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<onlyinclude>The '''Permian''' was the sixth and last geological [[Geologic time scale|period]] of the [[Paleozoic]] era, extending from approximately 289.9 million to 251.902 million years ago.</onlyinclude> It is divided into three [[Geologic epoch|epochs]]: the Lopingian, the Guadalupian, and the Cisuralian (Figure 1).<ref name=ICS>International Commission on Stratigraphy."International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2018" Accessed Nov.8, 2018 [Online]. Available: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale</ref> Roderick Murchison, a British geologist, named the Permian in 1841 after Permia, an ancient kingdom that existed near the modern day Urals.<ref name=GTS>Gradstein, F. M. "The Geologic Time Scale 2012". Volume 2. 1st ed. Amsterdam ; Boston: Elsevier, 2012.</ref>

<gallery mode=packed widths="400px" heights="400px">
File:ICS Permian.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 1. ICS Permian timeline.<ref name=ICS12>International Commission on Stratigraphy."International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2016" Accessed Nov.16, 2018 [Online]. Available: https://www.britannica.com/science/Artinskian-Stage/media/37199/157344</ref>
File:280 Ma plate tectonic reconstruction.png|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2. Earth's landmasses in the Permian.<ref>WikiMedia Commons."File:280 Ma plate tectonic reconstruction.png" Accessed Nov.16, 2018 [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:280_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png</ref>
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Pangea persisted as a massive [[supercontinent]] throughout the Permian (Figure 2). There is evidence that some of the furthest inland places had desert-like environments that experienced extreme seasonal fluctuations because they lacked the temperature-moderating effects of larges bodies of water. There is also evidence for a shifting [[climate]], with [[glaciation]]s becoming less frequent.<ref name=UCB/> This transition is sometimes referred to as a "icehouse to greenhouse transition", where the Earth shifts from a cooler, humid climate to a warmer, more arid one. This greatly reduced the [[coal]] producing swamps that had become established in the [[Carboniferous]], decreasing the habitats for amphibians. Reptilian species began to become more dominant but large numbers of amphibian species still existed (Figures 3 to 5).<ref name=GTS/> Coniferous plants very similar to the ones that exist today first appeared with the more arid climates.<ref name=UCB>University of California, Museum of Paleontology."The Permian Period" Accessed Nov.16, 2018 [Online]. Available: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/permian/permian.php</ref>

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File:EdaphosaurusDB.jpg|Figure 3. Edaphosaurus pogonias and Platyhystrix – Early Permian, North America and Europe.<ref>WikiMedia Commons."File:EdaphosaurusDB.jpg" Accessed Nov.16, 2018 [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EdaphosaurusDB.jpg</ref>
File:Dimetr eryopsDB.jpg|Figure 4. Dimetrodon grandis and Eryops – Early Permian, North America. <ref>WikiMedia Commons."File:Dimetr eryopsDB.jpg" Accessed Nov.16, 2018 [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dimetr_eryopsDB.jpg</ref>
File:Ocher fauna DB.jpg|Figure 5. Ocher fauna, Estemmenosuchus uralensis and Eotitanosuchus – Middle Permian, Ural Region.<ref>WikiMedia Commons."File:Ocher fauna DB.jpg" Accessed Nov.16, 2018 [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocher_fauna_DB.jpg</ref>
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The end of the Permian period and the Paleozoic era was marked by the largest known [[mass extinction]] to date: the Permian-Triassic extinction event. This particular extinction event most heavily affected marine species, particularly aquatic invertebrates. It is estimated that over 90% of marine species died out. On land, it is estimated that approximately 70% of the terrestrial species went extinct.<ref name=GTS/> While the land extinctions were not as drastic as the marine losses, they did set the scene for the [[Mesozoic]] era, often referred to as the "Age of the Dinosaurs", to begin.<ref name=UCB/>

[[File:ChronostratChart2018-08.jpg|700px|thumb|center|Figure 6. The ICS Chronostratigraphic Chart<ref name=ICS/>]]

==For Further Reading==
*[[Geologic time scale]]
*[[Geologic period]]
*[[Climate change]]
*[[Coal]]
*[[Stratigraphy]]
*Or explore a [[Special:Random|random page]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]

Permian - Revision history

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2dev>Jmdonev at 02:34, 2 December 2018