Isotope separation - Revision history

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	[[Category:Done ~~2017~~-07-01]]		[[Category:Done 2019-09-05]]
	[[File:600px-Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. Cascade of centrifuges used to produce enriched uranium.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (June 17, 2015). ''Gas Centrifuge Cascade'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg#/media/File:Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:600px-Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. Cascade of centrifuges used to produce enriched uranium.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (June 17, 2015). ''Gas Centrifuge Cascade'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg#/media/File:Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg</ref>]]

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	==General==		==General==
	The theory behind isotope separation lies within the different physical properties between isotopes related to their respective masses.<ref name="r1">Stelio Villani. (May 16, 2016). ''Isotope Separation''. Hinsdale, Il, U.S.A: The American Nuclear Society, 1976.</ref> Because the different isotopes will have different weights due to a different number of neutrons, they will have different reactions to certain [[chemical]] and physical processes. These differences are exploited in order to separate the isotopes. These differences include varying rates of reaction ([[gaseous diffusion]]), where in one isotope will have a faster rate of reaction than another and can therefore be isolated after it has undergone the process, but before the slower isotope has. Others include the manipulation of the isotopes mass through different processes which will achieve separation ([[Gas centrifuge]]).		The theory behind isotope separation lies within the different physical properties between isotopes related to their respective masses.<ref name="r1">Stelio Villani. (May 16, 2016). ''Isotope Separation''. Hinsdale, Il, U.S.A: The American Nuclear Society, 1976.</ref> Because the different isotopes will have different weights due to a different number of neutrons, they will have different reactions to certain [[chemical]] and physical processes. These differences are exploited in order to separate the isotopes. These differences include varying rates of reaction ([[Gaseous diffusion uranium enrichment\|gaseous diffusion]]), where in one isotope will have a faster rate of reaction than another and can therefore be isolated after it has undergone the process, but before the slower isotope has. Others include the manipulation of the isotopes mass through different processes which will achieve separation ([[Gas centrifuge for uranium enrichment\|Gas centrifuge]]).

	==Examples==		==Examples==

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	[[Category:Done ~~2016~~-04-30]] [[File:600px-Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. Cascade of centrifuges used to produce enriched uranium.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (June 17, 2015). ''Gas Centrifuge Cascade'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg#/media/File:Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg</ref>]]		[[Category:Done 2017-07-01]]
			[[File:600px-Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. Cascade of centrifuges used to produce enriched uranium.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (June 17, 2015). ''Gas Centrifuge Cascade'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg#/media/File:Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg</ref>]]

	~~Atoms~~ are the building blocks of matter, and within those atoms are subatomic particles: [[proton]]s, [[neutron]]s and [[electron]]s. Protons and neutrons are located in the atoms [[nucleus]] and the electrons fly around it. Elements change based on how many protons they contain. For example, the first element on the [[Periodic table of elements\|periodic table]] is [[Hydrogen\|hydrogen]] who's atom (more precisely its nucleus) contains one single proton. The second element found on the table is [[Helium\|helium]] which contains two protons. Now, the nucleus of an element can have changing amounts of neutrons but it will not change element as long as the number of protons stays the same. These elements with varying numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons are called isotopes. Isotopes of an element all react chemically the same, this is because they are the same element. The only thing that makes them different is their different ~~masses~~ due to the different numbers of neutrons.		[[Atom]]s are the building blocks of [[matter]], and within those atoms are subatomic particles: [[proton]]s, [[neutron]]s and [[electron]]s. Protons and neutrons are located in the atoms [[nucleus]] and the electrons fly around it. Elements change based on how many protons they contain. For example, the first element on the [[Periodic table of elements\|periodic table]] is [[Hydrogen\|hydrogen]] who's atom (more precisely its nucleus) contains one single proton. The second element found on the table is [[Helium\|helium]] which contains two protons. Now, the nucleus of an element can have changing amounts of neutrons but it will not change element as long as the number of protons stays the same. These elements with varying numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons are called isotopes. Isotopes of an element all react chemically the same, this is because they are the same element. The only thing that makes them different is their different [[mass]]es due to the different numbers of neutrons.

	<onlyinclude>'''Isotope separation''' is a process of [[element]] enrichment by the physical separation of [[isotope]]s in a substance.</onlyinclude> Naturally occurring elements in the earth are often found in ores or in other such amalgamations which contain multiple different isotopes of the certain element. This can raise problems for the applicable uses of certain elements due to the fact that not all of the isotopes are useful. For this reason isotope separation is needed to purify or enrich the required isotope for economic use.		<onlyinclude>'''Isotope separation''' is a process of [[element]] enrichment by the physical separation of [[isotope]]s in a substance.</onlyinclude> Naturally occurring elements in the earth are often found in ores or in other such amalgamations which contain multiple different isotopes of the certain element. This can raise problems for the applicable uses of certain elements due to the fact that not all of the isotopes are useful. For this reason isotope separation is needed to purify or enrich the required isotope for economic use.

	==General==		==General==
	The theory behind isotope separation lies within the different physical properties between isotopes related to their respective masses.<ref name="r1">Stelio Villani. (May 16, 2016). ''Isotope Separation''. Hinsdale, Il, U.S.A: The American Nuclear Society, 1976.</ref> Because the different isotopes will have different weights due to a different number of neutrons, they will have different reactions to certain chemical and physical processes. These differences are exploited in order to separate the isotopes. These differences include varying rates of reaction ([[gaseous diffusion]]), where in one isotope will have a faster rate of reaction than another and can therefore be isolated after it has undergone the process, but before the slower isotope has. Others include the manipulation of the isotopes mass through different processes which will achieve separation ([[~~Gaseous centrifuge\|gaseous~~ centrifuge]]).		The theory behind isotope separation lies within the different physical properties between isotopes related to their respective masses.<ref name="r1">Stelio Villani. (May 16, 2016). ''Isotope Separation''. Hinsdale, Il, U.S.A: The American Nuclear Society, 1976.</ref> Because the different isotopes will have different weights due to a different number of neutrons, they will have different reactions to certain [[chemical]] and physical processes. These differences are exploited in order to separate the isotopes. These differences include varying rates of reaction ([[gaseous diffusion]]), where in one isotope will have a faster rate of reaction than another and can therefore be isolated after it has undergone the process, but before the slower isotope has. Others include the manipulation of the isotopes mass through different processes which will achieve separation ([[Gas centrifuge]]).

	==Examples==		==Examples==
	===Girdler Sulfide Process===		===Girdler Sulfide Process===
	:''[[Heavy water\|main article]]''		:''[[Heavy water\|main article]]''
	The Girdler Sulfide Process is a form of purifying [[Heavy water\|heavy water]] (deuterium), from natural water. Heavy water is needed for the nuclear industry in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors such as the [[CANDU reactor\|CANDU]]. The heavy water acts as a moderator for nuclear fission. In the Girdler Sulfide Process heavy water is extracted from natural water through a chemical reaction that exchanges deuterium between H<sub>2</sub>S and water.		The Girdler Sulfide Process is a form of purifying [[Heavy water\|heavy water]] (deuterium), from natural [[water]]. Heavy water is needed for the nuclear industry in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors such as the [[CANDU reactor\|CANDU]]. The heavy water acts as a [[neutron moderator]] for [[nuclear fission]]. In the Girdler Sulfide Process heavy water is extracted from natural water through a chemical reaction that exchanges deuterium between H<sub>2</sub>S and water.

	===Uranium Enrichment===		===Uranium Enrichment===
	:''[[Uranium enrichment\|main article]]''		:''[[Uranium enrichment\|main article]]''
	In uranium enrichment, <sup>235</sup>U is separated from <sup>238</sup>U in order to create a concentration high enough for nuclear fuel to sustain fission. Uranium enrichment generally utilizes physical processes in order to do this.		In uranium enrichment, <sup>235</sup>U is separated from <sup>238</sup>U in order to create a concentration high enough for [[nuclear fuel]] to sustain fission. Uranium enrichment generally utilizes physical processes in order to do this.

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported: From the summer

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[[Category:Done 2016-04-30]] [[File:600px-Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg|400px|framed|right|Figure 1. Cascade of centrifuges used to produce enriched uranium.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (June 17, 2015). ''Gas Centrifuge Cascade'' [Online]. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg#/media/File:Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg</ref>]]

Atoms are the building blocks of matter, and within those atoms are subatomic particles: [[proton]]s, [[neutron]]s and [[electron]]s. Protons and neutrons are located in the atoms [[nucleus]] and the electrons fly around it. Elements change based on how many protons they contain. For example, the first element on the [[Periodic table of elements|periodic table]] is [[Hydrogen|hydrogen]] who's atom (more precisely its nucleus) contains one single proton. The second element found on the table is [[Helium|helium]] which contains two protons. Now, the nucleus of an element can have changing amounts of neutrons but it will not change element as long as the number of protons stays the same. These elements with varying numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons are called isotopes. Isotopes of an element all react chemically the same, this is because they are the same element. The only thing that makes them different is their different masses due to the different numbers of neutrons.

<onlyinclude>'''Isotope separation''' is a process of [[element]] enrichment by the physical separation of [[isotope]]s in a substance.</onlyinclude> Naturally occurring elements in the earth are often found in ores or in other such amalgamations which contain multiple different isotopes of the certain element. This can raise problems for the applicable uses of certain elements due to the fact that not all of the isotopes are useful. For this reason isotope separation is needed to purify or enrich the required isotope for economic use.

==General==
The theory behind isotope separation lies within the different physical properties between isotopes related to their respective masses.<ref name="r1">Stelio Villani. (May 16, 2016). ''Isotope Separation''. Hinsdale, Il, U.S.A: The American Nuclear Society, 1976.</ref> Because the different isotopes will have different weights due to a different number of neutrons, they will have different reactions to certain chemical and physical processes. These differences are exploited in order to separate the isotopes. These differences include varying rates of reaction ([[gaseous diffusion]]), where in one isotope will have a faster rate of reaction than another and can therefore be isolated after it has undergone the process, but before the slower isotope has. Others include the manipulation of the isotopes mass through different processes which will achieve separation ([[Gaseous centrifuge|gaseous centrifuge]]).

==Examples==
===Girdler Sulfide Process===
:''[[Heavy water|main article]]''
The Girdler Sulfide Process is a form of purifying [[Heavy water|heavy water]] (deuterium), from natural water. Heavy water is needed for the nuclear industry in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors such as the [[CANDU reactor|CANDU]]. The heavy water acts as a moderator for nuclear fission. In the Girdler Sulfide Process heavy water is extracted from natural water through a chemical reaction that exchanges deuterium between H2S and water.

===Uranium Enrichment===
:''[[Uranium enrichment|main article]]''
In uranium enrichment, 235U is separated from 238U in order to create a concentration high enough for nuclear fuel to sustain fission. Uranium enrichment generally utilizes physical processes in order to do this.

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]