Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2018-07-21T01:13:04Z

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Jmdonev at 21:26, 18 July 2018

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	[[File:120110011510-solar-light-productivity-kerosene-horizontal-large-gallery.jpg\|350px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A man sewing in a room lit by a [[kerosene lantern]].<ref name = CNN>CNN [[Online, Available: http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/10/tech/innovation/solar-powered-led-lamps/. accessed June 26, 2016.</ref>]]		[[File:120110011510-solar-light-productivity-kerosene-horizontal-large-gallery.jpg\|350px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A man sewing in a room lit by a [[kerosene lantern]].<ref name = CNN>CNN [[Online, Available: http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/10/tech/innovation/solar-powered-led-lamps/. accessed June 26, 2016.</ref>]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported: Doing upload, largely of old redirects.

2018-06-04T16:52:24Z

1 revision imported: Doing upload, largely of old redirects.

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Jmdonev at 18:28, 1 June 2018

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	[[File:120110011510-solar-light-productivity-kerosene-horizontal-large-gallery.jpg\|350px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A man sewing in a room lit by a [[kerosene lantern]].<ref name = CNN>CNN [[Online, Available: http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/10/tech/innovation/solar-powered-led-lamps/. accessed June 26, 2016.</ref>]]		[[File:120110011510-solar-light-productivity-kerosene-horizontal-large-gallery.jpg\|350px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. A man sewing in a room lit by a [[kerosene lantern]].<ref name = CNN>CNN [[Online, Available: http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/10/tech/innovation/solar-powered-led-lamps/. accessed June 26, 2016.</ref>]]

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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
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Jmdonev: 1 revision imported: From the summer

2016-09-17T22:29:29Z

1 revision imported: From the summer

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Jmdonev at 01:44, 23 July 2016

2016-07-23T01:44:30Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2016-04-30]]
[[Category:Cody edit]]
[[File:120110011510-solar-light-productivity-kerosene-horizontal-large-gallery.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Figure 1. A man sewing in a room lit by a [[kerosene lantern]].<ref name = CNN>CNN [[Online, Available: http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/10/tech/innovation/solar-powered-led-lamps/. accessed June 26, 2016.</ref>]]

[[File:120110011627-solar-light-tailor-horizontal-large-gallery.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Figure 2. The same room as figure 1, but lit by an [[LED light bulb]] hooked to a [[solar panel]].<ref name = CNN/>]]
<onlyinclude>'''Leapfrogging''' is the ability of a [[developing countries|developing]] or less developed country to essentially "skip" less efficient and higher [[carbon]]-intensive [[technology|technologies]] during the course of their development. The decreasing cost of high [[efficiency]], low-carbon technologies makes leapfrogging increasingly possible and allows for development and environmental awareness to coincide.</onlyinclude><ref name=IPCC_SRREN> Verbruggen, A., W. Moomaw, J. Nyboer, 2011: Annex I: Glossary, Acronyms, Chemical Symbols and Preﬁxes. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs- Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref>

Making relatively low [[cost]] [[energy]] available to people in developing countries has a positive effect on the lives to the people and society as a whole. The introduction of technologies such as electric cooking platforms powered by [[solar energy]] means that the cost of running the home falls, as the price for solar energy is very low (depending on if it is from the [[grid]] or from a home unit) whereas the price of [[kerosene]] and other [[fuel]]s used for the same purpose can be up to $10 per [[kWh]] in Africa.<ref>The Economist. "The leapfrog continent." [Online], Available: http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21653618-falling-cost-renewable-energy-may-allow-africa-bypass, June 6, 2016 [June 6, 2016].</ref> the ability to cook with [[electricity]] instead of [[fossil fuel]]s also has a positive impact of the health of a family but particularly women and children as they spend the most time in the home. Using electricity rather than fuel to cook eliminates the harm caused by the by-products of [[combustion]] of both liquid fuels such as [[kerosene]] and [[access to non-solid fuel|solid fuels]] such as [[charcoal]]. Figures 1 and 2 show how much of a difference moving from [[kerosene lantern]]s to [[LED light bulb]]s makes. Read more about this at the [[access to electricity]] and [[access to non-solid fuel]] pages.

While sources of energy such as [[hydropower]] could be utilized to great effect in a number for developing countries, the building of [[dam]]s for hydropower is very [[capital | capital intensive]] and relies heavily on the existing grid and infrastructure which are often dated and inefficient. For countries that are unable to secure the capital needed for these projects, the use of technologies such as [[photovoltaic system | photovoltaic]]s can eliminate the cost of building a dam and can be easily scaled to fit the energy consumption of an area, be it a house, a village or a city.

Another good example of leapfrogging is the effect of [[cell phone|mobile phones]] in developing countries. Figures 3 and 4 show that many countries in the world have at least 100 cell phones per 100 people. While this technology still requires some infrastructure such as cellular towers, the overall amount is much less than what would be needed for a traditional land-line telephone system. The use of mobile phones means that the government does not need to spend money developing the infrastructure for land-lines and can focus on other development goals.<ref>J. Amankwah-Amoah. "Solar Energy in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Challenges and Opportunities of Technological Leapfrogging". ''Thunderbird International Business Review'', 57, pp.17.</ref> Furthermore, as the price of mobile phone technology drops the effects are more positive.

Developing countries are implementing [[renewable energy]] sources at higher rate than [[OECD]] countries and this energy is competitive in terms of cost and is also much less harmful to the [[environment]].<ref>J. Doom. "Poor Countries Tap Renewables at Twice the Pace of Rich". [Online], Available: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-28/cost-competitive-clean-energy-installs-surge-in-emerging-nations, Oct. 28, 2014 [June 9, 2016]</ref>

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<iframe width="600" height="371" seamless frameborder="0" scrolling="no" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1a9w15RrqSQ8-dc8_IikC1cocvYe1UjIlZ4gxH6m-sik/pubchart?oid=316682264&format=interactive"></iframe></center>
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Figure 3. Number of cell phones per 100 people in a country in 2014.<ref name = worldbank>Data from Wold Bank, accessed June 26th, 2016 from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&type=metadata&series=IT.CEL.SETS.P2#</ref> Note that if there are more than 100 cell phones per 100 people, the data just lists '100'.

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<iframe width="600" height="371" seamless frameborder="0" scrolling="no" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1a9w15RrqSQ8-dc8_IikC1cocvYe1UjIlZ4gxH6m-sik/pubchart?oid=1411093248&format=interactive"></iframe></center>
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Figure 4. Number of cell phones per 100 people in a country in 2006, note the changes from figure 3.<ref name = worldbank/> Note that if there are more than 100 cell phones per 100 people, the data just lists '100'.
==References==
{{reflist}}

Leapfrogging - Revision history

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

Jmdonev at 21:26, 18 July 2018

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported: Doing upload, largely of old redirects.

Jmdonev at 18:28, 1 June 2018

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported: From the summer

Jmdonev at 01:44, 23 July 2016