Iron - Revision history

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	[[Category:Done 2016-04-30]]		[[Category:Done 2016-12-31]]
	[[File:IRON.png\|200px\|thumb\|Figure 1. Iron, with [[atomic number]] 26 and [[atomic weight]] of 55.845.<ref name=jl/>]]		[[File:IRON.png\|200px\|thumb\|Figure 1. Iron, with [[atomic number]] 26 and [[atomic weight]] of 55.845.<ref name=jl/>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Iron''' ('''Fe''') is the 26<sup>th</sup> [[element]] on the [[periodic table of elements\|periodic table]] and has been used by humans for over 5000 years.<ref name=jl>Jefferson Labs. (Accessed February 17, 2016). ''The Element Iron'' [online], Available: http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele026.html</ref> It is one of the most abundant [[metal]]s on Earth, making up 5.6% of the Earth's [[cross section of the Earth\|crust]] and nearly all of the Earth's core.</onlyinclude>		<onlyinclude>'''Iron''' ('''Fe''') is the 26<sup>th</sup> [[element]] on the [[periodic table of elements\|periodic table]] and has been used by humans for over 5000 years.<ref name=jl>Jefferson Labs. (Accessed February 17, 2016). ''The Element Iron'' [online], Available: http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele026.html</ref> It is one of the most abundant [[metal]]s on Earth, making up 5.6% of the Earth's [[cross section of the Earth\|crust]] and nearly all of the Earth's core.</onlyinclude>
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	==Magnetic properties==		==Magnetic properties==

	Iron is one of the few elements that exhibits ''ferromagnetism''. Iron's molecular structure is such that there exist '''domains''' of [[electron]]s that line up their spins, resulting in highly localized [[magnetic field]]s. These domains are often randomly oriented however, so the bulk material displays no magnetic properties. The interesting characteristic of the material occurs when an external magnetic field is applied to the iron, causing these domains to line up with one another, and the material is said to be [[magnet]]ized.<ref name=hyp>Hyperphysics. (Accessed March 12, 2016). ''Ferromagnetism'' [Online], Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html</ref>		Iron is one of the few elements that exhibits ''[[ferromagnetism]]''. Iron's molecular structure is such that there exist '''domains''' of [[electron]]s that line up their spins, resulting in highly localized [[magnetic field]]s. These domains are often randomly oriented however, so the bulk material displays no magnetic properties. The interesting characteristic of the material occurs when an external magnetic field is applied to the iron, causing these domains to line up with one another, and the material is said to be [[magnet]]ized.<ref name=hyp>Hyperphysics. (Accessed March 12, 2016). ''Ferromagnetism'' [Online], Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html</ref>

	Ferromagnetic materials such as iron are highly useful in everyday life, as well as in specialized applications. Common uses include [[electric motor]]s, [[generator]]s, [[transformer]]s, telephones, and speakers.<ref>Encyclopaedia Brittanica. (Accessed March 12, 2016). ''ferromagnetism'' [Online], Available: http://www.britannica.com/science/ferromagnetism</ref>		Ferromagnetic materials such as iron are highly useful in everyday life, as well as in specialized applications. Common uses include [[electric motor]]s, [[generator]]s, [[transformer]]s, telephones, and speakers.<ref>Encyclopaedia Brittanica. (Accessed March 12, 2016). ''ferromagnetism'' [Online], Available: http://www.britannica.com/science/ferromagnetism</ref>
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	The iron group (from [[chromium]] to [[nickel]]) contains the most stable [[isotope]]s of all elements, having the highest [[binding energy per nucleon]].<Ref>Hyperphysics. (Accessed March 12, 2016). ''The Most Tightly Bound Nuclei'' [Online], Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nucbin2.html</ref> The significance of this is critical to the abundances of these metals in the universe, as well as the production of all heavier elements which are created from supernovae. [[Nuclear fusion in the Sun\|Nuclear fusion in heavy stars]] is halted by these stable elements, since the fusion process can no longer exert any more energy, causing stellar collapse and triggering supernovae.<ref>Hyperphyics. (Accessed March 12, 2016). ''Nuclear synthesis'' [Online], Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/nucsyn.html#c1</ref>		The iron group (from [[chromium]] to [[nickel]]) contains the most stable [[isotope]]s of all elements, having the highest [[binding energy per nucleon]].<Ref>Hyperphysics. (Accessed March 12, 2016). ''The Most Tightly Bound Nuclei'' [Online], Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nucbin2.html</ref> The significance of this is critical to the abundances of these metals in the universe, as well as the production of all heavier elements which are created from supernovae. [[Nuclear fusion in the Sun\|Nuclear fusion in heavy stars]] is halted by these stable elements, since the fusion process can no longer exert any more energy, causing stellar collapse and triggering supernovae.<ref>Hyperphyics. (Accessed March 12, 2016). ''Nuclear synthesis'' [Online], Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/nucsyn.html#c1</ref>

			==Video==
			The video below is from the University of Nottingham's [http://www.periodicvideos.com/ periodic videos project].<ref>See more videos from the University of Nottingham on different elements here: http://www.periodicvideos.com/</ref> They have created a complete suite of short videos on every element on the [[periodic table of elements]].

			<html>
			<iframe width="816" height="459" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/euQUgp5AY-Y" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
			</html>

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

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Jhanania at 19:49, 23 May 2016

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[[Category:Done 2016-04-30]]
[[File:IRON.png|200px|thumb|Figure 1. Iron, with [[atomic number]] 26 and [[atomic weight]] of 55.845.<ref name=jl/>]]
<onlyinclude>'''Iron''' ('''Fe''') is the 26th [[element]] on the [[periodic table of elements|periodic table]] and has been used by humans for over 5000 years.<ref name=jl>Jefferson Labs. (Accessed February 17, 2016). ''The Element Iron'' [online], Available: http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele026.html</ref> It is one of the most abundant [[metal]]s on Earth, making up 5.6% of the Earth's [[cross section of the Earth|crust]] and nearly all of the Earth's core.</onlyinclude>

Some useful properties of iron include:<Ref name=jl/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''[[Atomic weight]]''' || 55.845
|-
| '''[[Density]]''' (at 0oC) || 7.874 [[gram|g]]/[[meter|cm3]]
|-
| '''[[Boiling point]]''' || 3134 [[Kelvin|K]]
|-
| '''[[Melting point]]''' || 1811 K
|-
| '''[[Embodied energy]]'''<ref name=unep>UNEP. (August 19, 2015). ''Environmental Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles'' [Online]. Available: https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/3_Environmental_Challenges_Metals-Full%20Report_36dpi_130923.pdf#96</ref> || 20-25 [[megajoule|MJ]]/[[kilogram|kg]]
|}

Iron has played a key role in humanity's history, as those who could manipulate it to craft weapons, tools, and other materials gained economic and political power.<ref name=rsc>Royal Society of Chemistry. (Accessed February 17, 2016) [Online], Available: http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/26/iron</ref> In modern society iron is the most important of all metals, as it is used to craft different types of [[steel]] which is used in a diverse array of applications. Steel is used to make paperclips, skyscrapers, and everything in between.<Ref name=jl/>

Iron is also an important element in plant and animal life. In plants it plays a role in the creation of chlorophyll, and in humans it plays a crucial role in the vascular system.

==Energy use of iron in society==
[[File:rebar.png|250px|thumb|Figure 2. Rebar, short for 'reinforcing bar', is made from iron (not pure iron, but its alloy, steel), is used to reinforce concrete.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_060616-N-9712C-009_Steelworker_3rd_Class_Robert_Sprague_ties_together_rebar_before_a_concrete_placement_on_a_bridge_project.jpg</ref>]]
Iron makes up 95% of all metal tonnage produced worldwide, with over 500 million [[tonne]]s of new iron and 300 million tonnes of recycled iron being output each year.<Ref name=lt>Lenntech. (Accessed February 17, 2016). ''Iron (Fe)'' [Online], Available: http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/fe.htm</ref> This output of iron is possible due to the enormous [[reserve]]s of iron on Earth, exceeding 100 billion tonnes. Most mining occurs in China, Brazil, Australia, Russia, and the Ukraine.

Around 18% of the world's [[industrial energy use]] goes into the mining, processing and manufacturing of iron and steel products.<ref>IEA (2014), "''World energy balances''", IEA World Energy Statistics and Balances (database). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00512-en
(Accessed February 2015)</ref> In terms of the actual [[energy]], it uses about 19 of the 106 exajoules (1019 [[joule]]s) input into the industrial sector each year.

Iron has an [[embodied energy]] of 20-25 [[joule|megajoules]] per [[kilogram]] (MJ/kg),<ref name=unep>UNEP. (August 19, 2015). ''Environmental Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles'' [Online]. Available: https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/3_Environmental_Challenges_Metals-Full%20Report_36dpi_130923.pdf#96</ref> which is the [[energy]] required to extract, refine, and process it. This puts the yearly energy use of attaining iron in the ballpark of 10 exajoules.

To learn more about what happens to iron once it is mined, see: '''[[Steel]]'''

==Magnetic properties==

Iron is one of the few elements that exhibits ''ferromagnetism''. Iron's molecular structure is such that there exist '''domains''' of [[electron]]s that line up their spins, resulting in highly localized [[magnetic field]]s. These domains are often randomly oriented however, so the bulk material displays no magnetic properties. The interesting characteristic of the material occurs when an external magnetic field is applied to the iron, causing these domains to line up with one another, and the material is said to be [[magnet]]ized.<ref name=hyp>Hyperphysics. (Accessed March 12, 2016). ''Ferromagnetism'' [Online], Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html</ref>

Ferromagnetic materials such as iron are highly useful in everyday life, as well as in specialized applications. Common uses include [[electric motor]]s, [[generator]]s, [[transformer]]s, telephones, and speakers.<ref>Encyclopaedia Brittanica. (Accessed March 12, 2016). ''ferromagnetism'' [Online], Available: http://www.britannica.com/science/ferromagnetism</ref>

==Nuclear stability==

The iron group (from [[chromium]] to [[nickel]]) contains the most stable [[isotope]]s of all elements, having the highest [[binding energy per nucleon]].<Ref>Hyperphysics. (Accessed March 12, 2016). ''The Most Tightly Bound Nuclei'' [Online], Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nucbin2.html</ref> The significance of this is critical to the abundances of these metals in the universe, as well as the production of all heavier elements which are created from supernovae. [[Nuclear fusion in the Sun|Nuclear fusion in heavy stars]] is halted by these stable elements, since the fusion process can no longer exert any more energy, causing stellar collapse and triggering supernovae.<ref>Hyperphyics. (Accessed March 12, 2016). ''Nuclear synthesis'' [Online], Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/nucsyn.html#c1</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}