008, ch.19, sec.2, pp.530 </ref> The same fuel and air mixture is then [[emissions\|emitted]] as exhaust.</onlyinclude> This can be done using a [[piston]] (called a [[reciprocating engine]]), or with a [[turbine]].		<onlyinclude>'''Internal combustion engines (ICE)''' are the most common form of [[heat engine]]s, as they are used in vehicles, boats, ships, airplanes, and trains. They are named as such because the [[fuel]] is [[ignition\|ignited]] in order to do [[work]] inside the engine.<ref name=Knight>R. D. Knight, "Heat Engines and Refrigerators" in ''Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach,'' 3nd ed. San Francisco, U.S.A.: Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2008, ch.19, sec.2, pp.530 </ref> The same fuel and air mixture is then [[emissions\|emitted]] as exhaust.</onlyinclude> This can be done using a [[piston]] (called a [[reciprocating engine]]), or with a [[turbine]].

	==The ~~ideal gas law~~==		==The Ideal Gas Law==
	Internal combustion heat engines ~~work on the principle of~~ the [[ideal gas law]]: <math>pV=nRT</math>. Raising the [[temperature]] of a gas increases the [[pressure]] that makes the [[gas]] want to expand.<Ref name=Knight/> An internal [[combustion]] engine has a chamber, which has fuel added to it which ignites in order to raise the temperature of the gas.		Internal combustion heat engines can be understood by thinking carefully about the [[ideal gas law]]: <math>pV=nRT</math>. Raising the [[temperature]] of a gas increases the [[pressure]] that makes the [[gas]] want to expand.<Ref name=Knight/> An internal [[combustion]] engine has a chamber, which has fuel added to it which ignites in order to raise the temperature of the gas.

	When [[heat]] is added to the system, it forces gas inside to expand. With a [[piston]] engine, this causes the piston to rise (see Figure 2~~), and with a [[gas turbine]], the hot [[air]] is forced into the turbine chamber, turning the turbine (Figure 1~~). By attaching the piston ~~or turbine~~ to a [[~~camshaft~~]], the engine is able to convert a portion of the [[energy]] input to the system into useful work.<ref name=hinrichs>R. A. Hinrichs and M. Kleinbach, "Heat and Work," in ''Energy: Its Use and the Environment'', 5th ed. Toronto, Ont. Canada: Brooks/Cole, 2013, ch.4, pp.93-122</ref> To compress the piston in an intermittent combustion engine, the engine exhausts the gas. A heat sink is then used to keep the system running at a consistent temperature. A gas turbine, which uses continuous combustion, simply exhausts its gas continuously rather than in a cycle.		When [[heat]] is added to the system, it forces gas inside to expand. With a [[piston]] engine, this causes the piston to rise (see Figure 2). By attaching the piston to a [[crankshaft]], the engine is able to convert a portion of the [[energy]] input to the system into useful work.<ref name=hinrichs>R. A. Hinrichs and M. Kleinbach, "Heat and Work," in ''Energy: Its Use and the Environment'', 5th ed. Toronto, Ont. Canada: Brooks/Cole, 2013, ch.4, pp.93-122</ref> To compress the piston in an intermittent combustion engine, the engine exhausts the gas. A heat sink is then used to keep the system running at a consistent temperature. A gas turbine, which uses continuous combustion, simply exhausts its gas continuously rather than in a cycle. Heat engines with [[gas turbine]]s work on a similar principle, the hot [[air]] is forced into the turbine chamber, turning the turbine (Figure 1).

	==Pistons vs turbines==		==Pistons vs turbines==

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported: Doing upload, largely of old redirects.

2018-06-04T16:52:25Z

1 revision imported: Doing upload, largely of old redirects.

← Older revision	Revision as of 16:52, 4 June 2018
(No difference)

Jmdonev at 19:47, 1 June 2018

2018-06-01T19:47:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:47, 1 June 2018
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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-09-06]]		[[Category:Done 2018-06-01]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Internal combustion engines''' are the most common form of [[heat engine]]s, as they are used in vehicles, boats, ships, airplanes, and trains. They are named as such because the [[fuel]] is [[ignition\|ignited]] in order to do [[work]] inside the engine.<ref name=Knight>R. D. Knight, "Heat Engines and Refrigerators" in ''Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach,'' 3nd ed. San Francisco, U.S.A.: Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2008, ch.19, sec.2, pp.530 </ref> The same fuel and air mixture is then [[emissions\|emitted]] as exhaust.</onlyinclude> This can be done using a [[piston]] (called a [[reciprocating engine]]), or with a [[turbine]].		<onlyinclude>'''Internal combustion engines (ICE)''' are the most common form of [[heat engine]]s, as they are used in vehicles, boats, ships, airplanes, and trains. They are named as such because the [[fuel]] is [[ignition\|ignited]] in order to do [[work]] inside the engine.<ref name=Knight>R. D. Knight, "Heat Engines and Refrigerators" in ''Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach,'' 3nd ed. San Francisco, U.S.A.: Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2008, ch.19, sec.2, pp.530 </ref> The same fuel and air mixture is then [[emissions\|emitted]] as exhaust.</onlyinclude> This can be done using a [[piston]] (called a [[reciprocating engine]]), or with a [[turbine]].

	==The ideal gas law==		==The ideal gas law==
	Internal combustion heat engines work on the principle of the [[ideal gas law]]: <m>pV=nRT</m>. Raising the [[temperature]] of a gas increases the [[pressure]] that makes the [[gas]] want to expand.<Ref name=Knight/> An internal [[combustion]] engine has a chamber, which has fuel added to it which ignites in order to raise the temperature of the gas.		Internal combustion heat engines work on the principle of the [[ideal gas law]]: <math>pV=nRT</math>. Raising the [[temperature]] of a gas increases the [[pressure]] that makes the [[gas]] want to expand.<Ref name=Knight/> An internal [[combustion]] engine has a chamber, which has fuel added to it which ignites in order to raise the temperature of the gas.

	When [[heat]] is added to the system, it forces gas inside to expand. With a [[piston]] engine, this causes the piston to rise (see Figure 2), and with a [[gas turbine]], the hot [[air]] is forced into the turbine chamber, turning the turbine (Figure 1). By attaching the piston or turbine to a [[camshaft]], the engine is able to convert a portion of the [[energy]] input to the system into useful work.<ref name=hinrichs>R. A. Hinrichs and M. Kleinbach, "Heat and Work," in ''Energy: Its Use and the Environment'', 5th ed. Toronto, Ont. Canada: Brooks/Cole, 2013, ch.4, pp.93-122</ref> To compress the piston in an intermittent combustion engine, the engine exhausts the gas. A heat sink is then used to keep the system running at a consistent temperature. A gas turbine, which uses continuous combustion, simply exhausts its gas continuously rather than in a cycle.		When [[heat]] is added to the system, it forces gas inside to expand. With a [[piston]] engine, this causes the piston to rise (see Figure 2), and with a [[gas turbine]], the hot [[air]] is forced into the turbine chamber, turning the turbine (Figure 1). By attaching the piston or turbine to a [[camshaft]], the engine is able to convert a portion of the [[energy]] input to the system into useful work.<ref name=hinrichs>R. A. Hinrichs and M. Kleinbach, "Heat and Work," in ''Energy: Its Use and the Environment'', 5th ed. Toronto, Ont. Canada: Brooks/Cole, 2013, ch.4, pp.93-122</ref> To compress the piston in an intermittent combustion engine, the engine exhausts the gas. A heat sink is then used to keep the system running at a consistent temperature. A gas turbine, which uses continuous combustion, simply exhausts its gas continuously rather than in a cycle.
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	==Pistons vs turbines==		==Pistons vs turbines==
	[[File:natgasturb.png\|thumb\|500px\|Figure 1. A diagram of a gas turbine engine.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Jet_engine.svg</ref>]]		[[File:natgasturb.png\|thumb\|500px\|Figure 1. A diagram of a gas turbine engine.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Jet_engine.svg</ref>]]
	[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif\|framed\|right\|Figure 2. 4-stroke internal combustion engine. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion(work is done), 4:exhaust.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif</ref>]]
	An engine that uses a '''piston''' is called an ''intermittent'' combustion engine, whereas one that uses a '''turbine''' is called a ''continuous'' combustion engine. The difference in mechanics is obvious due to the names, but difference in use is less obvious.

	A piston engine is extremely responsive, in comparison to a turbine, as well as more [[fuel efficiency\|fuel-efficient]] at low outputs. This makes them ideal for use in vehicles, as they also start up more quickly. Conversely, a turbine has superior [[specific power\|power-to-weight ratio]] compared to a piston engine, and its design ~~allows~~ for ~~more reliability at~~ continuous high outputs. A turbine also works ~~far~~ better than a naturally-aspirated piston engine at high altitudes and cold temperatures. ~~This~~ light weight, reliability, and high altitude capability makes turbines the engine of choice for airplanes. Turbines are also commonly used at [[power plant]]s for [[electrical generation]].		An engine that uses a '''[[piston]]''' is called an ''intermittent'' combustion engine, whereas one that uses a '''[[turbine]]''' is called a ''continuous'' combustion engine. The difference in mechanics is obvious due to the names, but difference in use is less obvious.

			A piston engine is extremely responsive, in comparison to a turbine, as well as more [[fuel efficiency\|fuel-efficient]] at low outputs. This makes them ideal for use in vehicles, as they also start up more quickly. Conversely, a turbine has superior [[specific power\|power-to-weight ratio]] compared to a piston engine, and its design is more reliable for continuous high outputs. A turbine also works better than a naturally-aspirated piston engine at high altitudes and cold temperatures. Its light weight build, reliability, and high altitude capability makes turbines the engine of choice for airplanes. Turbines are also commonly used at [[power plant]]s for [[electrical generation]].

			=Examples of ICE's=

	==Four-stroke engine==		==Four-stroke engine==
	While there are ~~many,~~ many kinds of internal combustion engines, the four-stroke piston engine (Figure 2) is one of the most common, used in cars, trucks, and some motorbikes~~, among other vehicles~~. A four stroke ~~engines~~ delivers one [[power]] stroke for every two cycles of the piston. There is an animation ~~above~~ of a four-stroke engine, and further explanation of the process below.		::[[Four stroke engine\|''main page'']]

			[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif\|framed\|right\|Figure 2. 4-stroke internal combustion engine. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion(work is done), 4:exhaust.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif</ref>]]

			While there are many kinds of internal combustion engines the four-stroke piston engine (Figure 2) is one of the most common. It is used in various automobiles (that specifically use gasoline as fuel) like cars, trucks, and some motorbikes. A four stroke engine delivers one [[power]] stroke for every two cycles of the piston. There is an animation to the right, of a four-stroke engine, and further explanation of the process below.

	# Fuel is injected into the chamber.		# Fuel is injected into the chamber.
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	# The [[waste]] chemicals, by [[volume]] (or [[mass]]) this is mostly [[water vapour]] and [[carbon dioxide]]. There can be [[pollutant]]s as well like [[carbon monoxide]] from incomplete combustion.		# The [[waste]] chemicals, by [[volume]] (or [[mass]]) this is mostly [[water vapour]] and [[carbon dioxide]]. There can be [[pollutant]]s as well like [[carbon monoxide]] from incomplete combustion.

			==Two-stroke engine==
			::[[Two stroke engine\|''main page'']]
			[[File:Two-Stroke-Engine.gif\|framed\|right\|Figure 3. 2-stroke internal combustion engine<ref>"File:Two-Stroke Engine.gif - Wikimedia Commons", Commons.wikimedia.org, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Two-Stroke_Engine.gif.[Accessed: 17- May- 2018].</ref>]]

			As the name implies, the system only requires two piston movements in order to generate power. The main differentiating factor that allows the two stroke engine to function with only two piston movements is that the exhaust and intake of the gas occurs simultaneously,<ref>C. Wu, Thermodynamics and heat powered cycles. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2007</ref> as seen in Figure 3. The piston itself is utilized as the valve of the system, along with the [[crankshaft]], to direct the flow of the gases. In addition, due to its frequent contact with moving components, the fuel is mixed with oil to add lubrication, allowing smoother strokes. Overall two-stroke engine contains two processes:

			#The air-fuel mixture is added and the piston moves upwards (compression). The inlet port is opened up due to the position of the piston and the air-fuel mixture enters the holding chamber. A spark plug ignites the compressed fuel and begins the power stroke.
			#The heated gas exerts high pressure on the piston, the piston moves downward (expansion), waste heat is exhausted.

			==Rotary (Wankel) Engine==
			::[[Rotary engine\|''main page'']]
			[[File:wankelcycle.gif\|350px\|thumb\|Figure 4. The rotary engine's cycle. It intakes air/fuel, compresses it, ignites providing useful work, then exhausts the [[gas]].<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Wankel_Cycle_anim_en.gif</ref>]]

			In this type of engine, there is a rotor (inner circle labeled "B" in Figure 4) which is contained in an oval shaped housing. It performs the common four-stroke cycle steps (intake, compression, ignition, exhaust) however, these steps occur ''3 times per one spin of the rotor''—creating ''three power strokes per rotation''.

			==For Further Reading==
			*[[Rotary engine]]
			*[[Two stroke engine]]
			*[[Four stroke engine]]
			*[[Ideal gas law]]
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\| random page]]
	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-18T16:52:02Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 16:52, 18 September 2015
(No difference)

Jmdonev at 22:16, 4 September 2015

2015-09-04T22:16:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:16, 4 September 2015
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	[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]		[[Category:Done 2015-09-06]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Internal combustion engines''' are the most common form of [[heat engine]]s, as they are used in vehicles, boats, ships, airplanes, and trains. They are named as such because the [[fuel]] is [[ignition\|ignited]] in order to do [[work]] inside the engine.<ref name=Knight>R. D. Knight, "Heat Engines and Refrigerators" in ''Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach,'' 3nd ed. San Francisco, U.S.A.: Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2008, ch.19, sec.2, pp.530 </ref> The same fuel and air mixture is then [[emissions\|emitted]] as exhaust.</onlyinclude> This can be done using a [[piston]] (called a [[reciprocating engine]]), or with a [[turbine]].		<onlyinclude>'''Internal combustion engines''' are the most common form of [[heat engine]]s, as they are used in vehicles, boats, ships, airplanes, and trains. They are named as such because the [[fuel]] is [[ignition\|ignited]] in order to do [[work]] inside the engine.<ref name=Knight>R. D. Knight, "Heat Engines and Refrigerators" in ''Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach,'' 3nd ed. San Francisco, U.S.A.: Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2008, ch.19, sec.2, pp.530 </ref> The same fuel and air mixture is then [[emissions\|emitted]] as exhaust.</onlyinclude> This can be done using a [[piston]] (called a [[reciprocating engine]]), or with a [[turbine]].

	==The ideal gas law==		==The ideal gas law==
	Internal combustion heat engines work on the principle of the [[ideal gas law]]: <m>pV=nRT</m>. Raising the [[temperature]] of a gas increases the [[pressure]] that makes the [[gas]] want to expand.<Ref name=Knight/> An internal combustion engine has a chamber, which has fuel added to it which ignites in order to raise the temperature of the gas.		Internal combustion heat engines work on the principle of the [[ideal gas law]]: <m>pV=nRT</m>. Raising the [[temperature]] of a gas increases the [[pressure]] that makes the [[gas]] want to expand.<Ref name=Knight/> An internal [[combustion]] engine has a chamber, which has fuel added to it which ignites in order to raise the temperature of the gas.

	When [[heat]] is added to the system, it forces gas inside to expand. With a [[piston]] engine, this causes the piston to rise (see Figure 2), and with a [[gas turbine]], the hot air is forced into the turbine chamber, turning the turbine (Figure 1). By attaching the piston or turbine to a [[camshaft]], the engine is able to convert a portion of the energy input to the system into useful work.<ref name=hinrichs>R. A. Hinrichs and M. Kleinbach, "Heat and Work," in ''Energy: Its Use and the Environment'', 5th ed. Toronto, Ont. Canada: Brooks/Cole, 2013, ch.4, pp.93-122</ref> To compress the piston in an intermittent combustion engine, the engine exhausts the gas. A heat sink is then used to keep the system running at a consistent temperature. A gas turbine, which uses continuous combustion, simply exhausts its gas continuously rather than in a cycle.		When [[heat]] is added to the system, it forces gas inside to expand. With a [[piston]] engine, this causes the piston to rise (see Figure 2), and with a [[gas turbine]], the hot [[air]] is forced into the turbine chamber, turning the turbine (Figure 1). By attaching the piston or turbine to a [[camshaft]], the engine is able to convert a portion of the [[energy]] input to the system into useful work.<ref name=hinrichs>R. A. Hinrichs and M. Kleinbach, "Heat and Work," in ''Energy: Its Use and the Environment'', 5th ed. Toronto, Ont. Canada: Brooks/Cole, 2013, ch.4, pp.93-122</ref> To compress the piston in an intermittent combustion engine, the engine exhausts the gas. A heat sink is then used to keep the system running at a consistent temperature. A gas turbine, which uses continuous combustion, simply exhausts its gas continuously rather than in a cycle.

	==Pistons vs turbines==		==Pistons vs turbines==
Line 15:		Line 15:

	==Four-stroke engine==		==Four-stroke engine==
	While there are many, many kinds of internal combustion engines, the four-stroke piston engine (Figure 2) is one of the most common, used in cars, trucks, and some motorbikes, among other vehicles. A four stroke engines delivers one power stroke for every two cycles of the piston. There is an animation above of a four-stroke engine, and further explanation of the process below.		While there are many, many kinds of internal combustion engines, the four-stroke piston engine (Figure 2) is one of the most common, used in cars, trucks, and some motorbikes, among other vehicles. A four stroke engines delivers one [[power]] stroke for every two cycles of the piston. There is an animation above of a four-stroke engine, and further explanation of the process below.

	# Fuel is injected into the chamber.		# Fuel is injected into the chamber.
	# The fuel catches fire (this happens differently in a [[diesel engine]] than a [[gasoline engine]]).		# The fuel catches fire (this happens differently in a [[diesel engine]] than a [[gasoline engine]]).
	# This fire pushes the piston which is the useful motion.		# This fire pushes the piston which is the useful motion.
	# The waste chemicals, by [[volume]] (or [[mass]]) this is mostly [[water vapour]] and [[carbon dioxide]]. There can be [[pollutant]]s as well like [[carbon monoxide]] from incomplete combustion.		# The [[waste]] chemicals, by [[volume]] (or [[mass]]) this is mostly [[water vapour]] and [[carbon dioxide]]. There can be [[pollutant]]s as well like [[carbon monoxide]] from incomplete combustion.

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-03T18:23:28Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 18:23, 3 September 2015
(No difference)

Jmdonev at 17:15, 3 September 2015

2015-09-03T17:15:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:15, 3 September 2015
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	~~[[category:Check images]] [[Category:Needs citations]]~~ [[Category:Done 2015-03-06]]		[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Internal combustion''' ~~engines~~ are the most common form of heat ~~engines~~, as they are used in vehicles, boats, ships, airplanes, and trains. They are named as such because the fuel is ignited in order to do work inside the engine. The same fuel and air mixture is then emitted as exhaust.</onlyinclude> This can be done using a [[piston]] (called a [[reciprocating engine]]), or with a [[turbine]].		<onlyinclude>'''Internal combustion engines''' are the most common form of [[heat engine]]s, as they are used in vehicles, boats, ships, airplanes, and trains. They are named as such because the [[fuel]] is [[ignition\|ignited]] in order to do [[work]] inside the engine.<ref name=Knight>R. D. Knight, "Heat Engines and Refrigerators" in ''Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach,'' 3nd ed. San Francisco, U.S.A.: Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2008, ch.19, sec.2, pp.530 </ref> The same fuel and air mixture is then [[emissions\|emitted]] as exhaust.</onlyinclude> This can be done using a [[piston]] (called a [[reciprocating engine]]), or with a [[turbine]].

			==The ideal gas law==
			Internal combustion heat engines work on the principle of the [[ideal gas law]]: <m>pV=nRT</m>. Raising the [[temperature]] of a gas increases the [[pressure]] that makes the [[gas]] want to expand.<Ref name=Knight/> An internal combustion engine has a chamber, which has fuel added to it which ignites in order to raise the temperature of the gas.

	~~==The ideal gas law==~~		When [[heat]] is added to the system, it forces gas inside to expand. With a [[piston]] engine, this causes the piston to rise (see Figure 2), and with a [[gas turbine]], the hot air is forced into the turbine chamber, turning the turbine (Figure 1). By attaching the piston or turbine to a [[camshaft]], the engine is able to convert a portion of the energy input to the system into useful work.<ref name=hinrichs>R. A. Hinrichs and M. Kleinbach, "Heat and Work," in ''Energy: Its Use and the Environment'', 5th ed. Toronto, Ont. Canada: Brooks/Cole, 2013, ch.4, pp.93-122</ref> To compress the piston in an intermittent combustion engine, the engine exhausts the gas. A heat sink is then used to keep the system running at a consistent temperature. A gas turbine, which uses continuous combustion, simply exhausts its gas continuously rather than in a cycle.
	[[~~File:TurbineEngineOverview.gif\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A diagram of a gas turbine engine<ref>http://www.paperjet.net/turbine_engines.php</ref>]]~~
	~~Internal combustion~~ heat ~~engines work on the principle of the [[ideal gas law~~]]: <m>pV=nRT</m>. Raising the temperature of a gas increases the pressure that makes the gas want to expand. An internal combustion engine has a chamber, which has fuel added to it which ignites in order to raise the temperature of the gas.
	~~When heat~~ is added to the system, it forces gas inside to expand. With a piston engine, this causes the piston to rise (see ~~figure 1~~), and with a gas turbine, the hot air is forced into the turbine chamber, turning the turbine. By attaching the piston or turbine to a [[camshaft]], the engine is able to convert a portion of the energy input to the system into useful work. To compress the piston in an intermittent combustion engine, the engine exhausts the gas. A heat sink is then used to keep the system running at a consistent temperature. A gas turbine, which uses continuous combustion, simply exhausts its gas continuously rather than in a cycle.

	==Pistons vs turbines==		==Pistons vs turbines==
	An engine that uses a piston is called an intermittent combustion engine, whereas one that uses a turbine is called a continuous combustion engine. The difference in mechanics is obvious due to the names, but difference in use is less obvious. A piston engine is extremely responsive, in comparison to a turbine, as well as more fuel-efficient at low outputs. This makes them ideal for use in vehicles, as they also start up more quickly. Conversely, a turbine has superior power-to-weight ratio compared to a piston engine, and its design allows for more reliability at continuous high outputs. A turbine also works far better than a naturally-aspirated piston engine at high altitudes and cold temperatures. This light weight, reliability, and high altitude capability makes turbines the engine of choice for airplanes. Turbines are also commonly used at power ~~plants~~ for ~~electricity~~ generation.		[[File:natgasturb.png\|thumb\|500px\|Figure 1. A diagram of a gas turbine engine.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Jet_engine.svg</ref>]]
			[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif\|framed\|right\|Figure 2. 4-stroke internal combustion engine. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion(work is done), 4:exhaust.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif</ref>]]
			An engine that uses a '''piston''' is called an ''intermittent'' combustion engine, whereas one that uses a '''turbine''' is called a ''continuous'' combustion engine. The difference in mechanics is obvious due to the names, but difference in use is less obvious.

			A piston engine is extremely responsive, in comparison to a turbine, as well as more [[fuel efficiency\|fuel-efficient]] at low outputs. This makes them ideal for use in vehicles, as they also start up more quickly. Conversely, a turbine has superior [[specific power\|power-to-weight ratio]] compared to a piston engine, and its design allows for more reliability at continuous high outputs. A turbine also works far better than a naturally-aspirated piston engine at high altitudes and cold temperatures. This light weight, reliability, and high altitude capability makes turbines the engine of choice for airplanes. Turbines are also commonly used at [[power plant]]s for [[electrical generation]].

	==Four-stroke engine==		==Four-stroke engine==
	[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif\|framed\|right\|Figure 2. 4-stroke internal combustion engine. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion(work is done), 4:exhaust<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#mediaviewer/File:4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif</ref>]]		While there are many, many kinds of internal combustion engines, the four-stroke piston engine (Figure 2) is one of the most common, used in cars, trucks, and some motorbikes, among other vehicles. A four stroke engines delivers one power stroke for every two cycles of the piston. There is an animation above of a four-stroke engine, and further explanation of the process below.
	While there are many, many kinds of internal combustion engines, the four-stroke piston engine (~~figure~~ 2) is one of the most common, used in cars, trucks, and some motorbikes, among other vehicles. A four stroke engines delivers one power stroke for every two cycles of the piston. There is an animation above of a four-stroke engine, and further explanation of the process below.

	# Fuel is injected into the chamber.		# Fuel is injected into the chamber.
	# The fuel catches fire (this happens differently in a [[diesel engine]] than a [[gasoline engine]].		# The fuel catches fire (this happens differently in a [[diesel engine]] than a [[gasoline engine]]).
	# This fire pushes the piston which is the useful motion.		# This fire pushes the piston which is the useful motion.
	# The waste chemicals, ~~usually~~ this is mostly water and [[carbon dioxide]].		# The waste chemicals, by [[volume]] (or [[mass]]) this is mostly [[water vapour]] and [[carbon dioxide]]. There can be [[pollutant]]s as well like [[carbon monoxide]] from incomplete combustion.

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:31:13Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 21:31, 26 August 2015
(No difference)

J.williams at 16:54, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T16:54:49Z

New page

[[category:Check images]] [[Category:Needs citations]] [[Category:Done 2015-03-06]]
<onlyinclude>'''Internal combustion''' engines are the most common form of heat engines, as they are used in vehicles, boats, ships, airplanes, and trains. They are named as such because the fuel is ignited in order to do work inside the engine. The same fuel and air mixture is then emitted as exhaust.</onlyinclude> This can be done using a [[piston]] (called a [[reciprocating engine]]), or with a [[turbine]].

==The ideal gas law==
[[File:TurbineEngineOverview.gif|framed|right|Figure 1. A diagram of a gas turbine engine<ref>http://www.paperjet.net/turbine_engines.php</ref>]]
Internal combustion heat engines work on the principle of the [[ideal gas law]]: <m>pV=nRT</m>. Raising the temperature of a gas increases the pressure that makes the gas want to expand. An internal combustion engine has a chamber, which has fuel added to it which ignites in order to raise the temperature of the gas.
When heat is added to the system, it forces gas inside to expand. With a piston engine, this causes the piston to rise (see figure 1), and with a gas turbine, the hot air is forced into the turbine chamber, turning the turbine. By attaching the piston or turbine to a [[camshaft]], the engine is able to convert a portion of the energy input to the system into useful work. To compress the piston in an intermittent combustion engine, the engine exhausts the gas. A heat sink is then used to keep the system running at a consistent temperature. A gas turbine, which uses continuous combustion, simply exhausts its gas continuously rather than in a cycle.

==Pistons vs turbines==
An engine that uses a piston is called an intermittent combustion engine, whereas one that uses a turbine is called a continuous combustion engine. The difference in mechanics is obvious due to the names, but difference in use is less obvious. A piston engine is extremely responsive, in comparison to a turbine, as well as more fuel-efficient at low outputs. This makes them ideal for use in vehicles, as they also start up more quickly. Conversely, a turbine has superior power-to-weight ratio compared to a piston engine, and its design allows for more reliability at continuous high outputs. A turbine also works far better than a naturally-aspirated piston engine at high altitudes and cold temperatures. This light weight, reliability, and high altitude capability makes turbines the engine of choice for airplanes. Turbines are also commonly used at power plants for electricity generation.

==Four-stroke engine==
[[File:4StrokeEngine.gif|framed|right|Figure 2. 4-stroke internal combustion engine. 1:fuel injection, 2:ignition, 3:expansion(work is done), 4:exhaust<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#mediaviewer/File:4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif</ref>]]
While there are many, many kinds of internal combustion engines, the four-stroke piston engine (figure 2) is one of the most common, used in cars, trucks, and some motorbikes, among other vehicles. A four stroke engines delivers one power stroke for every two cycles of the piston. There is an animation above of a four-stroke engine, and further explanation of the process below.

# Fuel is injected into the chamber.
# The fuel catches fire (this happens differently in a [[diesel engine]] than a [[gasoline engine]].
# This fire pushes the piston which is the useful motion.
# The waste chemicals, usually this is mostly water and [[carbon dioxide]].

==References==
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