Pipeline - Revision history

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energy>Ethan.boechler at 19:27, 10 September 2021

2021-09-10T19:27:06Z

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	[[Category:Done 2020-01-31]]		[[Category:Done 2020-01-31]]
			[[Category:Translated to French]]
			[[fr:Pipeline]]
	[[File:alaska-67304_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. An oil pipeline in Alaska.<ref>Pixabay. (June 8, 2015). ''Alaska Oil Pipeline'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/alaska-alaska-pipeline-oil-67304/</ref>]]		[[File:alaska-67304_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. An oil pipeline in Alaska.<ref>Pixabay. (June 8, 2015). ''Alaska Oil Pipeline'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/alaska-alaska-pipeline-oil-67304/</ref>]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2020-01-31T05:10:13Z

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Energy>Jmdonev at 19:16, 30 January 2020

2020-01-30T19:16:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:16, 30 January 2020
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	[[Category:Done ~~2019~~-09-05]]		[[Category:Done 2020-01-31]]
	[[File:alaska-67304_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. An oil pipeline in Alaska.<ref>Pixabay. (June 8, 2015). ''Alaska Oil Pipeline'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/alaska-alaska-pipeline-oil-67304/</ref>]]		[[File:alaska-67304_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. An oil pipeline in Alaska.<ref>Pixabay. (June 8, 2015). ''Alaska Oil Pipeline'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/alaska-alaska-pipeline-oil-67304/</ref>]]

Jmdonev at 21:28, 4 September 2019

2019-09-04T21:28:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:28, 4 September 2019
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	[[Category:Done ~~2018~~-07-20]]		[[Category:Done 2019-09-05]]
	[[File:alaska-67304_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. An oil pipeline in Alaska.<ref>Pixabay. (June 8, 2015). ''Alaska Oil Pipeline'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/alaska-alaska-pipeline-oil-67304/</ref>]]		[[File:alaska-67304_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. An oil pipeline in Alaska.<ref>Pixabay. (June 8, 2015). ''Alaska Oil Pipeline'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/alaska-alaska-pipeline-oil-67304/</ref>]]

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	==Pipeline Maps==		==Pipeline Maps==
	As was discussed above, Canadian pipelines are not only varied in what they can carry but expansive. Below are two different maps showing the paths of different Canadian pipelines, both for liquid and gas transport. Note how expansive these pipelines are, and how many cross either provincial or national borders. Figure 2 ~~and Figure 3 show~~ a map of ~~all~~ Canadian liquid ~~pipelines~~ and gas pipelines~~, respectively~~.		As was discussed above, Canadian pipelines are not only varied in what they can carry but expansive. Below are two different maps showing the paths of different Canadian pipelines, both for liquid and gas transport. Note how expansive these pipelines are, and how many cross either provincial or national borders. Figure 2 shows a map of large Canadian and American liquid and gas pipelines.

	[[File:~~liquidsmap~~.png\|~~400px~~\|~~framed~~\|~~center~~\|Figure 2. Map of Canadian liquids ~~pipelines (~~and ~~some US~~ pipelines).<ref name=maps>CEPA~~. (June 9~~, ~~2015)~~. ~~''Canadian Pipelines'' [Online]~~. ~~Available: http://www.cepa.com/~~map~~/index-en~~.~~html~~</ref~~>]]~~		[[File:cepa-liquids-ngas.png\|thumb\|center\|800px\|Figure 2. Map of Canadian and US liquids and gas pipelines.<ref name=maps>CEPA, private communication. Please be aware that CEPA is an organization that advocates for pipelines. While our team normally tries not to use advocacy organization information, this map is the best representation we can find, and we believe it represents the pipeline distribution.</ref>]]


	~~[[File:gasesmap.png\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 3. Map of Canadian gas pipelines (and some US pipelines).<ref name=maps/~~>]]

	==For Further Reading==		==For Further Reading==

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2018-07-21T01:12:59Z

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Jmdonev at 16:59, 17 July 2018

2018-07-17T16:59:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:59, 17 July 2018
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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-07-01]]		[[Category:Done 2018-07-20]]
	[[File:alaska-67304_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. An oil pipeline in Alaska.<ref>Pixabay. (June 8, 2015). ''Alaska Oil Pipeline'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/alaska-alaska-pipeline-oil-67304/</ref>]]		[[File:alaska-67304_640.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. An oil pipeline in Alaska.<ref>Pixabay. (June 8, 2015). ''Alaska Oil Pipeline'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/alaska-alaska-pipeline-oil-67304/</ref>]]

	<onlyinclude>'''Pipelines''' are ~~a vital component~~ in the ~~distribution process of~~ [[oil]] and [[natural gas]]. ~~Pipelines~~ form extensive distribution ~~networks, and in Canada there is an estimated~~ 825 000 [[kilometer]]s of lines ~~that serve~~ to transport natural gas, [[liquefied natural gas]] products, [[crude oil]], and other refined [[petroleum]] products.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Natural Resources Canada. (June 8, 2015). ''Pipeline Safety'' [Online]. Available: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/files/pdf/14-0277-%20PS_pipelines_across_canada_e.pdf</ref> These lines vary in diameter depending on their use, and are generally located underground.		<onlyinclude>'''Pipelines''' are pipes, usually underground, that transport and distribute [[fluid]]s. When discussing pipelines in an energy context, the fluids are usually either [[oil]], [[oil product]]s and [[natural gas]]. If [[hydrogen as an energy currency\|hydrogen fuel]] gets extensively developed, pipelines will be needed to transport this [[secondary fuel]]. Outside of an energy context, pipelines transport other fluids like [[water]]. Oil and gas pipelines form extensive distribution networks—providing about 825 000 [[kilometer]]s of lines in Canada to transport natural gas, [[liquefied natural gas]] products, [[crude oil]], and other refined [[petroleum]] products.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Natural Resources Canada. (June 8, 2015). ''Pipeline Safety'' [Online]. Available: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/files/pdf/14-0277-%20PS_pipelines_across_canada_e.pdf</ref> These lines vary in diameter depending on their use, and are generally located underground.

	==Types of Pipelines==		==Types of Pipelines==
	~~There~~ are two major types of pipelines, '''liquids pipelines''' and '''natural gas pipelines'''. ~~Liquids~~ pipelines transport crude oil or natural gas in [[liquid]] form to refineries where they undergo distillation and other production processes. Some liquids pipelines are also used to transport distilled petroleum products such as [[gasoline]] to distribution centers.<ref name=cepaliq>CEPA. (June 8, 2015). ''Liquids Pipelines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.cepa.com/about-pipelines/types-of-pipelines/liquids-pipelines</ref> Natural gas pipelines are used solely for the transport of natural gas to processing plants and are used for distribution. Natural gas is also often delivered directly to homes through pipelines.<ref name=cepanat>CEPA. (June 8, 2015). ''Natural Gas Pipelines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.cepa.com/about-pipelines/types-of-pipelines/natural-gas-pipelines</ref> In addition to these two main types of pipelines, there are also four other sub-categories of pipelines:<ref name=cepatype>CEPA. (June 8, 2015). ''Types of Pipelines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.cepa.com/about-pipelines/types-of-pipelines</ref>		Within the energy sector, there are two major types of pipelines, '''liquids pipelines''' and '''natural gas pipelines'''. Liquid pipelines transport crude oil or natural gas in [[liquid]] form to refineries where they undergo distillation and other production processes. Some liquids pipelines are also used to transport distilled petroleum products such as [[gasoline]] to distribution centers.<ref name=cepaliq>CEPA. (June 8, 2015). ''Liquids Pipelines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.cepa.com/about-pipelines/types-of-pipelines/liquids-pipelines</ref> Natural gas pipelines are used solely for the transport of natural gas to processing plants and are used for distribution. Natural gas is also often delivered directly to homes through pipelines.<ref name=cepanat>CEPA. (June 8, 2015). ''Natural Gas Pipelines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.cepa.com/about-pipelines/types-of-pipelines/natural-gas-pipelines</ref> In addition to these two main types of pipelines, there are also four other sub-categories of pipelines:<ref name=cepatype>CEPA. (June 8, 2015). ''Types of Pipelines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.cepa.com/about-pipelines/types-of-pipelines</ref>

	* '''Gathering Lines''': These lines are 10-30 [[centimeter]]s in diameter, and work to transport natural gas, crude oil, and natural gas liquids short distances. They exist mainly to gather products from wells and move them for processing.		* '''Gathering Lines''': These lines are 10-30 [[centimeter]]s in diameter, and work to transport natural gas, crude oil, and natural gas liquids short distances. They exist mainly to gather products from wells and move them for processing.
	* '''Feeder Lines''': Feeder lines move crude oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids from storage tanks and processing facilities to transmission pipelines.		* '''Feeder Lines''': Feeder lines move crude oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids from storage tanks and processing facilities to transmission pipelines.
	* '''Transmission Pipelines''': These can range from 10 centimeters in diameter to over a [[meter]]~~, and~~ carry natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, and refined products (depending on whether they are liquids or natural gas pipelines). These transport petroleum products long distances, including over international boundaries.		* '''Transmission Pipelines''': These can range from 10 centimeters in diameter to over a [[meter]]. They carry natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, and refined products (depending on whether they are liquids or natural gas pipelines). These transport petroleum products long distances, including over international boundaries.
	* '''Distribution Pipelines''': These range in diameter from 1-15 centimeters and are used to distribute natural gas to homes and businesses.		* '''Distribution Pipelines''': These range in diameter from 1-15 centimeters and are used to distribute natural gas to homes and businesses.

	==Operation==		==Operation==
	For liquid pipelines that transport crude oil and liquefied petroleum products, small diameter gathering lines collect the product from where it is extracted. After moving to a gathering facility, it moves to ~~larger diameter~~ feeder pipelines ~~that move the~~ product to refineries. Transmission lines are used when oil and liquids have to travel long distances. To push the liquid through the pipe, powerful pumps are used and move oil at around walking speed.<ref name=cepaliq/> Liquids pipelines are very versatile and can transport a variety of grades or varieties of crude oil and crude oil products.		For liquid pipelines that transport crude oil and liquefied petroleum products, small diameter gathering lines collect the product from where it is extracted. After moving to a gathering facility, it moves to feeder pipelines with relatively large diameters which transports product to refineries. Transmission lines are used when oil and liquids have to travel long distances. To push the liquid through the pipe, powerful pumps are used and move oil at around walking speed.<ref name=cepaliq/> Liquids pipelines are very versatile and can transport a variety of grades or varieties of crude oil and crude oil products.

	The process is similar for natural gas ~~pipelines, where extracted~~ natural gas is transported for processing in gathering and feeder lines ~~and after moving~~ into large transmission pipelines (generally composed of steel pipe). Gas is able to flow as it moves from areas of high pressure to low pressure~~, and this~~ pressure difference is obtained through the use of compressors that increase the pressure of the gas, pushing it along.<ref name=cepanat/> Once the gas reaches a distribution plant, companies reduce the [[pressure]] of the gas and distribute it through small distribution pipelines.<ref name=cepanat/>		The process is similar for natural gas pipelines—extracted natural gas is transported for processing in gathering and feeder lines, then moves into large transmission pipelines (generally composed of steel pipe). Gas is able to flow as it moves from areas of high pressure to low pressure. This pressure difference is obtained through the use of compressors that increase the pressure of the gas, pushing it along.<ref name=cepanat/> Once the gas reaches a distribution plant, companies reduce the [[pressure]] of the gas and distribute it through small distribution pipelines.<ref name=cepanat/>

	==Environmental Concerns==		==Environmental Concerns==
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	* '''Water resource disturbances''' in terms of quantity and quality as a result of erosion, herbicides, and leaks.		* '''Water resource disturbances''' in terms of quantity and quality as a result of erosion, herbicides, and leaks.

	Pipelines have been constructed extensively for many years and thus there are numerous steps taken to minimize any environmental effects. The environmental impacts cannot be avoided entirely, only reduced. Although these issues are all concerning, most people are concerned with a rupture in a pipeline and a spill. A spill of petroleum products can cause significant environmental damage and pose a risk to human ~~health, as~~ they can burn, contain toxic chemicals, and pollute groundwater. However, pipeline ruptures are not extremely common, but they do occur. Older pipelines are much more vulnerable to rupture as a result of corrosion. Although large scale ruptures do not occur frequently, there were 758 small scale ruptures in Alberta pipelines between 1990 and 2005 with fewer occurring each year.<ref name=parl/> Even small spills can affect the environment, but the impacts vary drastically depending on where the spill occurs. Large scale ruptures release between 1000 and 10 000 cubic meters of liquids and do not occur as frequently.		Pipelines have been constructed extensively for many years and thus there are numerous steps taken to minimize any environmental effects. The environmental impacts cannot be avoided entirely, only reduced. Although these issues are all concerning, most people are concerned with a rupture in a pipeline and a spill. A spill of petroleum products can cause significant environmental damage and pose a risk to human health—as they can burn, contain toxic chemicals, and pollute groundwater. However, pipeline ruptures are not extremely common, but they do occur. Older pipelines are much more vulnerable to rupture as a result of corrosion. Although large scale ruptures do not occur frequently, there were 758 small scale ruptures in Alberta pipelines between 1990 and 2005 with fewer occurring each year.<ref name=parl/> Even small spills can affect the environment, but the impacts vary drastically depending on where the spill occurs. Large scale ruptures release between 1000 and 10 000 cubic meters of liquids and do not occur as frequently.

	==Pipeline Maps==		==Pipeline Maps==
	As was discussed above, Canadian pipelines are not only varied in what they can carry but expansive. Below are two different maps showing the paths of different Canadian pipelines, both for liquid and gas transport. Note how expansive these pipelines are, and how many cross either provincial or national borders. Figure 2 ~~shows~~ a map of all Canadian ~~liquids~~ pipelines.		As was discussed above, Canadian pipelines are not only varied in what they can carry but expansive. Below are two different maps showing the paths of different Canadian pipelines, both for liquid and gas transport. Note how expansive these pipelines are, and how many cross either provincial or national borders. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show a map of all Canadian liquid pipelines and gas pipelines, respectively.

	[[File:liquidsmap.png\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 2. Map of Canadian liquids pipelines (and some US pipelines).<ref name=maps>CEPA. (June 9, 2015). ''Canadian Pipelines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.cepa.com/map/index-en.html</ref>]]		[[File:liquidsmap.png\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 2. Map of Canadian liquids pipelines (and some US pipelines).<ref name=maps>CEPA. (June 9, 2015). ''Canadian Pipelines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.cepa.com/map/index-en.html</ref>]]

	~~Figure 3 below shows the map of all major Canadian gas pipelines. They do not extensively show pipelines used for distribution to singular customers.~~

	[[File:gasesmap.png\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 3. Map of Canadian gas pipelines (and some US pipelines).<ref name=maps/>]]		[[File:gasesmap.png\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 3. Map of Canadian gas pipelines (and some US pipelines).<ref name=maps/>]]

			==For Further Reading==
			*[[Natural gas]]
			*[[Liquefied natural gas]]
			*[[Oil]]
			*[[Transportation of liquefied natural gas]]
			*[[Transportation of oil]]
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]


	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:31:30Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 21:31, 26 August 2015
(No difference)

J.williams at 16:58, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T16:58:33Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-07-01]]
[[File:alaska-67304_640.jpg|400px|framed|right|Figure 1. An oil pipeline in Alaska.<ref>Pixabay. (June 8, 2015). ''Alaska Oil Pipeline'' [Online]. Available: http://pixabay.com/en/alaska-alaska-pipeline-oil-67304/</ref>]]

<onlyinclude>'''Pipelines''' are a vital component in the distribution process of [[oil]] and [[natural gas]]. Pipelines form extensive distribution networks, and in Canada there is an estimated 825 000 [[kilometer]]s of lines that serve to transport natural gas, [[liquefied natural gas]] products, [[crude oil]], and other refined [[petroleum]] products.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Natural Resources Canada. (June 8, 2015). ''Pipeline Safety'' [Online]. Available: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/files/pdf/14-0277-%20PS_pipelines_across_canada_e.pdf</ref> These lines vary in diameter depending on their use, and are generally located underground.

==Types of Pipelines==
There are two major types of pipelines, '''liquids pipelines''' and '''natural gas pipelines'''. Liquids pipelines transport crude oil or natural gas in [[liquid]] form to refineries where they undergo distillation and other production processes. Some liquids pipelines are also used to transport distilled petroleum products such as [[gasoline]] to distribution centers.<ref name=cepaliq>CEPA. (June 8, 2015). ''Liquids Pipelines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.cepa.com/about-pipelines/types-of-pipelines/liquids-pipelines</ref> Natural gas pipelines are used solely for the transport of natural gas to processing plants and are used for distribution. Natural gas is also often delivered directly to homes through pipelines.<ref name=cepanat>CEPA. (June 8, 2015). ''Natural Gas Pipelines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.cepa.com/about-pipelines/types-of-pipelines/natural-gas-pipelines</ref> In addition to these two main types of pipelines, there are also four other sub-categories of pipelines:<ref name=cepatype>CEPA. (June 8, 2015). ''Types of Pipelines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.cepa.com/about-pipelines/types-of-pipelines</ref>

* '''Gathering Lines''': These lines are 10-30 [[centimeter]]s in diameter, and work to transport natural gas, crude oil, and natural gas liquids short distances. They exist mainly to gather products from wells and move them for processing.
* '''Feeder Lines''': Feeder lines move crude oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids from storage tanks and processing facilities to transmission pipelines.
* '''Transmission Pipelines''': These can range from 10 centimeters in diameter to over a [[meter]], and carry natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, and refined products (depending on whether they are liquids or natural gas pipelines). These transport petroleum products long distances, including over international boundaries.
* '''Distribution Pipelines''': These range in diameter from 1-15 centimeters and are used to distribute natural gas to homes and businesses.

==Operation==
For liquid pipelines that transport crude oil and liquefied petroleum products, small diameter gathering lines collect the product from where it is extracted. After moving to a gathering facility, it moves to larger diameter feeder pipelines that move the product to refineries. Transmission lines are used when oil and liquids have to travel long distances. To push the liquid through the pipe, powerful pumps are used and move oil at around walking speed.<ref name=cepaliq/> Liquids pipelines are very versatile and can transport a variety of grades or varieties of crude oil and crude oil products.

The process is similar for natural gas pipelines, where extracted natural gas is transported for processing in gathering and feeder lines and after moving into large transmission pipelines (generally composed of steel pipe). Gas is able to flow as it moves from areas of high pressure to low pressure, and this pressure difference is obtained through the use of compressors that increase the pressure of the gas, pushing it along.<ref name=cepanat/> Once the gas reaches a distribution plant, companies reduce the [[pressure]] of the gas and distribute it through small distribution pipelines.<ref name=cepanat/>

==Environmental Concerns==
Although they are a necessary part of the use and transportation of assorted petroleum products, there are environmental concerns with the construction and operation of pipelines that vary depending on how and where the pipelines are being built. Some of the concerns include:<ref name=parl>Tim Williams. (June 8, 2015). ''Pipelines: Environmental Considerations'' [Online]. Available: http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2012-37-e.htm</ref>
* '''Reduction of air quality''' as a result of dust production during construction and [[emission]]s due to the combustion of [[fossil fuel]]s used for construction equipment.
* '''Increased noise pollution''' as a result of construction and pumping stations.
* '''Soil erosion and contamination''' from construction and any leaks.
* '''Loss of plant life''' as a result of construction, surface disturbances, and changes in water flows.
* '''Water resource disturbances''' in terms of quantity and quality as a result of erosion, herbicides, and leaks.

Pipelines have been constructed extensively for many years and thus there are numerous steps taken to minimize any environmental effects. The environmental impacts cannot be avoided entirely, only reduced. Although these issues are all concerning, most people are concerned with a rupture in a pipeline and a spill. A spill of petroleum products can cause significant environmental damage and pose a risk to human health, as they can burn, contain toxic chemicals, and pollute groundwater. However, pipeline ruptures are not extremely common, but they do occur. Older pipelines are much more vulnerable to rupture as a result of corrosion. Although large scale ruptures do not occur frequently, there were 758 small scale ruptures in Alberta pipelines between 1990 and 2005 with fewer occurring each year.<ref name=parl/> Even small spills can affect the environment, but the impacts vary drastically depending on where the spill occurs. Large scale ruptures release between 1000 and 10 000 cubic meters of liquids and do not occur as frequently.

==Pipeline Maps==
As was discussed above, Canadian pipelines are not only varied in what they can carry but expansive. Below are two different maps showing the paths of different Canadian pipelines, both for liquid and gas transport. Note how expansive these pipelines are, and how many cross either provincial or national borders. Figure 2 shows a map of all Canadian liquids pipelines.

[[File:liquidsmap.png|400px|framed|center|Figure 2. Map of Canadian liquids pipelines (and some US pipelines).<ref name=maps>CEPA. (June 9, 2015). ''Canadian Pipelines'' [Online]. Available: http://www.cepa.com/map/index-en.html</ref>]]

Figure 3 below shows the map of all major Canadian gas pipelines. They do not extensively show pipelines used for distribution to singular customers.

[[File:gasesmap.png|400px|framed|center|Figure 3. Map of Canadian gas pipelines (and some US pipelines).<ref name=maps/>]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]