Metal - Revision history

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	<onlyinclude>'''Metals''' are a class of elements characterized by a tendency to give up electrons ~~and by~~ good [[thermal conductivity\|thermal]] and [[electrical conductivity]].</onlyinclude> At room [[temperature]] and normal atmospheric [[pressure]], metals tend to be [[solid]]s - except for [[mercury]], which is a [[liquid]]. ~~Along with this, metals~~ are usually [[ductile]], [[malleable]], shiny, and can form alloys with other metals~~. Some common metals are [[iron]] (important for [[steel]]), [[aluminum]], and [[copper]]~~.<ref>J.Kotz, J.Townsend, P.Treichel. (May 12, 2015). ''Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity'', 8th ed. Belmont, CA, U.S.A: Brooks/Cole, 2012.</ref> Metals are tremendously important to a [[high energy society]]: they transport [[electricity]] in the [[electrical grid]], and provide many services.		<onlyinclude>'''Metals''' are a class of elements characterized by a tendency to give up electrons. Metals are good [[thermal conductivity\|thermal]] and [[electrical conductivity\| electrical]] conductors.</onlyinclude> At room [[temperature]] and normal atmospheric [[pressure]], metals tend to be [[solid]]s - except for [[mercury]], which is a [[liquid]]. Metals are usually [[ductile]], [[malleable]], shiny, and can form alloys with other metals. <ref>J.Kotz, J.Townsend, P.Treichel. (May 12, 2015). ''Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity'', 8th ed. Belmont, CA, U.S.A: Brooks/Cole, 2012.</ref> Metals are tremendously important to a [[high energy society]]: they transport [[electricity]] in the [[electrical grid]], and provide many services. Various manufacturing processes around the world uses more than 3 [[gigatonne]]s of metal every year. Industry uses more than 30 different metals, with the most used being [[iron]] (the biggest component of steel), [[chromium]] and [[manganese]] (both are added in small quantities to iron to make different types of [[steel]]), [[aluminum]],and [[copper]].<ref name="visual">All the Metals We've Mined, the Visual Capitalist, available online: https://elements.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/all-of-the-metals-one-visualization.html accessed Dec 20th, 2021.</ref>

	<gallery caption="Metal use in society" mode=packed heights=220px>		<gallery caption="Metal use in society" mode=packed heights=220px>
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	:''[[metals as resources\|main article]]''		:''[[metals as resources\|main article]]''

	Metals are an important resource for the world today with almost countless applications. The [[electrical grid]] couldn't exist without copper and steel. In fact all areas of electricity production and [[distribution grid\|distribution]] require metal, from [[turbine]]s used to transform [[mechanical energy]] into [[electricity]] to the distribution stations that bring electricity to homes.		Metals are an important resource for the world today with almost countless applications. The most widely used metal is also the least expensive: iron.<ref> USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2021 pg 83, online here: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021.pdf Accessed December 20th, 2021.</ref> Iron is the main component of steel. The [[electrical grid]] couldn't exist without copper and steel. In fact all areas of electricity production and [[distribution grid\|distribution]] require metal, from [[turbine]]s used to transform [[mechanical energy]] into [[electricity]] to the distribution stations that bring electricity to homes.

	In addition to the electrical grid, metals are a principle component building construction (often in the form of steel reinforcement for concrete). Most vehicles are made from metal, from automobiles to airplanes. Common household appliances and electronic devices also use a significant amount of different metals as well. As [[technology]] advances, the number of [[elements used in society]] (including metals) increases.		In addition to the electrical grid, metals are a principle component building construction (often in the form of steel reinforcement for concrete). Most vehicles are made from metal, from automobiles to airplanes. Common household appliances and electronic devices also use a significant amount of different metals as well. As [[technology]] advances, the number of [[elements used in society]] (including metals) increases.



			For a deeper understanding of how metal use shapes the modern world please see these reports from the United Nations Environment Program, International Resource Panel, (a body that is similar to the [[IPCC]] but deals with resource use):
			*[https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/3_Environmental_Challenges_Metals-Full%20Report_36dpi_130923.pdf Environmental risks and challenges of anthropogenic metal flows]
			*[https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/1_UNEP_report1_Stocks_100920.pdf Metal stocks in society]
			*[https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/2a_Metals_Recycling_Rates_110412-1-2.pdf Metals recycling rates] and [https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/2b_Metal_Recycling-Full_Report_36dpi_130919-2.pdf recycling opportunities and limitations]
			*See Figure 4 below to see the quantities of all of the metal mined in the world. The original came from [https://elements.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/all-of-the-metals-one-visualization.html here]

			[[File:All-the-Metals-We-Mined.jpg\|800px\|thumb\|center\|Figure 4: A visual representation of all of the metals that were mined in the world. <ref name="visual"/>]]



	== For Further Reading ==		== For Further Reading ==
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	* [[Conductor]] versus [[Semiconductor]]		* [[Conductor]] versus [[Semiconductor]]
	* [[Wire]]s		* [[Wire]]s
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]

	For more information on the chemistry and physics of metals, see:		For more information on the chemistry and physics of metals, see:
	*[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Crystal_Lattices/Metals/ME1.__Structure_and_Properties_of_Metals UC Davis' ChemWiki]		*[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Crystal_Lattices/Metals/ME1.__Structure_and_Properties_of_Metals UC Davis' ChemWiki]

	For a deeper understanding of how metal use shapes the modern world please see these reports from the United Nations Environment Program, International Resource Panel, (a body that is similar to the [[IPCC]] but deals with resource use):
	*[https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/3_Environmental_Challenges_Metals-Full%20Report_36dpi_130923.pdf Environmental risks and challenges of anthropogenic metal flows]
	*[https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/1_UNEP_report1_Stocks_100920.pdf Metal stocks in society]
	*[https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/2a_Metals_Recycling_Rates_110412-1-2.pdf Metals recycling rates] and [https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/2b_Metal_Recycling-Full_Report_36dpi_130919-2.pdf recycling opportunities and limitations]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]		{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported: Doing upload, largely of old redirects.

2018-06-04T16:52:30Z

1 revision imported: Doing upload, largely of old redirects.

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Jmdonev at 21:55, 1 June 2018

2018-06-01T21:55:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:55, 1 June 2018
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	<onlyinclude>'''Metals''' are a class of elements characterized by a tendency to give up electrons and by good [[thermal conductivity\|thermal]] and [[electrical conductivity]].</onlyinclude> At room [[temperature]] and normal atmospheric [[pressure]], metals tend to be [[solid]]s - except for [[mercury]], which is a [[liquid]]. Along with this, metals are usually [[ductile]], [[malleable]], shiny, and can form alloys with other metals. Some common metals are [[iron]] (important for [[steel]]), [[aluminum]], and [[copper]].<ref>J.Kotz, J.Townsend, P.Treichel. (May 12, 2015). ''Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity'', 8th ed. Belmont, CA, U.S.A: Brooks/Cole, 2012.</ref> Metals are tremendously important to a [[high energy society]]: they transport [[electricity]] in the [[electrical grid]], and provide many services.		<onlyinclude>'''Metals''' are a class of elements characterized by a tendency to give up electrons and by good [[thermal conductivity\|thermal]] and [[electrical conductivity]].</onlyinclude> At room [[temperature]] and normal atmospheric [[pressure]], metals tend to be [[solid]]s - except for [[mercury]], which is a [[liquid]]. Along with this, metals are usually [[ductile]], [[malleable]], shiny, and can form alloys with other metals. Some common metals are [[iron]] (important for [[steel]]), [[aluminum]], and [[copper]].<ref>J.Kotz, J.Townsend, P.Treichel. (May 12, 2015). ''Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity'', 8th ed. Belmont, CA, U.S.A: Brooks/Cole, 2012.</ref> Metals are tremendously important to a [[high energy society]]: they transport [[electricity]] in the [[electrical grid]], and provide many services.

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	Generally, metallic elements are not found as isolated [[atom]]s, and instead group together into larger structures. These structures resemble large, extended sheets with a repeating pattern in how the atoms group together. It is this sheet-like structure that makes metals so useful, allowing them to be pressed into sheets that are used in building cars, containers, and even jewelry.<ref name="re1">UC Davis Chem Wiki. (May 12, 2015). ''Metals'' [Online]. Available: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Crystal_Lattices/Metals/ME1.__Structure_and_Properties_of_Metals</ref> In general, metallic atomic structures are highly organized and layers of these atoms stack to form a three-dimensional solid.		Generally, metallic elements are not found as isolated [[atom]]s, and instead group together into larger structures. These structures resemble large, extended sheets with a repeating pattern in how the atoms group together. It is this sheet-like structure that makes metals so useful, allowing them to be pressed into sheets that are used in building cars, containers, and even jewelry.<ref name="re1">UC Davis Chem Wiki. (May 12, 2015). ''Metals'' [Online]. Available: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Crystal_Lattices/Metals/ME1.__Structure_and_Properties_of_Metals</ref> In general, metallic atomic structures are highly organized and layers of these atoms stack to form a three-dimensional solid.

	Unlike certain ''diatomic'' molecules - like [[molecular hydrogen]] or [[molecular oxygen]] - metals stay together because inside of the metal the [[electron]]s flow freely in a type of "electron sea" instead of sharing electrons between atoms. These electrons float freely around the [[nucleus\|nuclei]] inside of the metal. This free flowing "electron sea" explains why metals ~~[[conductivity\|~~conduct]] [[electricity]] so well, as the movement of electrons produces an [[electric current]], and there are so many electrons that are free to move inside of metals.<ref name="re1"/>		Unlike certain ''diatomic'' molecules - like [[molecular hydrogen]] or [[molecular oxygen]] - metals stay together because inside of the metal the [[electron]]s flow freely in a type of "electron sea" instead of sharing electrons between atoms. These electrons float freely around the [[nucleus\|nuclei]] inside of the metal. This free flowing "electron sea" explains why metals conduct [[electricity]] so well, as the movement of electrons produces an [[electric current]], and there are so many electrons that are free to move inside of metals.<ref name="re1"/>

	==Energy Use for Metals==		==Energy Use for Metals==
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	== For Further Reading ==		== For Further Reading ==
	For more information on how the unique properties of metals are used, see:		For more information on how the unique properties of metals are used, see:
	* [[~~Conductivity~~]]		* [[Resistivity]]
	* [[Conductor]] versus [[Semiconductor]]		* [[Conductor]] versus [[Semiconductor]]
	* [[~~Wires~~]]		* [[Wire]]s

	For more information on the chemistry and physics of metals, see:		For more information on the chemistry and physics of metals, see:

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2018-05-11T18:17:07Z

1 revision imported

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Jmdonev at 21:33, 9 May 2018

2018-05-09T21:33:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:33, 9 May 2018
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	[[category:371 topics]]		[[category:371 topics]]
	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-08-21]]		[[Category:Done 2018-04-30]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Metals''' are a class of elements characterized by a tendency to give up electrons and by good [[thermal conductivity\|thermal]] and [[electrical conductivity]].</onlyinclude> At room [[temperature]] and normal atmospheric [[pressure]], metals tend to be [[solid]]s - except for [[mercury]], which is a [[liquid]]. Along with this, metals are usually [[ductile]], malleable, shiny, and can form alloys with other metals. Some common metals are [[iron]] (important for [[steel]]), [[aluminum]], and [[copper]].<ref>J.Kotz, J.Townsend, P.Treichel. (May 12, 2015). ''Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity'', 8th ed. Belmont, CA, U.S.A: Brooks/Cole, 2012.</ref> Metals are tremendously important to a [[high energy society]]: they transport [[electricity]] in the [[electrical grid]], and provide many services.		<onlyinclude>'''Metals''' are a class of elements characterized by a tendency to give up electrons and by good [[thermal conductivity\|thermal]] and [[electrical conductivity]].</onlyinclude> At room [[temperature]] and normal atmospheric [[pressure]], metals tend to be [[solid]]s - except for [[mercury]], which is a [[liquid]]. Along with this, metals are usually [[ductile]], [[malleable]], shiny, and can form alloys with other metals. Some common metals are [[iron]] (important for [[steel]]), [[aluminum]], and [[copper]].<ref>J.Kotz, J.Townsend, P.Treichel. (May 12, 2015). ''Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity'', 8th ed. Belmont, CA, U.S.A: Brooks/Cole, 2012.</ref> Metals are tremendously important to a [[high energy society]]: they transport [[electricity]] in the [[electrical grid]], and provide many services.

	<gallery caption="Metal use in society" mode=packed heights=220px>		<gallery caption="Metal use in society" mode=packed heights=220px>
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	Generally, metallic elements are not found as isolated [[atom]]s, and instead group together into larger structures. These structures resemble large, extended sheets with a repeating pattern in how the atoms group together. It is this sheet-like structure that makes metals so useful, allowing them to be pressed into sheets that are used in building cars, containers, and even jewelry.<ref name="re1">UC Davis Chem Wiki. (May 12, 2015). ''Metals'' [Online]. Available: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Crystal_Lattices/Metals/ME1.__Structure_and_Properties_of_Metals</ref> In general, metallic atomic structures are highly organized and layers of these atoms stack to form a three-dimensional solid.		Generally, metallic elements are not found as isolated [[atom]]s, and instead group together into larger structures. These structures resemble large, extended sheets with a repeating pattern in how the atoms group together. It is this sheet-like structure that makes metals so useful, allowing them to be pressed into sheets that are used in building cars, containers, and even jewelry.<ref name="re1">UC Davis Chem Wiki. (May 12, 2015). ''Metals'' [Online]. Available: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Crystal_Lattices/Metals/ME1.__Structure_and_Properties_of_Metals</ref> In general, metallic atomic structures are highly organized and layers of these atoms stack to form a three-dimensional solid.

	Unlike certain ''diatomic'' molecules - like [[molecular hydrogen]] or [[molecular oxygen]] - metals stay together because inside of the metal the [[electron]]s flow freely in a type of "electron sea" instead of sharing electrons between atoms. These electrons float freely around the [[nucleus\|nuclei]] inside of the metal. This free flowing "electron sea" explains why metals [[conductivity\|conduct]] [[electricity]] so well, as the movement of electrons produces a [[current]], and there are so many electrons that are free to move inside of metals.<ref name="re1"/>		Unlike certain ''diatomic'' molecules - like [[molecular hydrogen]] or [[molecular oxygen]] - metals stay together because inside of the metal the [[electron]]s flow freely in a type of "electron sea" instead of sharing electrons between atoms. These electrons float freely around the [[nucleus\|nuclei]] inside of the metal. This free flowing "electron sea" explains why metals [[conductivity\|conduct]] [[electricity]] so well, as the movement of electrons produces an [[electric current]], and there are so many electrons that are free to move inside of metals.<ref name="re1"/>

	==Energy Use for Metals==		==Energy Use for Metals==
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	In addition to the electrical grid, metals are a principle component building construction (often in the form of steel reinforcement for concrete). Most vehicles are made from metal, from automobiles to airplanes. Common household appliances and electronic devices also use a significant amount of different metals as well. As [[technology]] advances, the number of [[elements used in society]] (including metals) increases.		In addition to the electrical grid, metals are a principle component building construction (often in the form of steel reinforcement for concrete). Most vehicles are made from metal, from automobiles to airplanes. Common household appliances and electronic devices also use a significant amount of different metals as well. As [[technology]] advances, the number of [[elements used in society]] (including metals) increases.

	==~~More Information~~==		== For Further Reading ==
	For more information on how the unique properties of metals are used, see:		For more information on how the unique properties of metals are used, see:
	* [[Conductivity]]		* [[Conductivity]]
	* [[Conductor]] versus [[Semiconductor]]		* [[Conductor]] versus [[Semiconductor]]
	* [[Wires]]		* [[Wires]]

	For more information on the chemistry and physics of metals, see:		For more information on the chemistry and physics of metals, see:
	*[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Crystal_Lattices/Metals/ME1.__Structure_and_Properties_of_Metals UC Davis' ChemWiki]		*[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Crystal_Lattices/Metals/ME1.__Structure_and_Properties_of_Metals UC Davis' ChemWiki]

	For a deeper understanding of how metal use shapes the modern world please see these reports from the United Nations Environment Program, International Resource Panel, (a body that is similar to the [[IPCC]] but deals with resource use):		For a deeper understanding of how metal use shapes the modern world please see these reports from the United Nations Environment Program, International Resource Panel, (a body that is similar to the [[IPCC]] but deals with resource use):
	*[https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/3_Environmental_Challenges_Metals-Full%20Report_36dpi_130923.pdf Environmental risks and challenges of anthropogenic metal flows]		*[https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/3_Environmental_Challenges_Metals-Full%20Report_36dpi_130923.pdf Environmental risks and challenges of anthropogenic metal flows]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:31:54Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 21:31, 26 August 2015
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J.williams at 18:50, 24 August 2015

2015-08-24T18:50:45Z

New page

[[category:371 topics]]
[[Category:Done 2015-08-21]]
<onlyinclude>'''Metals''' are a class of elements characterized by a tendency to give up electrons and by good [[thermal conductivity|thermal]] and [[electrical conductivity]].</onlyinclude> At room [[temperature]] and normal atmospheric [[pressure]], metals tend to be [[solid]]s - except for [[mercury]], which is a [[liquid]]. Along with this, metals are usually [[ductile]], malleable, shiny, and can form alloys with other metals. Some common metals are [[iron]] (important for [[steel]]), [[aluminum]], and [[copper]].<ref>J.Kotz, J.Townsend, P.Treichel. (May 12, 2015). ''Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity'', 8th ed. Belmont, CA, U.S.A: Brooks/Cole, 2012.</ref> Metals are tremendously important to a [[high energy society]]: they transport [[electricity]] in the [[electrical grid]], and provide many services.

<gallery caption="Metal use in society" mode=packed heights=220px>
File:powerlinesmetal.jpg|Aluminum alloy power lines.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Power_lines_cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_10429.jpg</ref>
File:Nuclear-Fuel.jpg|Zirconium alloy for nuclear fuel bundles.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Nuclear-Fuel.jpg</ref>
File:metalbuildingframe.JPG|Steel building frame.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Steel_Frame_Commercial_Building_Under_Construction,_Ann_Arbor_Township,_Michigan.JPG/1280px-Steel_Frame_Commercial_Building_Under_Construction,_Ann_Arbor_Township,_Michigan.JPG</ref>
</gallery>

Generally, metallic elements are not found as isolated [[atom]]s, and instead group together into larger structures. These structures resemble large, extended sheets with a repeating pattern in how the atoms group together. It is this sheet-like structure that makes metals so useful, allowing them to be pressed into sheets that are used in building cars, containers, and even jewelry.<ref name="re1">UC Davis Chem Wiki. (May 12, 2015). ''Metals'' [Online]. Available: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Crystal_Lattices/Metals/ME1.__Structure_and_Properties_of_Metals</ref> In general, metallic atomic structures are highly organized and layers of these atoms stack to form a three-dimensional solid.

Unlike certain ''diatomic'' molecules - like [[molecular hydrogen]] or [[molecular oxygen]] - metals stay together because inside of the metal the [[electron]]s flow freely in a type of "electron sea" instead of sharing electrons between atoms. These electrons float freely around the [[nucleus|nuclei]] inside of the metal. This free flowing "electron sea" explains why metals [[conductivity|conduct]] [[electricity]] so well, as the movement of electrons produces a [[current]], and there are so many electrons that are free to move inside of metals.<ref name="re1"/>

==Energy Use for Metals==
:: [[Energy use in metal|''main page'']]
Metals are necessary to maintain society's modern standard of living. This demand contributes to energy demand because the extraction and processing of metals is extremely energy intensive. A significant fraction of the world's energy supply go into the mining of metals and turning them into useful products in the modern world. Since there is so much energy involved in metal processing, they have an incredible amount of [[embedded energy]]. Aluminum, in particular, requires a significant amount of energy to extract and process. When countries are modernizing their economies - in places like [[BRIC]] or [[N11 countries]] - large amounts of energy are invested to obtain metal for rapidly increasing infrastructure.

Metals account for roughly 20% of [[industrial energy use]] and 7% of all [[primary energy]] use in the world.<ref>UNEP. (August 19, 2015). ''Environmental Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles'' [Online]. Available: https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/3_Environmental_Challenges_Metals-Full%20Report_36dpi_130923.pdf#96</ref>

==Metals are a Resource==
:''[[metals as resources|main article]]''

Metals are an important resource for the world today with almost countless applications. The [[electrical grid]] couldn't exist without copper and steel. In fact all areas of electricity production and [[distribution grid|distribution]] require metal, from [[turbine]]s used to transform [[mechanical energy]] into [[electricity]] to the distribution stations that bring electricity to homes.

In addition to the electrical grid, metals are a principle component building construction (often in the form of steel reinforcement for concrete). Most vehicles are made from metal, from automobiles to airplanes. Common household appliances and electronic devices also use a significant amount of different metals as well. As [[technology]] advances, the number of [[elements used in society]] (including metals) increases.

==More Information==
For more information on how the unique properties of metals are used, see:
* [[Conductivity]]
* [[Conductor]] versus [[Semiconductor]]
* [[Wires]]
For more information on the chemistry and physics of metals, see:
*[http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Crystal_Lattices/Metals/ME1.__Structure_and_Properties_of_Metals UC Davis' ChemWiki]
For a deeper understanding of how metal use shapes the modern world please see these reports from the United Nations Environment Program, International Resource Panel, (a body that is similar to the [[IPCC]] but deals with resource use):
*[https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/3_Environmental_Challenges_Metals-Full%20Report_36dpi_130923.pdf Environmental risks and challenges of anthropogenic metal flows]
*[https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/1_UNEP_report1_Stocks_100920.pdf Metal stocks in society]
*[https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/2a_Metals_Recycling_Rates_110412-1-2.pdf Metals recycling rates] and [https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/metals/2b_Metal_Recycling-Full_Report_36dpi_130919-2.pdf recycling opportunities and limitations]

==References==
{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]