Oil - Revision history

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2021-09-27T00:02:41Z

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energy>Ethan.boechler at 21:30, 10 September 2021

2021-09-10T21:30:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:30, 10 September 2021
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	[[Category:Done 2020-02-29]]		[[Category:Done 2020-02-29]]
			[[Category:Translated to Spanish]]
			[[es:Petróleo]]
			[[Category:Translated to French]]
			[[fr:Pétrole]]
	[[File:oil-pump-51658_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\| Figure 1. A pump jack is used to extract oil from a well.<ref> Pixabay. (June 5, 2015). ''Oil Pump'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/oil-pump-montana-usa-landscape-51658/</ref>]]		[[File:oil-pump-51658_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\| Figure 1. A pump jack is used to extract oil from a well.<ref> Pixabay. (June 5, 2015). ''Oil Pump'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/oil-pump-montana-usa-landscape-51658/</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>In general, '''oil''' is a [[liquid]] that is made up of [[organic molecule]]s. However, in the context of the world's [[energy sector]] '''oil''', or more specifically, '''crude oil''' is the liquid [[fossil fuel]] that is [[fossil fuel extraction\|extracted]] from the ground. Roughly 1/3 of the world's [[primary energy]] comes from this [[primary fuel]]. Chemically, oil is composed mainly out of [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]] with other trace elements.</onlyinclude> Since oil is made mostly out of carbon and hydrogen atoms, it is known as a [[hydrocarbon]] (although from a chemical standpoint, it's often not a true hydrocarbon).<ref name=geo>Stephen Marshak. (June 5, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> The specific [[chemical]] makeup of crude oil can vary drastically depending on where it was drilled and under which conditions it was formed.<ref>W.Leffler, M.Raymond. (May 25, 2015). ''Oil and Gas Production in Nontechnical Language'', 1st Ed. Tulsa, OK, U.S.A: PennWell Corporation, 2006.</ref>		<onlyinclude>In general, '''oil''' is a [[liquid]] that is made up of [[organic molecule]]s. However, in the context of the world's [[energy sector]] '''oil''', or more specifically, '''crude oil''' is the liquid [[fossil fuel]] that is [[fossil fuel extraction\|extracted]] from the ground. Roughly 1/3 of the world's [[primary energy]] comes from this [[primary fuel]]. Chemically, oil is composed mainly out of [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]] with other trace elements.</onlyinclude> Since oil is made mostly out of carbon and hydrogen atoms, it is known as a [[hydrocarbon]] (although from a chemical standpoint, it's often not a true hydrocarbon).<ref name=geo>Stephen Marshak. (June 5, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> The specific [[chemical]] makeup of crude oil can vary drastically depending on where it was drilled and under which conditions it was formed.<ref>W.Leffler, M.Raymond. (May 25, 2015). ''Oil and Gas Production in Nontechnical Language'', 1st Ed. Tulsa, OK, U.S.A: PennWell Corporation, 2006.</ref>

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2020-04-28T15:32:33Z

1 revision imported

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energy>Jmdonev at 16:11, 10 April 2020

2020-04-10T16:11:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:11, 10 April 2020
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	[[Category:Done ~~2017~~-07-01]]		[[Category:Done 2020-02-29]]
	[[File:oil-pump-51658_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\| Figure 1. A pump jack is used to extract oil from a well.<ref> Pixabay. (June 5, 2015). ''Oil Pump'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/oil-pump-montana-usa-landscape-51658/</ref>]]		[[File:oil-pump-51658_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\| Figure 1. A pump jack is used to extract oil from a well.<ref> Pixabay. (June 5, 2015). ''Oil Pump'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/oil-pump-montana-usa-landscape-51658/</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>In general, '''oil''' is a [[liquid]] that is made up of [[organic molecule]]s. However, ~~the world '''oil'''~~ in the context of the [[energy sector]] is the liquid [[fossil fuel]] that is [[fossil fuel extraction\|extracted]] from the ground. Roughly 1/3 of the world's [[primary energy]] comes from this [[primary fuel]]. Chemically, oil is composed mainly out of [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]] with other trace elements.</onlyinclude> Since oil is made mostly out of carbon and hydrogen atoms, it is known as a [[hydrocarbon]] (although from a chemical standpoint, it's often not a true hydrocarbon).<ref name=geo>Stephen Marshak. (June 5, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> The specific [[chemical]] makeup of oil can vary drastically depending on where it was drilled and ~~in what~~ conditions it was formed ~~under~~.<ref>W.Leffler, M.Raymond. (May 25, 2015). ''Oil and Gas Production in Nontechnical Language'', 1st Ed. Tulsa, OK, U.S.A: PennWell Corporation, 2006.</ref>		<onlyinclude>In general, '''oil''' is a [[liquid]] that is made up of [[organic molecule]]s. However, in the context of the world's [[energy sector]] '''oil''', or more specifically, '''crude oil''' is the liquid [[fossil fuel]] that is [[fossil fuel extraction\|extracted]] from the ground. Roughly 1/3 of the world's [[primary energy]] comes from this [[primary fuel]]. Chemically, oil is composed mainly out of [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]] with other trace elements.</onlyinclude> Since oil is made mostly out of carbon and hydrogen atoms, it is known as a [[hydrocarbon]] (although from a chemical standpoint, it's often not a true hydrocarbon).<ref name=geo>Stephen Marshak. (June 5, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> The specific [[chemical]] makeup of crude oil can vary drastically depending on where it was drilled and under which conditions it was formed.<ref>W.Leffler, M.Raymond. (May 25, 2015). ''Oil and Gas Production in Nontechnical Language'', 1st Ed. Tulsa, OK, U.S.A: PennWell Corporation, 2006.</ref>

	Oil [[oil formation\|formed]] millions of years ago when living organic matter died and was buried before it could be decomposed in the presence of [[air]]. This locked the carbon underground where [[heat]] and [[pressure]] led to chemical and physical changes. These changes, over long periods of time, transformed the once-[[photosynthesis\|photosynthetic]] energy from the [[Sun]] into the energy stored in the oil itself.<ref name=wolfson>Richard Wolfson. (June 5, 2015). ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A: 2012.</ref> Because oil is the main liquid component of [[petroleum]], it is referred to as a [[petrochemical]].		Oil [[oil formation\|formed]] millions of years ago when living organic matter died and was buried before it could be decomposed in the presence of [[air]]. This locked the carbon underground where [[heat]] and [[pressure]] led to chemical and physical changes. These changes, over long periods of time, transformed the once-[[photosynthesis\|photosynthetic]] energy from the [[Sun]] into the energy stored in the oil itself.<ref name=wolfson>Richard Wolfson. (June 5, 2015). ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A: 2012.</ref> Because oil is the main liquid component of [[petroleum]], it is referred to as a [[petrochemical]].
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	==History==		==History==
	[[File:376px-Edwindrake2.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\| Figure 2. Edwin Drake, the driller of the first productive oil well.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (June 5, 2015). ''Edwin Drake'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edwindrake.jpg#/media/File:Edwindrake.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:376px-Edwindrake2.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\| Figure 2. Edwin Drake, the driller of the first productive oil well.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (June 5, 2015). ''Edwin Drake'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edwindrake.jpg#/media/File:Edwindrake.jpg</ref>]]
	Oil has been used extensively through history, even when not being used to fuel vehicles or [[electricity generation\|generate electricity]]. Historically, oil was used as a waterproofing agent and in some medicines, but was found only in natural seeps where the oil came above ground.<ref name=geo/> On August 27, 1859 oil was pumped out of the ground for the first time by Edwin Drake in Pennsylvania and thousands of wells ~~were~~ drilled ~~following that~~.<ref>Encyclopedia Brittanica. (June 5, 2015). ''Edqin Laurentine Drake'' [Online]. Available: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/170909/Edwin-Laurentine-Drake</ref> Initially, most oil was turned into [[kerosene]] and used as ~~a lamp~~ fuel, but over time it grew to be used for fuelling cars and generating [[electricity]].		Oil has been used extensively through history, even when not being used to fuel vehicles or [[electricity generation\|generate electricity]]. Historically, oil was used as a waterproofing agent and in some medicines, but was found only in natural seeps where the oil came above ground.<ref name=geo/> On August 27, 1859 oil was pumped out of the ground for the first time by Edwin Drake in Pennsylvania and thousands of wells have been drilled since.<ref>Encyclopedia Brittanica. (June 5, 2015). ''Edqin Laurentine Drake'' [Online]. Available: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/170909/Edwin-Laurentine-Drake</ref> Initially, most oil was turned into [[kerosene]] and used as fuel for lamps, but over time it grew to be used for fuelling cars and generating [[electricity]].

	==Extraction==		==Extraction==
	Conventional oil is held beneath ground in [[oil and gas traps\|traps]] or [[oil and gas reservoir\|reservoirs]], held in the tiny pore spaces of [[porosity\|porous]] and [[permeability\|permeable]] rock. [[Unconventional resource\|Unconventional oil]], primarily [[shale oil]] is held tightly in [[shale]] deposits and thus more difficult to extract ~~and requires~~ [[hydraulic fracturing]] to access. Generally, ~~to extract oil~~ a [[oil well\|well]] is ~~dug~~ into a reservoir ~~that holds~~ oil. The well can be vertical, directional, or [[horizontal well\|horizontal]] depending on how much access to the deposit is needed. Directional and horizontal drilling allows more of the well to be in the deposit itself, increasing the flow of the oil.<ref>Geology.com. (June 5, 2015). ''Horizontal Drilling & Directional Drilling\\ [Online]. Available: http://geology.com/articles/horizontal-drilling/</ref> After this, the oil is extracted and refined. It can be [[fractional distillation\|distilled]] or undergo [[hydrocarbon cracking]] to create products and fuels that will be useful.		Conventional oil is held beneath the ground in [[oil and gas traps\|traps]] or [[oil and gas reservoir\|reservoirs]], held in the tiny pore spaces of [[porosity\|porous]] and [[permeability\|permeable]] rock. [[Unconventional resource\|Unconventional oil]], primarily [[shale oil]] is held tightly in non-[[permeability\|permeable]] [[shale]] deposits and thus more difficult to extract, requiring [[hydraulic fracturing]] to access. Generally, extraction requires a [[oil well\|well]] that is drilled into a reservoir containing crude oil. The well can be vertical, directional, or [[horizontal well\|horizontal]] depending on how much access to the deposit is needed. Directional and horizontal drilling allows more of the well to be in the deposit itself, increasing the flow of the oil.<ref>Geology.com. (June 5, 2015). ''Horizontal Drilling & Directional Drilling\\ [Online]. Available: http://geology.com/articles/horizontal-drilling/</ref> After this, the oil is extracted and refined. It can be [[fractional distillation\|distilled]] or undergo [[hydrocarbon cracking]] to create products and fuels that will be useful.

	==Use==		==Use==
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	* '''Solvents'''		* '''Solvents'''
	* '''Electrical Generation'''		* '''Electrical Generation'''
	Some of these uses require more refining of [[crude oil]] to become useful, but they all utilize oil in some way. According to the EIA, transportation (through the use of [[gasoline]] and [[diesel]]) ~~accounts~~ for 2/3 of the oil used ~~in the United States and is thus a major area of use for oil~~.<ref name=eccos/>		Some of these uses require more refining of [[crude oil]] to become useful, but they all utilize oil in some way. According to the EIA, the majority of oil usage in the United States is from transportation (through the use of [[gasoline]] and [[diesel]]) accounting for 2/3 of all the oil used.<ref name=eccos/>

	Oil is particularly useful as a fuel because of its high [[energy density]]. As ~~was~~ mentioned ~~previously~~, the original energy source of oil is the Sun, as the energy stored within dead organic [[matter]] is what creates oil over time. When burned in the presence of [[oxygen]], oil undergoes a [[hydrocarbon combustion]] reaction, creating [[carbon dioxide]] and [[water vapour]]. The energy released ~~in this reaction has to do with how much~~ energy ~~is stored within a certain amount~~ of oil~~. This amount is~~ high, with ~~the energy content of~~ 1 [[kilogram]] of oil ~~being~~ <m>5.3 \times 10^7 J</m>.<ref>Washington University. (June 5, 2015). ''Energy Content of Fuels (in Joules)'' [Online]. Available: http://www.ocean.washington.edu/courses/envir215/energynumbers.pdf</ref>		Oil is particularly useful as a fuel because of its high [[energy density]]. As previously mentioned, the original energy source of oil is the Sun, as the energy stored within dead organic [[matter]] is what creates crude oil over time. When burned in the presence of [[oxygen]], oil undergoes a [[hydrocarbon combustion]] reaction, creating [[carbon dioxide]] and [[water vapour]]. The energy released during combustion is dependent on the energy density of the specific substance undergoing combustion. Crude oil has a relatively high energy density, with 1 [[kilogram]] of crude oil containing <math>5.3 \times 10^7 J</math>.<ref>Washington University. (June 5, 2015). ''Energy Content of Fuels (in Joules)'' [Online]. Available: http://www.ocean.washington.edu/courses/envir215/energynumbers.pdf</ref>

	==Environmental Impacts==		==Environmental Impacts==
	Although oil is currently an extremely important fuel, the production of carbon dioxide through the [[combustion]] of oil and ~~oil~~ products is ~~leading~~ to [[climate change]]. In addition to carbon dioxide and other [[emission]]s produced during the burning of oil products, the production, transport, refining, and drilling processes all have environmental ~~problems connected to them~~. Some chemicals produced contribute to [[smog]], while others are [[greenhouse gases]] that contribute to the warming of the Earth.<ref name=env>Michael McElroy. (June 5, 2015). ''Energy: Perspectives, Problems, and Prospects'', 1st Ed. Oxford University Press. New York, NY, USA: 2010.</ref> Some of the more harmful pollutants include [[NOx]] and [[carbon monoxide]]. ~~As well as~~ emissions ~~being an~~ issue, the ~~usage~~ of land and ~~destruction~~ of potentially ~~ecologically~~ significant areas ~~for drilling or through oil spills are causes for concern~~.		Although oil is currently an extremely important fuel, the production of carbon dioxide through the [[combustion]] of crude oil and its refined products is contributing to [[climate change]]. In addition to carbon dioxide and other [[emission]]s produced during the burning of oil products, the production, transport, refining, and drilling processes all have their own associated environmental impacts. Some chemicals produced contribute to [[smog]], while others are [[greenhouse gases]] that contribute to the warming of the Earth.<ref name=env>Michael McElroy. (June 5, 2015). ''Energy: Perspectives, Problems, and Prospects'', 1st Ed. Oxford University Press. New York, NY, USA: 2010.</ref> Some of the more harmful pollutants include [[NOx]] and [[carbon monoxide]]. Atmospheric emissions are not the only issue, as the destruction of land used during extraction and the possibility of an oil spill can destroy potentially significant ecological areas.

	==Interactive Graph==		==Interactive Graph==
	Oil is used extensively worldwide, and the graph below can be used to determine which regions use the most or least oil products.		Oil is used extensively worldwide, and the graph below can be used to determine which regions use the most or least oil products.
	<html><iframe height='525px' width='785px' style='border:1px solid #cccccc' src='https://www.google.com/publicdata/embed?ds=g5eclhudc0afn_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=oil_consumption&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=world&idim=region:AFR:APA:EEA:MEA:NOA:SCA&ifdim=world&ind=false''></iframe></html>		<html><iframe height='525px' width='785px' style='border:1px solid #cccccc' src='https://www.google.com/publicdata/embed?ds=g5eclhudc0afn_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=oil_consumption&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=world&idim=region:AFR:APA:EEA:MEA:NOA:SCA&ifdim=world&ind=false''></iframe></html>

			==For Further Reading==
			*[[Fossil fuel]]
			*[[Natural gas]]
			*[[Shale]]
			*[[Oil formation]]
			*[[Primary energy]]
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

Jmdonev at 21:02, 24 February 2019

2019-02-24T21:02:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:02, 24 February 2019
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	==Interactive Graph==		==Interactive Graph==
	Oil is used extensively worldwide, and the graph below can be used to determine which regions use the most or least oil products.		Oil is used extensively worldwide, and the graph below can be used to determine which regions use the most or least oil products.
	<html><iframe height='525px' width='785px' style='border:1px solid #cccccc' src='~~http~~://www.google.com/publicdata/embed?ds=g5eclhudc0afn_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=oil_consumption&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=world&idim=region:AFR:APA:EEA:MEA:NOA:SCA&ifdim=world&ind=false''></iframe></html>		<html><iframe height='525px' width='785px' style='border:1px solid #cccccc' src='https://www.google.com/publicdata/embed?ds=g5eclhudc0afn_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=oil_consumption&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=world&idim=region:AFR:APA:EEA:MEA:NOA:SCA&ifdim=world&ind=false''></iframe></html>

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2017-08-29T01:46:52Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 01:46, 29 August 2017
(No difference)

Jmdonev at 17:34, 28 July 2017

2017-07-28T17:34:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:34, 28 July 2017
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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-09-06]]		[[Category:Done 2017-07-01]]
	[[File:oil-pump-51658_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\| Figure 1. A pump jack is used to extract oil from a well.<ref> Pixabay. (June 5, 2015). ''Oil Pump'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/oil-pump-montana-usa-landscape-51658/</ref>]]		[[File:oil-pump-51658_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\| Figure 1. A pump jack is used to extract oil from a well.<ref> Pixabay. (June 5, 2015). ''Oil Pump'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/oil-pump-montana-usa-landscape-51658/</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''~~Oil~~''' is a ~~type~~ of [[~~liquid~~]] [[fossil fuel]] that is ~~vastly important in its use as a~~ [[fuel]] from ~~which society obtains its~~ [[energy]], composed mainly out of [[carbon]] with other trace elements.</onlyinclude> Since oil is made ~~mainly~~ out of ~~these~~ carbon atoms ~~along with [[hydrogen]]~~, it is known as a [[hydrocarbon]].<ref name=geo>Stephen Marshak. (June 5, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> The specific [[chemical]] makeup of oil can vary drastically depending on where it was drilled and in what conditions it was formed under.<ref>W.Leffler, M.Raymond. (May 25, 2015). ''Oil and Gas Production in Nontechnical Language'', 1st Ed. Tulsa, OK, U.S.A: PennWell Corporation, 2006.</ref> Oil [[oil formation\|formed]] millions of years ago when living organic matter died and was buried before it could be decomposed in the presence of [[air]]. This locked the carbon underground where [[heat]] and [[pressure]] led to chemical and physical changes. These changes, over long periods of time, transformed the once-[[photosynthesis\|photosynthetic]] energy from the [[Sun]] into the energy stored in the oil itself.<ref name=wolfson>Richard Wolfson. (June 5, 2015). ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A: 2012.</ref> Because oil is the main liquid component of [[petroleum]], it is referred to as a [[petrochemical]].		<onlyinclude>In general, '''oil''' is a [[liquid]] that is made up of [[organic molecule]]s. However, the world '''oil''' in the context of the [[energy sector]] is the liquid [[fossil fuel]] that is [[fossil fuel extraction\|extracted]] from the ground. Roughly 1/3 of the world's [[primary energy]] comes from this [[primary fuel]]. Chemically, oil is composed mainly out of [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]] with other trace elements.</onlyinclude> Since oil is made mostly out of carbon and hydrogen atoms, it is known as a [[hydrocarbon]] (although from a chemical standpoint, it's often not a true hydrocarbon).<ref name=geo>Stephen Marshak. (June 5, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> The specific [[chemical]] makeup of oil can vary drastically depending on where it was drilled and in what conditions it was formed under.<ref>W.Leffler, M.Raymond. (May 25, 2015). ''Oil and Gas Production in Nontechnical Language'', 1st Ed. Tulsa, OK, U.S.A: PennWell Corporation, 2006.</ref>

			Oil [[oil formation\|formed]] millions of years ago when living organic matter died and was buried before it could be decomposed in the presence of [[air]]. This locked the carbon underground where [[heat]] and [[pressure]] led to chemical and physical changes. These changes, over long periods of time, transformed the once-[[photosynthesis\|photosynthetic]] energy from the [[Sun]] into the energy stored in the oil itself.<ref name=wolfson>Richard Wolfson. (June 5, 2015). ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A: 2012.</ref> Because oil is the main liquid component of [[petroleum]], it is referred to as a [[petrochemical]].

	==History==		==History==
	[[File:376px-Edwindrake2.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\| Figure 2. Edwin Drake, the driller of the first productive oil well.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (June 5, 2015). ''Edwin Drake'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edwindrake.jpg#/media/File:Edwindrake.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:376px-Edwindrake2.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\| Figure 2. Edwin Drake, the driller of the first productive oil well.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (June 5, 2015). ''Edwin Drake'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edwindrake.jpg#/media/File:Edwindrake.jpg</ref>]]
	Oil has been used extensively through history, even when not being used to fuel vehicles or [[electricity generation\|generate electricity]]. Historically, oil was used as a waterproofing agent and in some medicines, but was found only in natural seeps where the oil came above ground.<ref name=geo/> On August 27, 1859 oil was pumped out of the ground for the first time by Edwin Drake in Pennsylvania and thousands of wells were drilled following that.<ref>Encyclopedia Brittanica. (June 5, 2015). ''Edqin Laurentine Drake'' [Online]. Available: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/170909/Edwin-Laurentine-Drake</ref> Initially, most oil was turned into [[kerosene]] and used as a lamp fuel, but over time it grew to be used for ~~fueling~~ cars and generating [[electricity]].		Oil has been used extensively through history, even when not being used to fuel vehicles or [[electricity generation\|generate electricity]]. Historically, oil was used as a waterproofing agent and in some medicines, but was found only in natural seeps where the oil came above ground.<ref name=geo/> On August 27, 1859 oil was pumped out of the ground for the first time by Edwin Drake in Pennsylvania and thousands of wells were drilled following that.<ref>Encyclopedia Brittanica. (June 5, 2015). ''Edqin Laurentine Drake'' [Online]. Available: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/170909/Edwin-Laurentine-Drake</ref> Initially, most oil was turned into [[kerosene]] and used as a lamp fuel, but over time it grew to be used for fuelling cars and generating [[electricity]].

	==Extraction==		==Extraction==
	Conventional oil is held beneath ground in [[oil and gas ~~trap~~\|traps]] or [[oil and gas reservoir\|reservoirs]], held in the tiny pore spaces of [[porosity\|porous]] and [[permeability\|permeable]] rock. [[Unconventional resource\|Unconventional oil]], primarily [[shale oil]] is held tightly in [[shale]] deposits and thus more difficult to extract and requires [[hydraulic fracturing]] to access. Generally, to extract oil a [[oil well\|well]] is dug into a reservoir that holds oil. The well can be vertical, directional, or [[horizontal well\|horizontal]] depending on how much access to the deposit is needed. Directional and horizontal drilling allows more of the well to be in the deposit itself, increasing the flow of the oil.<ref>Geology.com. (June 5, 2015). ''Horizontal Drilling & Directional Drilling\\ [Online]. Available: http://geology.com/articles/horizontal-drilling/</ref> After this, the oil is extracted and refined. It can be [[fractional distillation\|distilled]] or undergo [[cracking]] to create products and fuels that will be useful.		Conventional oil is held beneath ground in [[oil and gas traps\|traps]] or [[oil and gas reservoir\|reservoirs]], held in the tiny pore spaces of [[porosity\|porous]] and [[permeability\|permeable]] rock. [[Unconventional resource\|Unconventional oil]], primarily [[shale oil]] is held tightly in [[shale]] deposits and thus more difficult to extract and requires [[hydraulic fracturing]] to access. Generally, to extract oil a [[oil well\|well]] is dug into a reservoir that holds oil. The well can be vertical, directional, or [[horizontal well\|horizontal]] depending on how much access to the deposit is needed. Directional and horizontal drilling allows more of the well to be in the deposit itself, increasing the flow of the oil.<ref>Geology.com. (June 5, 2015). ''Horizontal Drilling & Directional Drilling\\ [Online]. Available: http://geology.com/articles/horizontal-drilling/</ref> After this, the oil is extracted and refined. It can be [[fractional distillation\|distilled]] or undergo [[hydrocarbon cracking]] to create products and fuels that will be useful.

	==Use==		==Use==

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-18T16:51:15Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 16:51, 18 September 2015
(No difference)

Jmdonev at 20:27, 3 September 2015

2015-09-03T20:27:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:27, 3 September 2015
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	[[Category:Done 2015-06~~-11~~]]		[[Category:Done 2015-09-06]]
	[[File:oil-pump-51658_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\| Figure 1. A pump jack is used to extract oil from a well.<ref> Pixabay. (June 5, 2015). ''Oil Pump'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/oil-pump-montana-usa-landscape-51658/</ref>]]		[[File:oil-pump-51658_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\| Figure 1. A pump jack is used to extract oil from a well.<ref> Pixabay. (June 5, 2015). ''Oil Pump'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/oil-pump-montana-usa-landscape-51658/</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Oil''' is a type of [[liquid]] [[fossil fuel]] that is vastly important in its use as a [[fuel]] from which society obtains its [[energy]], composed mainly out of [[carbon]] with other trace elements.</onlyinclude> Since oil is made mainly out of these carbon atoms along with [[hydrogen]], it is known as a [[hydrocarbon]].<ref name=geo>Stephen Marshak. (June 5, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> The specific chemical makeup of oil can vary drastically depending on where it was drilled and in what conditions it was formed under.<ref>W.Leffler, M.Raymond. (May 25, 2015). ''Oil and Gas Production in Nontechnical Language'', 1st Ed. Tulsa, OK, U.S.A: PennWell Corporation, 2006.</ref> Oil [[oil formation\|formed]] millions of years ago when living organic matter died and was buried before it could be decomposed in the presence of [[air]]. This locked the carbon underground where [[heat]] and [[pressure]] led to chemical and physical changes. These changes, over long periods of time, transformed the once-[[photosynthesis\|photosynthetic]] energy from the [[Sun]] into the energy stored in the oil itself.<ref name=wolfson>Richard Wolfson. (June 5, 2015). ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A: 2012.</ref> Because oil is the main liquid component of [[petroleum]], it is referred to as a [[petrochemical]].		<onlyinclude>'''Oil''' is a type of [[liquid]] [[fossil fuel]] that is vastly important in its use as a [[fuel]] from which society obtains its [[energy]], composed mainly out of [[carbon]] with other trace elements.</onlyinclude> Since oil is made mainly out of these carbon atoms along with [[hydrogen]], it is known as a [[hydrocarbon]].<ref name=geo>Stephen Marshak. (June 5, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> The specific [[chemical]] makeup of oil can vary drastically depending on where it was drilled and in what conditions it was formed under.<ref>W.Leffler, M.Raymond. (May 25, 2015). ''Oil and Gas Production in Nontechnical Language'', 1st Ed. Tulsa, OK, U.S.A: PennWell Corporation, 2006.</ref> Oil [[oil formation\|formed]] millions of years ago when living organic matter died and was buried before it could be decomposed in the presence of [[air]]. This locked the carbon underground where [[heat]] and [[pressure]] led to chemical and physical changes. These changes, over long periods of time, transformed the once-[[photosynthesis\|photosynthetic]] energy from the [[Sun]] into the energy stored in the oil itself.<ref name=wolfson>Richard Wolfson. (June 5, 2015). ''Energy, Environment, and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A: 2012.</ref> Because oil is the main liquid component of [[petroleum]], it is referred to as a [[petrochemical]].

	==History==		==History==
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	Some of these uses require more refining of [[crude oil]] to become useful, but they all utilize oil in some way. According to the EIA, transportation (through the use of [[gasoline]] and [[diesel]]) accounts for 2/3 of the oil used in the United States and is thus a major area of use for oil.<ref name=eccos/>		Some of these uses require more refining of [[crude oil]] to become useful, but they all utilize oil in some way. According to the EIA, transportation (through the use of [[gasoline]] and [[diesel]]) accounts for 2/3 of the oil used in the United States and is thus a major area of use for oil.<ref name=eccos/>

	Oil is particularly useful as a fuel because of its high [[energy density]]. As was mentioned previously, the original energy source of oil is the Sun, as the energy stored within dead organic matter is what creates oil over time. When burned in the presence of [[oxygen]], oil undergoes a [[hydrocarbon combustion]] reaction, creating [[carbon dioxide]] and [[water vapour]]. The energy released in this reaction has to do with how much energy is stored within a certain amount of oil. This amount is high, with the energy content of 1 [[kilogram]] of oil being <m>5.3 \times 10^7 J</m>.<ref>Washington University. (June 5, 2015). ''Energy Content of Fuels (in Joules)'' [Online]. Available: http://www.ocean.washington.edu/courses/envir215/energynumbers.pdf</ref>		Oil is particularly useful as a fuel because of its high [[energy density]]. As was mentioned previously, the original energy source of oil is the Sun, as the energy stored within dead organic [[matter]] is what creates oil over time. When burned in the presence of [[oxygen]], oil undergoes a [[hydrocarbon combustion]] reaction, creating [[carbon dioxide]] and [[water vapour]]. The energy released in this reaction has to do with how much energy is stored within a certain amount of oil. This amount is high, with the energy content of 1 [[kilogram]] of oil being <m>5.3 \times 10^7 J</m>.<ref>Washington University. (June 5, 2015). ''Energy Content of Fuels (in Joules)'' [Online]. Available: http://www.ocean.washington.edu/courses/envir215/energynumbers.pdf</ref>

	==Environmental Impacts==		==Environmental Impacts==

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2015-08-26T21:31:27Z

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