Molecular oxygen - Revision history

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Jmdonev at 21:23, 28 August 2017

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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-07-24]]		[[Category:Done 2017-07-01]]
	[[File:640px-Dioxygen-3D-vdW.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. Model of molecular or diatomic oxygen, composed of two oxygen atoms bonded together.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 12, 2015). ''Dioxygen'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dioxygen-3D-vdW.png#/media/File:Dioxygen-3D-vdW.png</ref>]]		[[File:640px-Dioxygen-3D-vdW.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. Model of molecular or diatomic oxygen, composed of two oxygen atoms bonded together.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 12, 2015). ''Dioxygen'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dioxygen-3D-vdW.png#/media/File:Dioxygen-3D-vdW.png</ref>]]

	<onlyinclude>'''Molecular oxygen'''~~, or~~ O<sub>2</sub> is a diatomic [[molecule]] that is composed of two [[oxygen]] atoms held together by a covalent bond. Molecular oxygen is essential for life, ~~since~~ it~~'s needed~~ for respiration. It's also essential for [[fossil fuel]] combustion.</onlyinclude> Molecular oxygen is the chemically reactive part of the Earth's [[atmosphere]], which means that oxygen is a chemical that wants to form [[chemical reaction]]s with many different substances on Earth (see [[atmospheric oxygen]] for more details on this).		<onlyinclude>'''Molecular oxygen''' (O<sub>2</sub>) is a diatomic [[molecule]] that is composed of two [[oxygen]] atoms held together by a covalent bond. Molecular oxygen is essential for life, as it is used for [[respiration]] by many organisms. It's also essential for [[fossil fuel]] [[combustion]].</onlyinclude>

	Molecular oxygen is ~~used widely~~ in the ~~medical field~~ for ~~patients with breathing problems as well as~~ in hyperbaric chambers. ~~As well~~, it is used ~~industrially~~ to remove impurities ~~such~~ as ~~sulfur from molten iron ore to produce steel. Molecular oxygen~~ is also used widely in welding and metal cutting, and ~~also acts~~ as an oxidizer in rocket ~~fuel~~.<ref>WebElements. (May 12, 2015). ''Oxygen'' [Online]. Available: https://www.webelements.com/oxygen/uses.html</ref>		Molecular oxygen is very [[Chemical reaction\|chemically reactive]], and tends to form ''oxides'' by reaction with other elements and compounds quite easily. We rely on [[photosynthesis]] of plants to replenish the molecular oxygen in the atmosphere - if photosynthesis stopped, eventually the [[atmospheric oxygen]] content would drop to near zero.

			Since animals (including humans) breathe molecular oxygen and require it for metabolism, it is important medically. Molecular oxygen is provided therapeutically in oxygen therapy and hyperbaric chambers, and is also included in breathing gas for space exploration and SCUBA diving.

			Industrially, oxygen is used to remove [[sulfur]] and [[carbon]] impurities during [[smelting]]. Oxygen (as a compressed gas) is also used widely in welding and metal cutting, and as an oxidizer in rocket engines. Oxygen is also important in creating many chemical feedstocks, such as ethylene oxide. <ref>WebElements. (May 12, 2015). ''Oxygen'' [Online]. Available: https://www.webelements.com/oxygen/uses.html</ref>

	==Properties==		==Properties==
	~~Below is a table of some of the basic~~ properties of molecular oxygen.		Some physical properties of molecular oxygen:

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	==Combustion==		==Combustion==
	~~Oxygen~~ is ~~a vital component~~ of [[~~combustion~~]]~~, and is necessary~~ for [[~~hydrocarbon combustion~~]] to ~~occur~~. The combustion of [[~~hydrocarbon~~]]s, ~~especially~~ in ~~the context of burning~~ [[~~fuel~~]]~~s such as~~ [[~~fossil fuel~~]]s ~~for~~ [[energy]], contributes ~~greatly~~ to [[climate change]] ~~as a result of~~ [[emission]]s such as [[carbon dioxide]]~~. Energy is obtained from fossil fuels through this combustion of the fuel, so having sufficient oxygen available is necessary for the production of energy~~.		Molecular oxygen is important for [[combustion]] - especially in the combustion of [[fuel]]s for [[energy]]. Combustion is the reaction of a compound (the fuel) with an oxidant (which is usually molecular oxygen) to produce oxides. The third component of combustion is a "boost" of energy needed in order to start the reaction - the ''activation energy''. All three components (fuel, oxidant, energy) must be present for the combustion reaction to occur.

			Combustion of [[fossil fuel]]s such as methane, shown in Figure 2 below, produces [[carbon dioxide]], [[water vapour]], and energy. Fossil fuel combustion supplies around 95% of the world's [[primary energy]]. [[Hydrocarbon combustion]] also contributes to [[climate change]] by producing [[emission]]s such as [[carbon dioxide]].

	[[File:combustion_of_methane.jpg\|800px\|thumbnail\|center\|Figure 2. Methane combining with 2 oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and heat.<ref name="image">American Chemical Society. (June 8, 2015). "Methane and oxygen react" [Online]. Available: http://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/multimedia/chapter6/lesson1</ref>]]		[[File:combustion_of_methane.jpg\|800px\|thumbnail\|center\|Figure 2. Methane combining with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and heat.<ref name="image">American Chemical Society. (June 8, 2015). "Methane and oxygen react" [Online]. Available: http://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/multimedia/chapter6/lesson1</ref>]]

	~~For~~ combustion ~~to occur~~, ~~three components must exist~~. ~~First~~, ~~there must be some sort of fuel~~, ~~generally a hydrocarbon, that actually burns~~. ~~Second~~, ~~there needs to be some amount~~ of ~~initial energy~~, ~~known as '''activation energy''', to get~~ the ~~reaction started~~. ~~Finally~~, ~~there needs to be a substance with an ability~~ to ~~accept~~ the ~~electrons that~~ the ~~fuel gives off when it is burned~~. ~~This oxidizer~~ is ~~needed to ensure that charge is conserved. This substance~~ is ~~known as an oxidizer, and oxygen happens~~ to be ~~an extremely good oxidizer~~. ~~Although fluorine is technically better at accepting these electrons, oxygen~~ is more ~~common~~ and is easier to ~~work with as fluorine violently reacts with many materials.<ref>Chemistry Stack Exchange. (June 8~~, ~~2015). ''Why is O2~~ the supporter of combustion?'' [Online]. Available: http://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/5708/why-is-o2-the-supporter-of-combustion</ref> Thus oxygen is important to combustion as it fills this roll as oxidizer ~~very well~~.		While other substances (such as fluorine) can act as oxidizers in combustion<ref>Sunner, Månsson (Eds.), "Experimental Chemical Thermodynamics, Vol. 1: Combustion Calorimetry" 1979, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.</ref>, oxygen is the most common. Oxidizers support combustion by accepting [[electron]]s from the [[fuel]] molecule, making it easier to break the [[chemical bond]]s in the [[chemical reaction\|reaction]]. While [[fluorine]] is actually a better electron acceptor than oxygen, oxidation by fluorine is too violent to be useful for most applications. Oxygen is also more abundant and easier to find, making it the most common oxidizer for these reactions.

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

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J.williams at 16:57, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T16:57:01Z

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[[Category:Done 2015-07-24]]
[[File:640px-Dioxygen-3D-vdW.png|400px|framed|right|Figure 1. Model of molecular or diatomic oxygen, composed of two oxygen atoms bonded together.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 12, 2015). ''Dioxygen'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dioxygen-3D-vdW.png#/media/File:Dioxygen-3D-vdW.png</ref>]]

<onlyinclude>'''Molecular oxygen''', or O2 is a diatomic [[molecule]] that is composed of two [[oxygen]] atoms held together by a covalent bond. Molecular oxygen is essential for life, since it's needed for respiration. It's also essential for [[fossil fuel]] combustion.</onlyinclude> Molecular oxygen is the chemically reactive part of the Earth's [[atmosphere]], which means that oxygen is a chemical that wants to form [[chemical reaction]]s with many different substances on Earth (see [[atmospheric oxygen]] for more details on this).

Molecular oxygen is used widely in the medical field for patients with breathing problems as well as in hyperbaric chambers. As well, it is used industrially to remove impurities such as sulfur from molten iron ore to produce steel. Molecular oxygen is also used widely in welding and metal cutting, and also acts as an oxidizer in rocket fuel.<ref>WebElements. (May 12, 2015). ''Oxygen'' [Online]. Available: https://www.webelements.com/oxygen/uses.html</ref>

==Properties==
Below is a table of some of the basic properties of molecular oxygen.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Chemical formula || O2
|-
| [[Molar mass]] || 32.00 [[gram|g]]/[[mole|mol]]<ref>Web QC. (May 13, 2015). ''Molar Mass of O2'' [Online]. Available: http://www.webqc.org/molecular-weight-of-O2.html</ref>
|-
| Boiling Point || -183[[Celsius|oC]]<ref name="RE1">Royal Society of Chemistry. (May 12, 2015). ''Molecular Oxygen'' [Online]. Available: http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.952.html</ref>
|-
| Melting Point || −219°C<ref name="RE1"/>
|}

==Combustion==
Oxygen is a vital component of [[combustion]], and is necessary for [[hydrocarbon combustion]] to occur. The combustion of [[hydrocarbon]]s, especially in the context of burning [[fuel]]s such as [[fossil fuel]]s for [[energy]], contributes greatly to [[climate change]] as a result of [[emission]]s such as [[carbon dioxide]]. Energy is obtained from fossil fuels through this combustion of the fuel, so having sufficient oxygen available is necessary for the production of energy.

[[File:combustion_of_methane.jpg|800px|thumbnail|center|Figure 2. Methane combining with 2 oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and heat.<ref name="image">American Chemical Society. (June 8, 2015). "Methane and oxygen react" [Online]. Available: http://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/multimedia/chapter6/lesson1</ref>]]

For combustion to occur, three components must exist. First, there must be some sort of fuel, generally a hydrocarbon, that actually burns. Second, there needs to be some amount of initial energy, known as '''activation energy''', to get the reaction started. Finally, there needs to be a substance with an ability to accept the electrons that the fuel gives off when it is burned. This oxidizer is needed to ensure that charge is conserved. This substance is known as an oxidizer, and oxygen happens to be an extremely good oxidizer. Although fluorine is technically better at accepting these electrons, oxygen is more common and is easier to work with as fluorine violently reacts with many materials.<ref>Chemistry Stack Exchange. (June 8, 2015). ''Why is O2 the supporter of combustion?'' [Online]. Available: http://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/5708/why-is-o2-the-supporter-of-combustion</ref> Thus oxygen is important to combustion as it fills this roll as oxidizer very well.

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]