Nuclear fission - Revision history

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2021-10-18T16:14:41Z

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energy>Luisa at 15:32, 16 October 2021

2021-10-16T15:32:38Z

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	[[Category:Translated to French]]		[[Category:Translated to French]]
	[[fr:Fission nucléaire]]		[[fr:Fission nucléaire]]
			[[Category:Translated to Spanish]]
			[[es:Fisión nuclear]]
	[[File:uraniumfission.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A model of a fission reaction of uranium-235.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (July 9, 2015). ''Nuclear Fission'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/309px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png</ref> Note that this is just one of the many possible fission reactions.]]		[[File:uraniumfission.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A model of a fission reaction of uranium-235.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (July 9, 2015). ''Nuclear Fission'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/309px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png</ref> Note that this is just one of the many possible fission reactions.]]

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2021-09-27T00:03:09Z

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energy>Ethan.boechler at 20:15, 10 September 2021

2021-09-10T20:15:19Z

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	[[Category:Done 2018-06-15]]		[[Category:Done 2018-06-15]]
			[[Category:Translated to French]]
			[[fr:Fission nucléaire]]
	[[File:uraniumfission.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A model of a fission reaction of uranium-235.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (July 9, 2015). ''Nuclear Fission'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/309px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png</ref> Note that this is just one of the many possible fission reactions.]]		[[File:uraniumfission.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A model of a fission reaction of uranium-235.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (July 9, 2015). ''Nuclear Fission'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/309px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png</ref> Note that this is just one of the many possible fission reactions.]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2018-06-25T14:30:34Z

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Jmdonev at 22:11, 21 June 2018

2018-06-21T22:11:56Z

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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-09-06]]		[[Category:Done 2018-06-15]]
	[[File:uraniumfission.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A model of a fission reaction of uranium-235.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (July 9, 2015). ''Nuclear Fission'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/309px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png</ref> Note that this is just one of the many possible fission reactions.]]		[[File:uraniumfission.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A model of a fission reaction of uranium-235.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (July 9, 2015). ''Nuclear Fission'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/309px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png</ref> Note that this is just one of the many possible fission reactions.]]

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	==Where Does the Energy Come From?==		==Where Does the Energy Come From?==
	The enormous energy that's released from this splitting comes from how hard the [[proton]]s are repelling each other with the [[Coulomb force]], barely held together by the [[strong force]]. Each proton is pushing every other proton with about 20 N of [[force]], about the force of a hand resting on a person's lap. This is an incredibly huge force for such small particles. This huge force over a small distance leads to a fair amount of released energy which is large enough to cause a measurable reduction in mass. This means that the total mass of each of the [[fission ~~fragments~~]] is less than the mass of the starting nucleus. This missing mass is known as the mass defect.<ref name=ieer/>		The enormous energy that's released from this splitting comes from how hard the [[proton]]s are repelling each other with the [[Coulomb force]], barely held together by the [[strong force]]. Each proton is pushing every other proton with about 20 N of [[force]], about the force of a hand resting on a person's lap. This is an incredibly huge force for such small particles. This huge force over a small distance leads to a fair amount of released energy which is large enough to cause a measurable reduction in mass. This means that the total mass of each of the [[fission fragment]]s is less than the mass of the starting nucleus. This missing mass is known as the mass defect.<ref name=ieer/>

	It is convenient to talk about the amount of energy that binds the nuclei together. All nuclei having this binding energy except hydrogen (which has just 1 proton and no neutrons). It's helpful to think about the binding energy available to each nucleon and this is called the '''[[binding energy per nucleon]]'''. This is essentially how much energy is required per nucleon to separate a nucleus. The products of fission are more stable, meaning that it is more difficult to split them apart. Since the binding energy per nucleon for fission products is higher, their total [[nucleon]]ic mass is lower. The result of this higher binding energy and lower mass results in the production of energy.<ref name=ieer>IEER. (July 23, 2015). ''Binding Energy'' [Online]. Available: http://ieer.org/resource/factsheets/basics-nuclear-physics-fission/</ref> Essentially, mass defect and nuclear binding energy are interchangeable terms.		It is convenient to talk about the amount of energy that binds the nuclei together. All nuclei having this binding energy except hydrogen (which has just 1 proton and no neutrons). It's helpful to think about the binding energy available to each nucleon and this is called the '''[[binding energy per nucleon]]'''. This is essentially how much energy is required per nucleon to separate a nucleus. The products of fission are more stable, meaning that it is more difficult to split them apart. Since the binding energy per nucleon for fission products is higher, their total [[nucleon]]ic mass is lower. The result of this higher binding energy and lower mass results in the production of energy.<ref name=ieer>IEER. (July 23, 2015). ''Binding Energy'' [Online]. Available: http://ieer.org/resource/factsheets/basics-nuclear-physics-fission/</ref> Essentially, mass defect and nuclear binding energy are interchangeable terms.
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	<iframe id='fission' scrolling='no'src='~~http~~://energyeducation.ca/simulations/nuclear/fission.html'>		<iframe id='fission' scrolling='no'src='https://energyeducation.ca/simulations/nuclear/fission.html'>
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J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-18T16:52:03Z

1 revision imported

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Jhanania at 23:29, 4 September 2015

2015-09-04T23:29:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:29, 4 September 2015
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	[[Category:Done 2015-07-24]]		[[Category:Done 2015-09-06]]
	[[File:uraniumfission.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A model of a fission reaction of uranium-235.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (July 9, 2015). ''Nuclear Fission'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/309px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png</ref> Note that this is just one of the many possible fission reactions.]]		[[File:uraniumfission.png\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A model of a fission reaction of uranium-235.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (July 9, 2015). ''Nuclear Fission'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/309px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png</ref> Note that this is just one of the many possible fission reactions.]]

	<onlyinclude>'''Nuclear fission''' is the process of splitting apart [[nucleus\|nuclei]] (usually large nuclei). When large nuclei, such as [[uranium\|uranium-235]], fissions, energy is released.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">HyperPhysics. (July 23, 2015). ''Nuclear Fission'' [Online]. Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fission.html</ref> So much energy is released that there is a measurable decrease in mass, from the [[mass-energy equivalence]]. This means that some of the mass is converted to [[energy]]. The amount of mass lost in the fission process is equal to about [[joule\|3.20×10<sup>−11</sup> J]] of energy. This fission process generally occurs when a large nucleus that is relatively unstable (meaning that there is some level of imbalance in the nucleus between the [[Coulomb force]] and the [[strong nuclear force]]) is struck by a low energy '''thermal neutron'''. In addition to smaller nuclei being created when fission occurs, fission also releases [[neutron]]s.		<onlyinclude>'''Nuclear fission''' is the process of splitting apart [[nucleus\|nuclei]] (usually large nuclei). When large nuclei, such as [[uranium\|uranium-235]], fissions, energy is released.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">HyperPhysics. (July 23, 2015). ''Nuclear Fission'' [Online]. Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fission.html</ref> So much energy is released that there is a measurable decrease in [[mass]], from the [[mass-energy equivalence]]. This means that some of the mass is converted to [[energy]]. The amount of mass lost in the fission process is equal to about [[joule\|3.20×10<sup>−11</sup> J]] of energy. This fission process generally occurs when a large nucleus that is relatively unstable (meaning that there is some level of imbalance in the nucleus between the [[Coulomb force]] and the [[strong nuclear force]]) is struck by a low energy '''thermal neutron'''. In addition to smaller nuclei being created when fission occurs, fission also releases [[neutron]]s.

	Enrico Fermi originally split the uranium nuclei in 1934. He believed that certain elements could be produced by bombarding uranium with neutrons. Although he expected the new nuclei to have larger atomic numbers than the original uranium, he found that the formed nuclei were radioisotopes of lighter elements.<ref name="RE2">UC Davis Chem Wiki. (July 23, 2015). ''Fission and Fusion'' [Online]. Available: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Nuclear_Chemistry/Fission_and_Fusion</ref> These results were correctly interpreted by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch over Christmas vacation. To read this charming story about the history of nuclear science please see [http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200712/physicshistory.cfm this article].		Enrico Fermi originally split the uranium nuclei in 1934. He believed that certain elements could be produced by bombarding uranium with neutrons. Although he expected the new nuclei to have larger atomic numbers than the original uranium, he found that the formed nuclei were radioisotopes of lighter elements.<ref name="RE2">UC Davis Chem Wiki. (July 23, 2015). ''Fission and Fusion'' [Online]. Available: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Nuclear_Chemistry/Fission_and_Fusion</ref> These results were correctly interpreted by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch over Christmas vacation. To read this charming story about the history of nuclear science please see [http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200712/physicshistory.cfm this article].

	==Where Does the Energy Come From?==		==Where Does the Energy Come From?==
	The enormous energy that's released from this splitting comes from how hard the ~~protons~~ are repelling each other with the [[Coulomb force]], barely held together by the [[strong force]]. Each proton is pushing every other proton with about 20 N of force, about the force of a hand resting on a person's lap. This is an incredibly huge force for such small particles. This huge force over a small distance leads to a fair amount of released energy which is large enough to cause a measurable reduction in mass. This means that the total mass of each of the [[fission fragments]] is less than the mass of the starting nucleus. This missing mass is known as the mass defect.<ref name=ieer/>		The enormous energy that's released from this splitting comes from how hard the [[proton]]s are repelling each other with the [[Coulomb force]], barely held together by the [[strong force]]. Each proton is pushing every other proton with about 20 N of [[force]], about the force of a hand resting on a person's lap. This is an incredibly huge force for such small particles. This huge force over a small distance leads to a fair amount of released energy which is large enough to cause a measurable reduction in mass. This means that the total mass of each of the [[fission fragments]] is less than the mass of the starting nucleus. This missing mass is known as the mass defect.<ref name=ieer/>

	It is convenient to talk about the amount of energy that binds the nuclei together. All nuclei having this binding energy except hydrogen (which has just 1 proton and no neutrons). It's helpful to think about the binding energy available to each nucleon and this is called the '''[[binding energy per nucleon]]'''. This is essentially how much energy is required per nucleon to separate a nucleus. The products of fission are more stable, meaning that it is more difficult to split them apart. Since the binding energy per nucleon for fission products is higher, their total [[nucleon]]ic mass is lower. The result of this higher binding energy and lower mass results in the production of energy.<ref name=ieer>IEER. (July 23, 2015). ''Binding Energy'' [Online]. Available: http://ieer.org/resource/factsheets/basics-nuclear-physics-fission/</ref> Essentially, mass defect and nuclear binding energy are interchangeable terms.		It is convenient to talk about the amount of energy that binds the nuclei together. All nuclei having this binding energy except hydrogen (which has just 1 proton and no neutrons). It's helpful to think about the binding energy available to each nucleon and this is called the '''[[binding energy per nucleon]]'''. This is essentially how much energy is required per nucleon to separate a nucleus. The products of fission are more stable, meaning that it is more difficult to split them apart. Since the binding energy per nucleon for fission products is higher, their total [[nucleon]]ic mass is lower. The result of this higher binding energy and lower mass results in the production of energy.<ref name=ieer>IEER. (July 23, 2015). ''Binding Energy'' [Online]. Available: http://ieer.org/resource/factsheets/basics-nuclear-physics-fission/</ref> Essentially, mass defect and nuclear binding energy are interchangeable terms.

	==Use in Energy Generation==		==Use in Energy Generation==
	Fission of heavier elements is an exothermic reaction. Fission can release up to 200 million [[electron volt\| eV]] compared to burning [[coal]] which only gives a few eV. From this number alone it is apparent why nuclear fission is used in ~~power~~ generation. Additionally, the amount of energy released is much more efficient per mass than that of coal.<ref name="RE2"/> The main reason that nuclear fission is used for [[electricity generation]] is because with proper [[moderation]] and the use of [[control rod]]s, the ejected free neutrons from the fission reaction can then go on to react further with the fuel again. This then creates a sustained [[nuclear chain reaction]], which releases fairly continuous amounts of energy. One downside to the use of fission as a method of generating electricity is the resulting daughter nuclei are [[radioactive]]. Below is a simulation showing how neutrons in a reactor result in fission events inside a fuel bundle. On the simulation, a red flash inside the [[fuel rod]] means a fission event occurred, while a blue flash indicates neutron absorption.		Fission of heavier elements is an exothermic reaction. Fission can release up to 200 million [[electron volt\| eV]] compared to burning [[coal]] which only gives a few eV. From this number alone it is apparent why nuclear fission is used in electricity generation. Additionally, the amount of energy released is much more efficient per mass than that of coal.<ref name="RE2"/> The main reason that nuclear fission is used for [[electricity generation]] is because with proper [[moderation]] and the use of [[control rod]]s, the ejected free neutrons from the fission reaction can then go on to react further with the [[fuel]] again. This then creates a sustained [[nuclear chain reaction]], which releases fairly continuous amounts of energy. One downside to the use of fission as a method of generating [[electricity]] is the resulting daughter nuclei are [[radioactive]]. Below is a simulation showing how neutrons in a reactor result in fission events inside a fuel bundle. On the simulation, a red flash inside the [[fuel rod]] means a fission event occurred, while a blue flash indicates neutron absorption.

	<html>		<html>
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	</html>		</html>

	When nuclear fission is used to generate electricity, it is referred to as [[nuclear power]]. In this case, uranium-235 is used as the [[nuclear fuel]] and its fission is triggered by the absorption of a slow moving thermal neutron. Other isotopes that can be induced to fission like this are plutonium-239, uranium-233, and thorium-232.<ref name="RE1"/> For elements lighter than iron on the periodic table [[nuclear fusion]] instead of nuclear fission yields energy. However, currently there is not a method that allows us to access the power that fusion could produce.		When nuclear fission is used to generate electricity, it is referred to as [[nuclear power]]. In this case, uranium-235 is used as the [[nuclear fuel]] and its fission is triggered by the absorption of a slow moving thermal neutron. Other isotopes that can be induced to fission like this are [[plutonium\|plutonium-239]], uranium-233, and [[thorium\|thorium-232]].<ref name="RE1"/> For elements lighter than iron on the periodic table [[nuclear fusion]] instead of nuclear fission yields energy. However, currently there is not a method that allows us to access the power that fusion could produce.

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:31:26Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 21:31, 26 August 2015
(No difference)

J.williams at 16:57, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T16:57:09Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-07-24]]
[[File:uraniumfission.png|400px|framed|right|Figure 1. A model of a fission reaction of uranium-235.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (July 9, 2015). ''Nuclear Fission'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/309px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png</ref> Note that this is just one of the many possible fission reactions.]]

<onlyinclude>'''Nuclear fission''' is the process of splitting apart [[nucleus|nuclei]] (usually large nuclei). When large nuclei, such as [[uranium|uranium-235]], fissions, energy is released.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">HyperPhysics. (July 23, 2015). ''Nuclear Fission'' [Online]. Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fission.html</ref> So much energy is released that there is a measurable decrease in mass, from the [[mass-energy equivalence]]. This means that some of the mass is converted to [[energy]]. The amount of mass lost in the fission process is equal to about [[joule|3.20×10<sup>−11</sup> J]] of energy. This fission process generally occurs when a large nucleus that is relatively unstable (meaning that there is some level of imbalance in the nucleus between the [[Coulomb force]] and the [[strong nuclear force]]) is struck by a low energy '''thermal neutron'''. In addition to smaller nuclei being created when fission occurs, fission also releases [[neutron]]s.

Enrico Fermi originally split the uranium nuclei in 1934. He believed that certain elements could be produced by bombarding uranium with neutrons. Although he expected the new nuclei to have larger atomic numbers than the original uranium, he found that the formed nuclei were radioisotopes of lighter elements.<ref name="RE2">UC Davis Chem Wiki. (July 23, 2015). ''Fission and Fusion'' [Online]. Available: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Nuclear_Chemistry/Fission_and_Fusion</ref> These results were correctly interpreted by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch over Christmas vacation. To read this charming story about the history of nuclear science please see [http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200712/physicshistory.cfm this article].

==Where Does the Energy Come From?==
The enormous energy that's released from this splitting comes from how hard the protons are repelling each other with the [[Coulomb force]], barely held together by the [[strong force]]. Each proton is pushing every other proton with about 20 N of force, about the force of a hand resting on a person's lap. This is an incredibly huge force for such small particles. This huge force over a small distance leads to a fair amount of released energy which is large enough to cause a measurable reduction in mass. This means that the total mass of each of the [[fission fragments]] is less than the mass of the starting nucleus. This missing mass is known as the mass defect.<ref name=ieer/>

It is convenient to talk about the amount of energy that binds the nuclei together. All nuclei having this binding energy except hydrogen (which has just 1 proton and no neutrons). It's helpful to think about the binding energy available to each nucleon and this is called the '''[[binding energy per nucleon]]'''. This is essentially how much energy is required per nucleon to separate a nucleus. The products of fission are more stable, meaning that it is more difficult to split them apart. Since the binding energy per nucleon for fission products is higher, their total [[nucleon]]ic mass is lower. The result of this higher binding energy and lower mass results in the production of energy.<ref name=ieer>IEER. (July 23, 2015). ''Binding Energy'' [Online]. Available: http://ieer.org/resource/factsheets/basics-nuclear-physics-fission/</ref> Essentially, mass defect and nuclear binding energy are interchangeable terms.

==Use in Energy Generation==
Fission of heavier elements is an exothermic reaction. Fission can release up to 200 million [[electron volt| eV]] compared to burning [[coal]] which only gives a few eV. From this number alone it is apparent why nuclear fission is used in power generation. Additionally, the amount of energy released is much more efficient per mass than that of coal.<ref name="RE2"/> The main reason that nuclear fission is used for [[electricity generation]] is because with proper [[moderation]] and the use of [[control rod]]s, the ejected free neutrons from the fission reaction can then go on to react further with the fuel again. This then creates a sustained [[nuclear chain reaction]], which releases fairly continuous amounts of energy. One downside to the use of fission as a method of generating electricity is the resulting daughter nuclei are [[radioactive]]. Below is a simulation showing how neutrons in a reactor result in fission events inside a fuel bundle. On the simulation, a red flash inside the [[fuel rod]] means a fission event occurred, while a blue flash indicates neutron absorption.

<html>
<iframe id='fission' scrolling='no'src='http://energyeducation.ca/simulations/nuclear/fission.html'>
</iframe>
</html>

When nuclear fission is used to generate electricity, it is referred to as [[nuclear power]]. In this case, uranium-235 is used as the [[nuclear fuel]] and its fission is triggered by the absorption of a slow moving thermal neutron. Other isotopes that can be induced to fission like this are plutonium-239, uranium-233, and thorium-232.<ref name="RE1"/> For elements lighter than iron on the periodic table [[nuclear fusion]] instead of nuclear fission yields energy. However, currently there is not a method that allows us to access the power that fusion could produce.

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]