Kerosene - Revision history

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	[[Category:Lecture 2B Energy around the world]]		[[Category:Lecture 2B Energy around the world]]
	[[Category:Done ~~2017~~-07-01]]		[[Category:Done 2026-08-01]]
	[[category:371 topics]]		[[category:371 topics]]
	[[File:185px-Kerosene_bottle.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A bottle of blue-dyed kerosene.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 20, 2015). ''Kerosene Bottle'' [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene#/media/File:Kerosene_bottle.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:185px-Kerosene_bottle.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A bottle of blue-dyed kerosene.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 20, 2015). ''Kerosene Bottle'' [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene#/media/File:Kerosene_bottle.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Kerosene''' is a [[flammable]] liquid mixture of ~~chemicals that are~~ produced in the [[fractional distillation\|distillation]] of [[crude oil]]. To produce kerosene, crude oil is distilled in a distillation tower in a process similar to that used to produce [[diesel]] and [[gasoline]].</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Health Protection Agency. (May 20, 2015). ''Compendium of Chemical Hazards: Kerosene (Fuel Oil).'' [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/ipcs/emergencies/kerosene.pdf</ref> It is a medium weight distillate in the refining process~~, and~~ can ~~be produced~~ by distilling crude oil (~~here it is~~ known as '''straight run kerosene''') or by [[hydrocarbon cracking]] heavier petroleum (~~here it is~~ known as '''cracked kerosene'''). The chemical composition of kerosene is ~~fairly~~ complex, ~~and it is a complex mixture~~ of [[paraffin]]s (55.2%), [[naphthene]]s (40.9%), and [[aromatic hydrocarbon]]s (3.9%). Kerosene ~~tends to contain [[hydrocarbon]]s that have anywhere~~ from 11 to 13 carbons ~~in the chains~~.<ref>Stephen Marshak. (May 21, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> Liquid kerosene fuels contain potentially harmful compounds, including [[hexane]] and [[benzene]].<ref name="RE2"/>		<onlyinclude>'''Kerosene''' is a [[flammable]] liquid mixture of [[Hydrocarbon\|hydrocarbons]] produced the [[fractional distillation\|distillation]] of [[crude oil]]. To produce kerosene, crude oil is distilled in a distillation tower using a process similar to that used to produce [[diesel\|diesel fuel]] and [[gasoline]].</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Health Protection Agency. (May 20, 2015). ''Compendium of Chemical Hazards: Kerosene (Fuel Oil).'' [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/ipcs/emergencies/kerosene.pdf</ref> Kerosene is a medium-weight distillate produced during the refining process. It can obtained either by directly distilling crude oil (known as '''straight run kerosene''') or by [[hydrocarbon cracking\|hydrocracking]] heavier petroleum fractions (known as '''cracked kerosene'''). The chemical composition of kerosene is complex, consisting primarily of [[paraffin]]s (55.2%), [[naphthene]]s (40.9%), and [[aromatic hydrocarbon]]s (3.9%). Kerosene typically contains hydrocarbons with carbon chains ranging from 11 to 13 carbons atoms.<ref>Stephen Marshak. (May 21, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> Liquid kerosene fuels may contain potentially harmful compounds, including [[hexane]] and [[benzene]].<ref name="RE2"/>

	==Uses==		==Uses==
	Kerosene is ~~a major~~ component of [[jet fuel\|aviation ~~fuel~~]], ~~making up~~ more than 60% of ~~the~~ [[fuel]]. In addition, it can be used as an ~~oil~~ in central heating systems and ~~can be used~~ as a cleaning ~~agent~~.<ref name="RE1"/>		Kerosene is the primary component of most [[jet fuel\|aviation turbine fuels]], accounting for more than 60% of global jet [[fuel]] consumption. In addition, kerosene can be used as an fuel in central heating systems and as a cleaning solvent.<ref name="RE1"/>

	Although ~~the~~ use ~~of kerosene~~ in many ~~places has decreased over the years as a result~~ of improved [[access to electricity]] and [[natural gas]], it is still used extensively in ~~the~~ developing ~~world~~ for cooking, heating, and [[lighting]].<ref name="RE1"/> Kerosene cooking ~~is extensive~~ in developing countries, ~~especially among~~ [[urban population]]s. Kerosene is often ~~seen~~ as a ~~good~~ alternative to solid fuels, [[biomass]], and [[coal]] ~~and thus~~ [[~~kerosene~~ lantern]]s are used in ~~places where~~ access to electricity ~~is not available~~. It is estimated that ~~globally~~ 500 million households use fuels such as kerosene for lighting.<ref name="RE2">M.Bates, A.Gauthier, N. Lam, K.Smith. (May 21, 2015). ''Kerosene: A Review of Household Uses and their Hazards in Low- and Middle-Income Countries'' [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664014/</ref>		Although kerosene use has declined in many regions because of improved [[access to electricity]] and cleaner fuels such as [[natural gas]], it is still used extensively in many developing countries for cooking, heating, and [[lighting]].<ref name="RE1"/> Kerosene is widely used for cooking in many developing countries, particularly in [[urban population\|urban area]]s. Kerosene is often used as a alternative to solid fuels such as [[biomass]], and [[coal]]. [[Kerosene lantern]]s are also commonly used in areas without reliable access to electricity. It is estimated that approximately 500 million households worldwide use fuels such as kerosene for lighting.<ref name="RE2">M.Bates, A.Gauthier, N. Lam, K.Smith. (May 21, 2015). ''Kerosene: A Review of Household Uses and their Hazards in Low- and Middle-Income Countries'' [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664014/</ref>

	For more information on the importance of access to ~~non-solid~~ fuels, click [[access to non-solid fuel\|here]].		For more information on the importance of access to clean cooking fuels, click [[access to non-solid fuel\|here]].

	==Health Risks==		==Health Risks==
	The use of kerosene as an ~~oil~~ in heaters can be dangerous and ~~because of that~~ it is not used ~~frequently~~. When ~~operating~~, kerosene heaters can ~~cause degradation of~~ [[air quality]] ~~inside a home while producing~~ toxic and [[carcinogen\|carcinogenic]] [[gas\|gases]]. ~~Because of this~~, kerosene is ~~not actively~~ used in home heating in most developed countries.<ref name="galb">Gordon Aubrecht. (May 21, 2015). ''Energy: Physical, Environmental, and Social Impact'', 3rd ed. San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.: Pearson, 2006.</ref>		The use of kerosene as an fuel in heaters can be dangerous, and as a result it is not commonly used. When in operation, kerosene heaters can reduce indoor [[air quality]] by emitting toxic and [[carcinogen\|carcinogenic]] [[gas\|gases]]. As a result, kerosene is no longer widely used for home heating in most developed countries.<ref name="galb">Gordon Aubrecht. (May 21, 2015). ''Energy: Physical, Environmental, and Social Impact'', 3rd ed. San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.: Pearson, 2006.</ref>

	In developing countries, the widespread use of kerosene ~~comes~~ with ~~numerous different issues~~. Hazards of kerosene use include poisoning, fires, and explosions. ~~As well~~, some kerosene lamps emit fine ~~particulates~~, [[carbon monoxide]], ~~nitric~~ oxides ([[NOx]]), and sulfur dioxide ~~when~~ [[combustion~~\|burned~~]]. These ~~by-products~~ may reduce lung function and increase ~~risks~~ of asthma and ~~cancer~~.<ref name="RE2"/> ~~Taking into account~~ the risks ~~of using~~ kerosene, cleaner ~~alternatives to kerosene~~ technologies for lighting and cooking should be ~~investigated~~ - ~~although kerosene is still a safer option in many cases than using solid fuels.~~		In many developing countries, the widespread use of kerosene is associated with several health and safety risks. Hazards associated with kerosene use include poisoning, fires, and explosions. In addition, some kerosene lamps emit fine particulate matter, [[carbon monoxide]], nitrogen oxides ([[NOx]]), and sulfur dioxide during [[combustion]]. These emissions may reduce lung function and increase the risk of respiratory disease, asthma, and certain cancers.<ref name="RE2"/> Given the health and safety risks associated with kerosene, cleaner fuels and technologies for lighting and cooking should be adopted wherever they are available and affordable.<ref>World Health Organization. (2025). ''Household air pollution'' [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health</ref>

	==Climate Issues==		==Climate Issues==
	~~Generally speaking~~, kerosene lamps are inefficient and produce harmful by-products of combustion ~~when used~~. When kerosene is burned in wick lamps, ~~about~~ 7-9% of the ~~kerosene~~ consumed is converted to particulate matter ~~that is~~ almost entirely [[black carbon]] - a harmful ~~emission~~. ~~When~~ [[wood]] is burned, less than ~~half a percent~~ is ~~turned to~~ black carbon. ~~Reduction of~~ black carbon emissions is ~~marked as a potential~~ way to ~~reduce~~ climate warming~~, and since~~ kerosene lamps are such a ~~major sources~~ of black carbon, ~~limiting~~ their use could ~~be beneficial to the~~ environment. Alternatives to ~~this~~ kerosene ~~use involve more electrification or using cheap~~ LED ~~lamps~~.<ref>Jeffrey Stumpf. (May 25, 2015). ''Climate impacts of kerosene lamps used in developing countries'' [Online]. Available: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2013/1/science-kerosene/</ref>		In general, kerosene lamps are relatively inefficient and produce harmful by-products during combustion. When kerosene is burned in wick lamps, approximately 7-9% of the fuel consumed is converted into particulate matter composed almost entirely of [[black carbon]], a harmful air pollutant. By comparison, when [[wood]] is burned, less than 0.5% of the fuel is converted into black carbon. Reducing black carbon emissions is considered one way to help mitigate climate warming. Because kerosene wick lamps are such a significant source of black carbon emissions, reducing their use could provide environment benefits. Alternatives to kerosene lighting include expanding access to electricity and replacing kerosene lamps with affordable LED lighting.<ref>Jeffrey Stumpf. (May 25, 2015). ''Climate impacts of kerosene lamps used in developing countries'' [Online]. Available: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2013/1/science-kerosene/</ref>

			== For Further Reading ==

			* [[Fractional distillation\|Distillation]]
			* [[Hydrocarbon cracking]]
			* [[Jet fuel]]
			* [[Kerosene lantern]]
			* Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2017-08-29T01:46:53Z

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Jmdonev at 17:40, 28 July 2017

2017-07-28T17:40:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:40, 28 July 2017
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	[[Category:Lecture 2B Energy around the world]]		[[Category:Lecture 2B Energy around the world]]
	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-07-24]]		[[Category:Done 2017-07-01]]
	[[category:371 topics]]		[[category:371 topics]]
	[[File:185px-Kerosene_bottle.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A bottle of blue-dyed kerosene.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 20, 2015). ''Kerosene Bottle'' [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene#/media/File:Kerosene_bottle.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:185px-Kerosene_bottle.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A bottle of blue-dyed kerosene.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 20, 2015). ''Kerosene Bottle'' [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene#/media/File:Kerosene_bottle.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Kerosene''' is a [[flammable]] liquid mixture of chemicals that are produced in the [[fractional distillation\|distillation]] of [[crude oil]]. To produce kerosene, crude oil is distilled in a distillation tower in a process similar to that used to produce [[diesel]] and [[gasoline]].</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Health Protection Agency. (May 20, 2015). ''Compendium of Chemical Hazards: Kerosene (Fuel Oil).'' [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/ipcs/emergencies/kerosene.pdf</ref> It is a medium weight distillate in the refining process, and can be produced by distilling crude oil (here it is known as '''straight run kerosene''') or by [[cracking]] heavier petroleum (here it is known as '''cracked kerosene'''). The chemical composition of kerosene is fairly complex, and it is a complex mixture of [[paraffin]]s (55.2%), [[naphthene]]s (40.9%), and [[~~aromatics~~]] (3.9%). Kerosene tends to contain [[hydrocarbon]]s that have anywhere from 11 to 13 carbons in the chains.<ref>Stephen Marshak. (May 21, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> Liquid kerosene fuels contain potentially harmful compounds, including [[hexane]] and [[benzene]].<ref name="RE2"/>		<onlyinclude>'''Kerosene''' is a [[flammable]] liquid mixture of chemicals that are produced in the [[fractional distillation\|distillation]] of [[crude oil]]. To produce kerosene, crude oil is distilled in a distillation tower in a process similar to that used to produce [[diesel]] and [[gasoline]].</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Health Protection Agency. (May 20, 2015). ''Compendium of Chemical Hazards: Kerosene (Fuel Oil).'' [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/ipcs/emergencies/kerosene.pdf</ref> It is a medium weight distillate in the refining process, and can be produced by distilling crude oil (here it is known as '''straight run kerosene''') or by [[hydrocarbon cracking]] heavier petroleum (here it is known as '''cracked kerosene'''). The chemical composition of kerosene is fairly complex, and it is a complex mixture of [[paraffin]]s (55.2%), [[naphthene]]s (40.9%), and [[aromatic hydrocarbon]]s (3.9%). Kerosene tends to contain [[hydrocarbon]]s that have anywhere from 11 to 13 carbons in the chains.<ref>Stephen Marshak. (May 21, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> Liquid kerosene fuels contain potentially harmful compounds, including [[hexane]] and [[benzene]].<ref name="RE2"/>

	==Uses==		==Uses==
	Kerosene is a major component of [[aviation fuel]], making up more than 60% of the [[fuel]]. In addition, it can be used as an oil in central heating systems and can be used as a cleaning agent.<ref name="RE1"/>		Kerosene is a major component of [[jet fuel\|aviation fuel]], making up more than 60% of the [[fuel]]. In addition, it can be used as an oil in central heating systems and can be used as a cleaning agent.<ref name="RE1"/>

	Although the use of kerosene in many places has decreased over the years as a result of improved [[access to electricity]] and [[natural gas]], it is still used extensively in the developing world for cooking, heating, and [[lighting]].<ref name="RE1"/> Kerosene cooking is extensive in developing countries, especially among [[urban population]]s. Kerosene is often seen as a good alternative to solid fuels, [[biomass]], and [[coal]] and thus [[kerosene lantern]]s are used in places where access to electricity is not available. It is estimated that globally 500 million households use fuels such as kerosene for lighting.<ref name="RE2">M.Bates, A.Gauthier, N. Lam, K.Smith. (May 21, 2015). ''Kerosene: A Review of Household Uses and their Hazards in Low- and Middle-Income Countries'' [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664014/</ref>		Although the use of kerosene in many places has decreased over the years as a result of improved [[access to electricity]] and [[natural gas]], it is still used extensively in the developing world for cooking, heating, and [[lighting]].<ref name="RE1"/> Kerosene cooking is extensive in developing countries, especially among [[urban population]]s. Kerosene is often seen as a good alternative to solid fuels, [[biomass]], and [[coal]] and thus [[kerosene lantern]]s are used in places where access to electricity is not available. It is estimated that globally 500 million households use fuels such as kerosene for lighting.<ref name="RE2">M.Bates, A.Gauthier, N. Lam, K.Smith. (May 21, 2015). ''Kerosene: A Review of Household Uses and their Hazards in Low- and Middle-Income Countries'' [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664014/</ref>

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:30:42Z

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J.williams at 22:43, 11 August 2015

2015-08-11T22:43:58Z

New page

[[Category:Lecture 2B Energy around the world]]
[[Category:Done 2015-07-24]]
[[category:371 topics]]
[[File:185px-Kerosene_bottle.jpg|400px|framed|right|Figure 1. A bottle of blue-dyed kerosene.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 20, 2015). ''Kerosene Bottle'' [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene#/media/File:Kerosene_bottle.jpg</ref>]]
<onlyinclude>'''Kerosene''' is a [[flammable]] liquid mixture of chemicals that are produced in the [[fractional distillation|distillation]] of [[crude oil]]. To produce kerosene, crude oil is distilled in a distillation tower in a process similar to that used to produce [[diesel]] and [[gasoline]].</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Health Protection Agency. (May 20, 2015). ''Compendium of Chemical Hazards: Kerosene (Fuel Oil).'' [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/ipcs/emergencies/kerosene.pdf</ref> It is a medium weight distillate in the refining process, and can be produced by distilling crude oil (here it is known as '''straight run kerosene''') or by [[cracking]] heavier petroleum (here it is known as '''cracked kerosene'''). The chemical composition of kerosene is fairly complex, and it is a complex mixture of [[paraffin]]s (55.2%), [[naphthene]]s (40.9%), and [[aromatics]] (3.9%). Kerosene tends to contain [[hydrocarbon]]s that have anywhere from 11 to 13 carbons in the chains.<ref>Stephen Marshak. (May 21, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> Liquid kerosene fuels contain potentially harmful compounds, including [[hexane]] and [[benzene]].<ref name="RE2"/>

==Uses==
Kerosene is a major component of [[aviation fuel]], making up more than 60% of the [[fuel]]. In addition, it can be used as an oil in central heating systems and can be used as a cleaning agent.<ref name="RE1"/>

Although the use of kerosene in many places has decreased over the years as a result of improved [[access to electricity]] and [[natural gas]], it is still used extensively in the developing world for cooking, heating, and [[lighting]].<ref name="RE1"/> Kerosene cooking is extensive in developing countries, especially among [[urban population]]s. Kerosene is often seen as a good alternative to solid fuels, [[biomass]], and [[coal]] and thus [[kerosene lantern]]s are used in places where access to electricity is not available. It is estimated that globally 500 million households use fuels such as kerosene for lighting.<ref name="RE2">M.Bates, A.Gauthier, N. Lam, K.Smith. (May 21, 2015). ''Kerosene: A Review of Household Uses and their Hazards in Low- and Middle-Income Countries'' [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664014/</ref>

For more information on the importance of access to non-solid fuels, click [[access to non-solid fuel|here]].

==Health Risks==
The use of kerosene as an oil in heaters can be dangerous and because of that it is not used frequently. When operating, kerosene heaters can cause degradation of [[air quality]] inside a home while producing toxic and [[carcinogen|carcinogenic]] [[gas|gases]]. Because of this, kerosene is not actively used in home heating in most developed countries.<ref name="galb">Gordon Aubrecht. (May 21, 2015). ''Energy: Physical, Environmental, and Social Impact'', 3rd ed. San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.: Pearson, 2006.</ref>

In developing countries, the widespread use of kerosene comes with numerous different issues. Hazards of kerosene use include poisoning, fires, and explosions. As well, some kerosene lamps emit fine particulates, [[carbon monoxide]], nitric oxides ([[NOx]]), and sulfur dioxide when [[combustion|burned]]. These by-products may reduce lung function and increase risks of asthma and cancer.<ref name="RE2"/> Taking into account the risks of using kerosene, cleaner alternatives to kerosene technologies for lighting and cooking should be investigated - although kerosene is still a safer option in many cases than using solid fuels.

==Climate Issues==
Generally speaking, kerosene lamps are inefficient and produce harmful by-products of combustion when used. When kerosene is burned in wick lamps, about 7-9% of the kerosene consumed is converted to particulate matter that is almost entirely [[black carbon]] - a harmful emission. When [[wood]] is burned, less than half a percent is turned to black carbon. Reduction of black carbon emissions is marked as a potential way to reduce climate warming, and since kerosene lamps are such a major sources of black carbon, limiting their use could be beneficial to the environment. Alternatives to this kerosene use involve more electrification or using cheap LED lamps.<ref>Jeffrey Stumpf. (May 25, 2015). ''Climate impacts of kerosene lamps used in developing countries'' [Online]. Available: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2013/1/science-kerosene/</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]