Oil formation - Revision history

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2dev>Ashley.Sheardown at 19:06, 19 December 2018

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	<onlyinclude>[[Oil]] or [[petroleum]] is a readily [[combustion\|combustable]] [[fossil fuel]] that is composed mainly of [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]], and is thus known as a [[hydrocarbon]].<ref name="RE1">Art Goldstein. (May 11, 2015). ''Formation of Oil'' [Online]. Available: http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-oil/formation_of_oil.htm</ref> The '''formation of oil''' takes a significant amount of [[~~timescale~~ of the universe\|time]] with oil beginning to form millions of years ago.</onlyinclude> 70% of oil deposits existing today were formed in the Mesozoic age (252 to 66 million years ago), 20% were formed in the Cenozoic age (65 million years ago), and only 10% were formed in the Paleozoic age (541 to 252 million years ago). This is likely because the Mesozoic age was marked by a tropical [[climate]], with large amounts of plankton in the [[ocean]].<ref>Colgate University. (January 7, 2016). ''Oil Formation'' [Online]. Available: http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-oil/formation_of_oil.htm/</ref>		[[Category: Ashley edit]]
			<onlyinclude>[[Oil]] or [[petroleum]] is a readily [[combustion\|combustable]] [[fossil fuel]] that is composed mainly of [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]], and is thus known as a [[hydrocarbon]].<ref name="RE1">Art Goldstein. (May 11, 2015). ''Formation of Oil'' [Online]. Available: http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-oil/formation_of_oil.htm</ref> The '''formation of oil''' takes a significant amount of [[time scale of the universe\|time]] with oil beginning to form millions of years ago.</onlyinclude> 70% of oil deposits existing today were formed in the Mesozoic age (252 to 66 million years ago), 20% were formed in the Cenozoic age (65 million years ago), and only 10% were formed in the Paleozoic age (541 to 252 million years ago). This is likely because the Mesozoic age was marked by a tropical [[climate]], with large amounts of plankton in the [[ocean]].<ref>Colgate University. (January 7, 2016). ''Oil Formation'' [Online]. Available: http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-oil/formation_of_oil.htm/</ref>

	The formation of oil begins in warm, shallow [[ocean]]s that were present on the Earth millions of years ago. In these oceans, extremely small dead organic [[matter]] - classified as [[plankton]] - falls to the floor of the ocean. This plankton consists of animals, called ''zooplankton'', or plants, called ''phytoplankton''. This material then lands on the ocean floor and mixes with inorganic material that enters the ocean by rivers. It is this sediment on the ocean floor that then forms oil over many years. The [[energy]] in [[oil]] initially comes from the [[Sun]], and is energy from [[sunlight]] that is trapped in [[chemical]] form by dead plankton.<ref name="wolfson">R. Wolfson. ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012, pp. 96-97</ref>		The formation of oil begins in warm, shallow [[ocean]]s that were present on the Earth millions of years ago. In these oceans, extremely small dead organic [[matter]] - classified as [[plankton]] - falls to the floor of the ocean. This plankton consists of animals, called ''zooplankton'', or plants, called ''phytoplankton''. This material then lands on the ocean floor and mixes with inorganic material that enters the ocean by rivers. It is this sediment on the ocean floor that then forms oil over many years. The [[energy]] in [[oil]] initially comes from the [[Sun]], and is energy from [[sunlight]] that is trapped in [[chemical]] form by dead plankton.<ref name="wolfson">R. Wolfson. ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012, pp. 96-97</ref>
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	6. Geological changes in the Earth's crust bring these deposits up closer to the surface, making them somewhat easier to access.<ref>J. Kraushaar, R. Ristinen. (May 11, 2015).Energy and the Environment, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons, 2006, pp. 54</ref> This step is shown in Figure 1, panel C.		6. Geological changes in the Earth's crust bring these deposits up closer to the surface, making them somewhat easier to access.<ref>J. Kraushaar, R. Ristinen. (May 11, 2015).Energy and the Environment, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons, 2006, pp. 54</ref> This step is shown in Figure 1, panel C.

			==For Further Reading==
			*[[Oil]]
			*[[Oil sands]]
			*[[Shale]]
			*[[Greenhouse effect]]
			*[[Carbon capture and storage]]
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2017-08-29T01:46:44Z

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Jmdonev at 17:36, 14 July 2017

2017-07-14T17:36:52Z

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	<onlyinclude>~~'''~~Oil~~'''~~ or ~~'''~~petroleum~~'''~~ is a readily [[combustion\|combustable]] [[fossil fuel]] that is composed mainly of [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]], and is thus known as a [[hydrocarbon]].<ref name="RE1">Art Goldstein. (May 11, 2015). ''Formation of Oil'' [Online]. Available: http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-oil/formation_of_oil.htm</ref> The formation of [[oil]] takes a significant amount of [[timescale of the universe\|time]] with oil beginning to form millions of years ago.</onlyinclude> 70% of oil deposits existing today were formed in the Mesozoic age (252 to 66 million years ago), 20% were formed in the Cenozoic age (65 million years ago), and only 10% were formed in the Paleozoic age (541 to 252 million years ago). This is likely because the Mesozoic age was marked by a tropical climate, with large amounts of plankton in the ocean.<ref>Colgate University. (January 7, 2016). ''Oil Formation'' [Online]. Available: http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-oil/formation_of_oil.htm/</ref>		<onlyinclude>[[Oil]] or [[petroleum]] is a readily [[combustion\|combustable]] [[fossil fuel]] that is composed mainly of [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]], and is thus known as a [[hydrocarbon]].<ref name="RE1">Art Goldstein. (May 11, 2015). ''Formation of Oil'' [Online]. Available: http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-oil/formation_of_oil.htm</ref> The '''formation of oil''' takes a significant amount of [[timescale of the universe\|time]] with oil beginning to form millions of years ago.</onlyinclude> 70% of oil deposits existing today were formed in the Mesozoic age (252 to 66 million years ago), 20% were formed in the Cenozoic age (65 million years ago), and only 10% were formed in the Paleozoic age (541 to 252 million years ago). This is likely because the Mesozoic age was marked by a tropical [[climate]], with large amounts of plankton in the [[ocean]].<ref>Colgate University. (January 7, 2016). ''Oil Formation'' [Online]. Available: http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-oil/formation_of_oil.htm/</ref>

	The formation of oil begins in warm, shallow ~~oceans~~ that were present on the Earth millions of years ago. In these oceans, extremely small dead organic matter - classified as plankton - falls to the floor of the ocean. This plankton consists of animals, called ''zooplankton'', or plants, called ''phytoplankton''. This material then lands on the ocean floor and mixes with inorganic material that enters the ocean by rivers. It is this sediment on the ocean floor that then forms oil over many years. The energy in [[oil]] initially comes from the [[Sun]], and is energy from sunlight that is trapped in chemical form by dead plankton.<ref name="wolfson">R. Wolfson. ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012, pp. 96-97</ref>		The formation of oil begins in warm, shallow [[ocean]]s that were present on the Earth millions of years ago. In these oceans, extremely small dead organic [[matter]] - classified as [[plankton]] - falls to the floor of the ocean. This plankton consists of animals, called ''zooplankton'', or plants, called ''phytoplankton''. This material then lands on the ocean floor and mixes with inorganic material that enters the ocean by rivers. It is this sediment on the ocean floor that then forms oil over many years. The [[energy]] in [[oil]] initially comes from the [[Sun]], and is energy from [[sunlight]] that is trapped in [[chemical]] form by dead plankton.<ref name="wolfson">R. Wolfson. ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012, pp. 96-97</ref>

	==Formation Process==		==Formation Process==
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	The process that creates oil is generally the same in most areas, although there may be different types of plant and animal debris that falls to the ocean floor and slightly different conditions. To form oil, the following steps have to happen:<ref name="wolfson"/><ref name="geo">Stephen Marshak. (May 11, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref>		The process that creates oil is generally the same in most areas, although there may be different types of plant and animal debris that falls to the ocean floor and slightly different conditions. To form oil, the following steps have to happen:<ref name="wolfson"/><ref name="geo">Stephen Marshak. (May 11, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref>

	1. Dead plankton - both phytoplankton and zooplankton - as well as [[algae]] and bacteria sink to the bottom of an ancient ocean and mix with inorganic, clay-like materials that enter these oceans from streams and rivers. This creates an organic-rich mud. This mud can only form in still water environments. This step is shown in Figure 1, panel A.		1. Dead plankton - both phytoplankton and zooplankton - as well as [[algae]] and bacteria sink to the bottom of an ancient ocean and mix with inorganic, clay-like materials that enter these oceans from streams and rivers. This creates an organic-rich mud. This mud can only form in still [[water]] environments. This step is shown in Figure 1, panel A.

	2. This mud cannot be exposed to too much [[oxygen]], or else the organic matter in the mud would be decomposed by bacteria and disappear quickly. Therefore environments where oil can form are known as anoxic environments. Before this organic matter is destroyed, it is buried by more sediment and ''lithifies'' (becomes sedimentary rock), creating ''organic shale''. This step is shown in Figure 1, panel B. Burying material underwater is an easy way to create an anoxic environment because the [[atmosphere]] is not interacting with the decaying matter.		2. This mud cannot be exposed to too much [[oxygen]], or else the organic matter in the mud would be decomposed by bacteria and disappear quickly. Therefore environments where oil can form are known as anoxic environments. Before this organic matter is destroyed, it is buried by more sediment and ''lithifies'' (becomes sedimentary rock), creating ''[[shale\|organic shale]]''. This step is shown in Figure 1, panel B. Burying material underwater is an easy way to create an anoxic environment because the [[atmosphere]] is not interacting with the decaying matter.

	3. If this shale is buried between 2 and 4 kilometers, its temperature increases due to its location in the [[Cross section of the Earth\|Earths interior]]. This increasing [[pressure]] and [[temperature]] of the shale transforms it into a waxy material known as '''[[kerogen]]'''. Shale that contains this material is known as '''[[oil shale]]'''.		3. If this [[shale]] is buried between 2 and 4 [[meter\|kilometers]], its [[temperature]] increases due to its location in the [[Cross section of the Earth\|Earths interior]]. This increasing [[pressure]] and temperature of the shale transforms it into a waxy material known as '''[[kerogen]]'''. Shale that contains this material is known as '''[[oil shale]]'''.

	4. If temperatures of the kerogen are ''greater'' than [[Celsius\|90°C]] but lower than 160°C, the kerogen is transformed into oil and [[natural gas]]. At temperatures higher than this, only natural gas or graphite is formed. This temperature range is known as the "oil window".		4. If temperatures of the kerogen are ''greater'' than [[Celsius\|90°C]] but lower than 160°C, the kerogen is transformed into oil and [[natural gas]]. At temperatures higher than this, only natural gas (literally a [[gas]] that's a hydrocarbon) or [[graphite]] is formed. This temperature range is known as the "oil window".

	5. Oil is lighter than water, so as it escapes from the source oil shale it rises through pores in rocks, displacing water. Rock bodies that contain significant amounts of oil are known as [[Oil and gas reservoir\|reservoir]] rocks. For the oil to remain trapped in the reservoir, there must be some sort of thick, impermiable layer of rock to seal the reservoir. If this seal exists, then oil, gas, and water are trapped beneath and can be drilled into to obtain the oil.<ref name="canada">Canadian Federation of Earth Sciences. (May 11, 2015). ''Four Billion Years and Counting: Canada's Geological Heritage'', 1st ed. Toronto, ON, Canada.: Nimbus Publishing, 2014</ref>		5. Oil is lighter than water, so as it escapes from the source oil shale it rises through pores in rocks, displacing water. Rock bodies that contain significant amounts of oil are known as [[Oil and gas reservoir\|reservoir]] rocks. For the oil to remain trapped in the reservoir, there must be some sort of thick, impermiable layer of rock to seal the reservoir. If this seal exists, then oil, gas, and water are trapped beneath and can be drilled into to obtain the oil.<ref name="canada">Canadian Federation of Earth Sciences. (May 11, 2015). ''Four Billion Years and Counting: Canada's Geological Heritage'', 1st ed. Toronto, ON, Canada.: Nimbus Publishing, 2014</ref>
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Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2016-02-18T04:31:16Z

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Jmdonev at 21:40, 8 January 2016

2016-01-08T21:40:45Z

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	<onlyinclude>'''Oil''' or '''petroleum''' is a [[fossil fuel]] that is composed of [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]], and is thus known as a [[hydrocarbon]].<ref name="RE1">Art Goldstein. (May 11, 2015). ''Formation of Oil'' [Online]. Available: http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-oil/formation_of_oil.htm</ref> The formation of [[oil]] takes a significant amount of [[timescale of the universe\|time]] with oil beginning to form millions of years ago.</onlyinclude>		<onlyinclude>'''Oil''' or '''petroleum''' is a readily [[combustion\|combustable]] [[fossil fuel]] that is composed mainly of [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]], and is thus known as a [[hydrocarbon]].<ref name="RE1">Art Goldstein. (May 11, 2015). ''Formation of Oil'' [Online]. Available: http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-oil/formation_of_oil.htm</ref> The formation of [[oil]] takes a significant amount of [[timescale of the universe\|time]] with oil beginning to form millions of years ago.</onlyinclude> 70% of oil deposits existing today were formed in the Mesozoic age (252 to 66 million years ago), 20% were formed in the Cenozoic age (65 million years ago), and only 10% were formed in the Paleozoic age (541 to 252 million years ago). This is likely because the Mesozoic age was marked by a tropical climate, with large amounts of plankton in the ocean.<ref>Colgate University. (January 7, 2016). ''Oil Formation'' [Online]. Available: http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-oil/formation_of_oil.htm/</ref>

	The formation of oil begins in warm, shallow oceans that were present on the Earth millions of years ago. In these oceans, extremely small dead organic matter - classified as plankton - falls to the floor of the ocean. This plankton consists of animals, called ''zooplankton'', or plants, called ''phytoplankton''. This material then lands on the ocean floor and mixes with inorganic material that enters the ocean by rivers. It is this sediment on the ocean floor that then forms oil over many years. The energy in [[oil]] initially comes from the [[Sun]], and is energy from sunlight trapped by dead plankton.<ref name="wolfson">R. Wolfson. ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012, pp. 96-97</ref>		The formation of oil begins in warm, shallow oceans that were present on the Earth millions of years ago. In these oceans, extremely small dead organic matter - classified as plankton - falls to the floor of the ocean. This plankton consists of animals, called ''zooplankton'', or plants, called ''phytoplankton''. This material then lands on the ocean floor and mixes with inorganic material that enters the ocean by rivers. It is this sediment on the ocean floor that then forms oil over many years. The energy in [[oil]] initially comes from the [[Sun]], and is energy from sunlight that is trapped in chemical form by dead plankton.<ref name="wolfson">R. Wolfson. ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012, pp. 96-97</ref>

	==Formation Process==		==Formation Process==
	[[File:~~oilgasformation2~~.png\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 1. Process of oil and natural gas formation.<ref>''Created internally by a member of the Energy Education team''</ref>]]		[[File:oilgasformation3.png\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 1. Process of oil and natural gas formation.<ref>''Created internally by a member of the Energy Education team''</ref>]]

	The process that creates oil is generally the same in most areas, although there may be different types of plant and animal debris that falls to the ocean floor and slightly different conditions. To form oil, the following steps have to happen:<ref name="wolfson"/><ref name="geo">Stephen Marshak. (May 11, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref>		The process that creates oil is generally the same in most areas, although there may be different types of plant and animal debris that falls to the ocean floor and slightly different conditions. To form oil, the following steps have to happen:<ref name="wolfson"/><ref name="geo">Stephen Marshak. (May 11, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref>
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J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:31:27Z

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J.williams at 16:57, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T16:57:15Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-06-11]]
<onlyinclude>'''Oil''' or '''petroleum''' is a [[fossil fuel]] that is composed of [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]], and is thus known as a [[hydrocarbon]].<ref name="RE1">Art Goldstein. (May 11, 2015). ''Formation of Oil'' [Online]. Available: http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-oil/formation_of_oil.htm</ref> The formation of [[oil]] takes a significant amount of [[timescale of the universe|time]] with oil beginning to form millions of years ago.</onlyinclude>

The formation of oil begins in warm, shallow oceans that were present on the Earth millions of years ago. In these oceans, extremely small dead organic matter - classified as plankton - falls to the floor of the ocean. This plankton consists of animals, called ''zooplankton'', or plants, called ''phytoplankton''. This material then lands on the ocean floor and mixes with inorganic material that enters the ocean by rivers. It is this sediment on the ocean floor that then forms oil over many years. The energy in [[oil]] initially comes from the [[Sun]], and is energy from sunlight trapped by dead plankton.<ref name="wolfson">R. Wolfson. ''Energy, Environment and Climate'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: Norton, 2012, pp. 96-97</ref>

==Formation Process==
[[File:oilgasformation2.png|400px|framed|center|Figure 1. Process of oil and natural gas formation.<ref>''Created internally by a member of the Energy Education team''</ref>]]

The process that creates oil is generally the same in most areas, although there may be different types of plant and animal debris that falls to the ocean floor and slightly different conditions. To form oil, the following steps have to happen:<ref name="wolfson"/><ref name="geo">Stephen Marshak. (May 11, 2015). ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref>

1. Dead plankton - both phytoplankton and zooplankton - as well as [[algae]] and bacteria sink to the bottom of an ancient ocean and mix with inorganic, clay-like materials that enter these oceans from streams and rivers. This creates an organic-rich mud. This mud can only form in still water environments. This step is shown in Figure 1, panel A.

2. This mud cannot be exposed to too much [[oxygen]], or else the organic matter in the mud would be decomposed by bacteria and disappear quickly. Therefore environments where oil can form are known as anoxic environments. Before this organic matter is destroyed, it is buried by more sediment and ''lithifies'' (becomes sedimentary rock), creating ''organic shale''. This step is shown in Figure 1, panel B. Burying material underwater is an easy way to create an anoxic environment because the [[atmosphere]] is not interacting with the decaying matter.

3. If this shale is buried between 2 and 4 kilometers, its temperature increases due to its location in the [[Cross section of the Earth|Earths interior]]. This increasing [[pressure]] and [[temperature]] of the shale transforms it into a waxy material known as '''[[kerogen]]'''. Shale that contains this material is known as '''[[oil shale]]'''.

4. If temperatures of the kerogen are ''greater'' than [[Celsius|90°C]] but lower than 160°C, the kerogen is transformed into oil and [[natural gas]]. At temperatures higher than this, only natural gas or graphite is formed. This temperature range is known as the "oil window".

5. Oil is lighter than water, so as it escapes from the source oil shale it rises through pores in rocks, displacing water. Rock bodies that contain significant amounts of oil are known as [[Oil and gas reservoir|reservoir]] rocks. For the oil to remain trapped in the reservoir, there must be some sort of thick, impermiable layer of rock to seal the reservoir. If this seal exists, then oil, gas, and water are trapped beneath and can be drilled into to obtain the oil.<ref name="canada">Canadian Federation of Earth Sciences. (May 11, 2015). ''Four Billion Years and Counting: Canada's Geological Heritage'', 1st ed. Toronto, ON, Canada.: Nimbus Publishing, 2014</ref>

6. Geological changes in the Earth's crust bring these deposits up closer to the surface, making them somewhat easier to access.<ref>J. Kraushaar, R. Ristinen. (May 11, 2015).Energy and the Environment, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons, 2006, pp. 54</ref> This step is shown in Figure 1, panel C.

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]