Ocean acidification - Revision history

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			[[es:Acidificación del océano]]
			[[Category:Translated to French]]
			[[fr:Acidification des océans]]
	<onlyinclude>[[Ocean acidification]] is a major [[climate change]] problem, concerning the change in [[acid]]ic levels of the ocean. [[Carbon dioxide]] [[emissions]] have been substantially increasing since the start of the industrial revolution. The oceans on Earth absorb approximately 25% of the [[carbon dioxide]] that is released into the [[atmosphere]] every year.<ref name=noaa>NOAA. (Accessed December 31, 2015). ''What is Ocean Acidification'' [Online], Available: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F</ref> Hence, as atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels increase, so do the levels in the ocean. The CO<sub>2</sub> absorbed by the ocean is changing the chemistry of the [[seawater]], which is a process called ocean acidification.</onlyinclude>		<onlyinclude>[[Ocean acidification]] is a major [[climate change]] problem, concerning the change in [[acid]]ic levels of the ocean. [[Carbon dioxide]] [[emissions]] have been substantially increasing since the start of the industrial revolution. The oceans on Earth absorb approximately 25% of the [[carbon dioxide]] that is released into the [[atmosphere]] every year.<ref name=noaa>NOAA. (Accessed December 31, 2015). ''What is Ocean Acidification'' [Online], Available: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F</ref> Hence, as atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels increase, so do the levels in the ocean. The CO<sub>2</sub> absorbed by the ocean is changing the chemistry of the [[seawater]], which is a process called ocean acidification.</onlyinclude>

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	<onlyinclude>[[Ocean acidification]] is a major [[climate change]] problem, concerning the change in [[acid]]ic levels of the ocean. [[Carbon dioxide emissions]] have been substantially increasing since the start of the industrial revolution. The oceans on Earth absorb approximately 25% of the [[carbon dioxide]] that is released into the [[atmosphere]] every year.<ref name=noaa>NOAA. (Accessed December 31, 2015). ''What is Ocean Acidification'' [Online], Available: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F</ref> Hence, as atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels increase, so do the levels in the ocean. The CO<sub>2</sub> absorbed by the ocean is changing the chemistry of the [[seawater]], which is a process called ocean acidification.</onlyinclude>		<onlyinclude>[[Ocean acidification]] is a major [[climate change]] problem, concerning the change in [[acid]]ic levels of the ocean. [[Carbon dioxide]] [[emissions]] have been substantially increasing since the start of the industrial revolution. The oceans on Earth absorb approximately 25% of the [[carbon dioxide]] that is released into the [[atmosphere]] every year.<ref name=noaa>NOAA. (Accessed December 31, 2015). ''What is Ocean Acidification'' [Online], Available: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F</ref> Hence, as atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels increase, so do the levels in the ocean. The CO<sub>2</sub> absorbed by the ocean is changing the chemistry of the [[seawater]], which is a process called ocean acidification.</onlyinclude>

	Acidification occurs when the [[pH]] in a given system decreases. In this case, the pH change is caused by an increased intake of carbon dioxide. As carbon dioxide and other compounds of [[carbon]] are emitted into the [[atmosphere]] by human activities (such as from [[motor vehicle]] emissions or [[coal-fired power plant]]s), there becomes a [[carbon cycle\|net increase of carbon in the atmosphere]], with around 30% of [[anthropogenic]] CO<sub>2</sub> making its way into the oceans.<ref name=ipcc1>IPCC. (Accessed December 31, 2015). ''Frequently Asked Questions,'' FAQ 3.3, page 15 of report, Available: http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_FAQbrochure_FINAL.pdf#25</ref>		Acidification occurs when the [[pH]] in a given system decreases. In this case, the pH change is caused by an increased intake of carbon dioxide. As carbon dioxide and other compounds of [[carbon]] are emitted into the [[atmosphere]] by human activities (such as from [[motor vehicle]] emissions or [[coal-fired power plant]]s), there becomes a [[carbon cycle\|net increase of carbon in the atmosphere]], with around 30% of [[anthropogenic]] CO<sub>2</sub> making its way into the oceans.<ref name=ipcc1>IPCC. (Accessed December 31, 2015). ''Frequently Asked Questions,'' FAQ 3.3, page 15 of report, Available: http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_FAQbrochure_FINAL.pdf#25</ref>
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	Carbon dioxide and [[water]] react together to form carbonic acid, and this is what is causing increased acid levels in the oceans. The chemical reaction is:<ref name=ipcc1/>		Carbon dioxide and [[water]] react together to form carbonic acid, and this is what is causing increased acid levels in the oceans. The chemical reaction is:<ref name=ipcc1/>

	<center><m>CO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 ~~\hspace{3pt} \mbox{~~(~~carbonic~~ acid)~~}</m>~~</center>		<center><chem>CO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 </chem> (Carbonic acid)</center>

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported: From the summer

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Jmdonev at 17:57, 22 July 2016

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	<onlyinclude>[[Ocean acidification]] is a major [[climate change]] problem, concerning the change in [[acid]]ic levels of the ocean. ~~It is a consequence~~ of the [[~~emissions~~]] ~~of certain~~ [[~~greenhouse gases~~]], ~~particularly~~ [[~~carbon dioxide~~]]. </onlyinclude>		<onlyinclude>[[Ocean acidification]] is a major [[climate change]] problem, concerning the change in [[acid]]ic levels of the ocean. [[Carbon dioxide emissions]] have been substantially increasing since the start of the industrial revolution. The oceans on Earth absorb approximately 25% of the [[carbon dioxide]] that is released into the [[atmosphere]] every year.<ref name=noaa>NOAA. (Accessed December 31, 2015). ''What is Ocean Acidification'' [Online], Available: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F</ref> Hence, as atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels increase, so do the levels in the ocean. The CO<sub>2</sub> absorbed by the ocean is changing the chemistry of the [[seawater]], which is a process called ocean acidification.</onlyinclude>

	Acidification occurs when the [[pH]] in a given system decreases. In this case, the pH change is caused by an increased intake of carbon dioxide. As carbon dioxide and other compounds of [[carbon]] are emitted into the [[atmosphere]] by human activities (such as from [[motor vehicle]] emissions or [[coal-fired power plant]]s), there becomes a [[carbon cycle\|net increase of carbon in the atmosphere]], with around 30% of [[anthropogenic]] CO<sub>2</sub> making its way into the oceans.<ref name=ipcc1>IPCC. (Accessed December 31, 2015). ''Frequently Asked Questions,'' FAQ 3.3, page 15 of report, Available: http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_FAQbrochure_FINAL.pdf#25</ref>		Acidification occurs when the [[pH]] in a given system decreases. In this case, the pH change is caused by an increased intake of carbon dioxide. As carbon dioxide and other compounds of [[carbon]] are emitted into the [[atmosphere]] by human activities (such as from [[motor vehicle]] emissions or [[coal-fired power plant]]s), there becomes a [[carbon cycle\|net increase of carbon in the atmosphere]], with around 30% of [[anthropogenic]] CO<sub>2</sub> making its way into the oceans.<ref name=ipcc1>IPCC. (Accessed December 31, 2015). ''Frequently Asked Questions,'' FAQ 3.3, page 15 of report, Available: http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_FAQbrochure_FINAL.pdf#25</ref>
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	Measurements over recent years have indicated an increase of carbon dioxide in the surface layers of the oceans by 1.6-1.9 [[ppm]] per year, which is in accordance with the atmospheric increase of 1.5-1.9 ppm/year.<ref name=cc/> For a slightly more technical analysis, see Reference 1.		Measurements over recent years have indicated an increase of carbon dioxide in the surface layers of the oceans by 1.6-1.9 [[ppm]] per year, which is in accordance with the atmospheric increase of 1.5-1.9 ppm/year.<ref name=cc/> For a slightly more technical analysis, see Reference 1.

	Although the ocean takes out carbon from the atmosphere that would otherwise contribute to [[global warming]], there are adverse effects because of this. The average pH of the ocean has already decreased by around 0.1 since the industrial era (decrease in pH means more acidity), and since the pH scale is logarithmic, this means the ocean is 30% more acidic than it was prior to this period.<ref name=noaa~~>NOAA. (Accessed December 31, 2015). ''What is Ocean Acidification'' [Online], Available: http:~~/~~/www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F</ref~~> This affects many organisms in negative ways, as will be explored next.		Although the ocean takes out carbon from the atmosphere that would otherwise contribute to [[global warming]], there are adverse effects because of this. The average pH of the ocean has already decreased by around 0.1 since the industrial era (decrease in pH means more acidity), and since the pH scale is logarithmic, this means the ocean is 30% more acidic than it was prior to this period.<ref name=noaa/> This affects many organisms in negative ways, as will be explored next.

	==~~Effects~~ of Acidification==		==Impacts of Acidification==
	Many biological species are expected to be negatively affected by an increase in acidic levels. Studies have shown that a more acidic environment has a dramatic effect on some calcifying species, including oysters, clams, sea urchins, shallow water corals, deep sea corals, and calcareous plankton.<ref name=noaa/> Acidification has also shown to significantly reduce the ability of reef-building corals to produce their skeletons, and some research shows that, by the end of the century, coral reefs may erode faster than they can rebuild.<ref name=noaa/>		Many biological species are expected to be negatively affected by an increase in acidic levels. Calcium carbonate minerals are responsible for building the skeletons and shells of many marine organisms. This means that areas in the ocean with a large organism count typically have a high concentration of calcium carbonate so organisms can calcify to build their shells and skeletons. However, ocean acidification reduces the concentration of calcium carbonate which impacts the ability of certain organisms to produce and maintain their shells or skeletons.<ref name=noaa/> Studies have shown that a more acidic environment has a dramatic effect on some calcifying species, including oysters, clams, sea urchins, shallow water corals, deep sea corals, and calcareous plankton.<ref name=noaa/> Acidification has also shown to significantly reduce the ability of reef-building corals to produce their skeletons, and some research shows that, by the end of the century, coral reefs may erode faster than they can rebuild.<ref name=noaa/> Future predictions estimate that the oceans will continue to keep absorbing carbon dioxide resulting in more acidic ocean water. Based on emission scenarios, estimates indicate by the end of century the sea surface waters could be roughly 150% more acidic, which means a reduced pH that the oceans have not measured in more than 20 million years.<ref name=noaa/>

	Over a billion people around the world get their main source of protein from the ocean, and hundreds of thousands of jobs are reliant on the well-being of ocean species. Therefore from a human wellness standpoint alone, the acidification of the oceans is a major problem.		Over a billion people around the world get their main source of protein from the ocean, and hundreds of thousands of jobs are reliant on the well-being of ocean species. Therefore from a human wellness standpoint alone, the acidification of the oceans is a major problem.
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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
			[[Category:Uploaded]]

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Jmdonev at 05:49, 10 January 2016

2016-01-10T05:49:03Z

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[[Category:Done 2016-01-15]]
<onlyinclude>[[Ocean acidification]] is a major [[climate change]] problem, concerning the change in [[acid]]ic levels of the ocean. It is a consequence of the [[emissions]] of certain [[greenhouse gases]], particularly [[carbon dioxide]]. </onlyinclude>

Acidification occurs when the [[pH]] in a given system decreases. In this case, the pH change is caused by an increased intake of carbon dioxide. As carbon dioxide and other compounds of [[carbon]] are emitted into the [[atmosphere]] by human activities (such as from [[motor vehicle]] emissions or [[coal-fired power plant]]s), there becomes a [[carbon cycle|net increase of carbon in the atmosphere]], with around 30% of [[anthropogenic]] CO<sub>2</sub> making its way into the oceans.<ref name=ipcc1>IPCC. (Accessed December 31, 2015). ''Frequently Asked Questions,'' FAQ 3.3, page 15 of report, Available: http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_FAQbrochure_FINAL.pdf#25</ref>

Carbon dioxide and [[water]] react together to form carbonic acid, and this is what is causing increased acid levels in the oceans. The chemical reaction is:<ref name=ipcc1/>

<center><m>CO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \hspace{3pt} \mbox{(carbonic acid)}</m></center>

[[File:OceanPH.png|700px|thumb|center|Figure 1. '''Ocean pH change since the 1700s'''. Ocean pH levels have decreased (becoming more acidic) in recent years.<ref>Wikimedia Commons [Online], Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WOA05_GLODAP_del_pH_AYool.png#/media/File:WOA05_GLODAP_del_pH_AYool.png</ref> Remember that the pH is a [[logarithmic scale]], so reducing the pH by 0.1 means that this is 30% more acidic!]]

==How the ocean takes in carbon==
The [[ocean]] and atmosphere are coupled with one another, causing an exchange of matter between the two. Since the ocean is a tremendous [[carbon pool]] that makes use of [[pressure]] differences between its gas contents and that of the atmosphere, particles are exchanged through this pressure difference until equilibrium is reached between the two systems. As carbon dioxide levels increase in the atmosphere, as they have been, the ocean and atmosphere must reach a new equilibrium. Through this, the ocean acts as a [[carbon sink]], which has increased carbon dioxide levels in the ocean's surface layers.<ref name=cc>M. Melieres and C. Marechal, "Recent Climate Change," in ''Climate Change: Past, Present and Future'' 1st ed., U.K.: Wiley, 2015, ch.25.1.3, pp. 248-249</ref>

Measurements over recent years have indicated an increase of carbon dioxide in the surface layers of the oceans by 1.6-1.9 [[ppm]] per year, which is in accordance with the atmospheric increase of 1.5-1.9 ppm/year.<ref name=cc/> For a slightly more technical analysis, see Reference 1.

Although the ocean takes out carbon from the atmosphere that would otherwise contribute to [[global warming]], there are adverse effects because of this. The average pH of the ocean has already decreased by around 0.1 since the industrial era (decrease in pH means more acidity), and since the pH scale is logarithmic, this means the ocean is 30% more acidic than it was prior to this period.<ref name=noaa>NOAA. (Accessed December 31, 2015). ''What is Ocean Acidification'' [Online], Available: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F</ref> This affects many organisms in negative ways, as will be explored next.

==Effects of Acidification==
Many biological species are expected to be negatively affected by an increase in acidic levels. Studies have shown that a more acidic environment has a dramatic effect on some calcifying species, including oysters, clams, sea urchins, shallow water corals, deep sea corals, and calcareous plankton.<ref name=noaa/> Acidification has also shown to significantly reduce the ability of reef-building corals to produce their skeletons, and some research shows that, by the end of the century, coral reefs may erode faster than they can rebuild.<ref name=noaa/>

Over a billion people around the world get their main source of protein from the ocean, and hundreds of thousands of jobs are reliant on the well-being of ocean species. Therefore from a human wellness standpoint alone, the acidification of the oceans is a major problem.

The video below by World Bank discusses ocean acidification in more detail, and why it is a problem.

<html>
<iframe width="800" height="430" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/E39PMzDBtrU" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

==References==
{{reflist}}