Pumped storage - Revision history

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported: From the summer

2016-09-17T22:29:47Z

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Jmdonev at 18:54, 4 September 2016

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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:54, 4 September 2016
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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-10-15]]		[[Category:Done 2016-04-30]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Pumped storage''' is the process of storing [[energy]] using two [[water]] [[hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoirs]] ~~which are separated vertically~~.<ref name="RE2"/> Water is pumped from the lower reservoir up into a holding reservoir.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Energy Storage Association. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Hydroelectric Storage'' [Online]. Available: http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technologies/pumped-hydroelectric-storage</ref> ~~The concept of pumped~~ storage facilities ~~is to~~ store excess energy as [[gravitational potential energy]] of water. Since these reservoirs hold such large [[volume]]s of water, pumped water storage is considered to be a large scale [[energy storage]] system. These pumped storage facilities are moderately efficient, with a round-trip [[efficiency]] of about 65-70%.<ref name=Diaz>F. Diaz-Gonzalez ''et. al.'', "A review of energy storage technologies for wind power applications," Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., vol. 16, pp. 2154-2171, 2012.</ref> The amount of [[energy]] stored depends on the [[mass]] of water pumped and the height difference between the reservoirs.		<onlyinclude>'''Pumped storage''' is the process of storing [[energy]] by using two vertically separated [[water]] [[hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoirs]].<ref name="RE2"/> Water is pumped from the lower reservoir up into a holding reservoir.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Energy Storage Association. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Hydroelectric Storage'' [Online]. Available: http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technologies/pumped-hydroelectric-storage</ref> Pumped storage facilities store excess energy as [[gravitational potential energy]] of water. Since these reservoirs hold such large [[volume]]s of water, pumped water storage is considered to be a large scale [[energy storage]] system. These pumped storage facilities are moderately efficient, with a round-trip [[efficiency]] of about 65-70%.<ref name=Diaz>F. Diaz-Gonzalez ''et. al.'', "A review of energy storage technologies for wind power applications," Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., vol. 16, pp. 2154-2171, 2012.</ref> The amount of [[energy]] stored depends on the [[mass]] of water pumped and the height difference between the reservoirs.

	Pumped storage is a [[dispatchable source of electricity\|dispatchable source of energy]] since it can be deployed whenever demand is needed. It is often used to meet demand when [[intermittent electricity\|intermittent]], [[non-dispatchable source of electricity\|non-dispatchable]] sources, such as [[wind power\|wind]] and [[solar power]], cannot do so.		Pumped storage is a [[dispatchable source of electricity\|dispatchable source of energy]] since it can be deployed whenever demand is needed. It is often used to meet demand when [[intermittent electricity\|intermittent]], [[non-dispatchable source of electricity\|non-dispatchable]] sources, such as [[wind power\|wind]] and [[solar power]], cannot do so.
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	==Operation==		==Operation==
	In periods of low demand, water is pumped up into the reservoir, generally using some sort of reversible [[turbine]]/[[pump]] such as a [[Francis turbine]]. In these low demand times, excess [[electricity]] from the grid is used to pump the water up.<ref name="RE1"/> When electricity is in high demand, [[hydropower]] is generated by releasing the water stored in the reservoir. This water flows down a slope through [[penstock]]s, then ~~flowing~~ through [[hydro turbine\|turbines]], [[electricity generation\|generating electricity]].		In periods of low demand, water is pumped up into the reservoir, generally using some sort of reversible [[turbine]]/[[pump]] such as a [[Francis turbine]]. In these low demand times, excess [[electricity]] from the grid is used to pump the water up.<ref name="RE1"/> When electricity is in high demand, [[hydropower]] is generated by releasing the water stored in the reservoir. This water flows down a slope through [[penstock]]s, then flows through [[hydro turbine\|turbines]], [[electricity generation\|generating electricity]].

	[[File:Pumpstor_racoon_mtn.jpg\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 1. Diagram of a pumped storage plant.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Storage Racoon Mountain'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Pumpstor_racoon_mtn.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:Pumpstor_racoon_mtn.jpg\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 1. Diagram of a pumped storage plant.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Storage Racoon Mountain'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Pumpstor_racoon_mtn.jpg</ref>]]

	Currently, the implementation of saltwater pumped storage and underground pumped storage facilities are being researched. These ideas are still a work-in-progress and implementing these facilities has been found difficult because of corrosion, as well as groundwater and surface water contamination issues and overcoming possibly higher operation and management costs.<ref name=knight/> Okinawa Pumped Storage Plant is currently the only operational saltwater pumped storage plant in the world. The plant has an energy capacity of 30 MW with an elevation of around 154 [[meter]]s and an effective [[hydraulic head\|head]] of 136 meters.<ref>IEA Hydropower. (August 28, 2015). ''Hydropower Good Practices: Environmental Mitigation Measures and Benefits - Case study 01-01: Biological Diversity - Okinawa Seawater Pumped Storage Power Plant, Japan'' [Online]. Available: http://www.ieahydro.org/reports/Annex_VIII_CaseStudy0101_Okinawa_SeawaterPS_Japan.pdf</ref> The plant uses paint-coated [[carbon steel]] with [[cathode\|cathodic]] protection in order to prevent corrosion.<ref>T. Fujihara,		Currently, the implementation of saltwater pumped storage and underground pumped storage facilities are being researched. These ideas are still a work-in-progress and implementing these facilities has been found difficult because of corrosion, as well as groundwater and surface water contamination issues and overcoming possibly higher operation and management costs.<ref name=knight/> Okinawa Pumped Storage Plant is currently the only operational saltwater pumped storage plant in the world. The plant has an energy capacity of 30 MW with an elevation of around 154 [[meter]]s and an effective [[hydraulic head\|head]] of 136 meters (the difference of 18 m is a way to describe the inefficiencies in the system).<ref>IEA Hydropower. (August 28, 2015). ''Hydropower Good Practices: Environmental Mitigation Measures and Benefits - Case study 01-01: Biological Diversity - Okinawa Seawater Pumped Storage Power Plant, Japan'' [Online]. Available: http://www.ieahydro.org/reports/Annex_VIII_CaseStudy0101_Okinawa_SeawaterPS_Japan.pdf</ref> The plant uses paint-coated [[carbon steel]] with [[cathode\|cathodic]] protection in order to prevent corrosion.<ref>T. Fujihara,
	H. Imano, K. Oshima. (August 28, 2015). ''Development of Pump Turbine for Seawater Pumped Storage		H. Imano, K. Oshima. (August 28, 2015). ''Development of Pump Turbine for Seawater Pumped Storage
	Power Plant'' [Online]. Available: http://www.new4stroke.com/salt%20water%20pumped%20storage.pdf</ref>		Power Plant'' [Online]. Available: http://www.new4stroke.com/salt%20water%20pumped%20storage.pdf</ref>

	It is important to note that pumped storage facilities are net consumers of energy. This is a result of the energy lost pumping the water up into the reservoir. However, pumped storage is economical because of a net increase in revenue. This is because the electricity used to pump the water is less expensive than the electricity sold at the time of peak energy demand.<ref name="RE2">ClimateTechWiki. (August 28, 2015). ''Energy Storage: Pumped Water'' [Online]. Available: http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/jiqweb-ph</ref>		It is important to note that pumped storage facilities are net consumers of energy. This is a result of the energy lost pumping the water up into the reservoir. However, pumped storage is economical because of a net increase in [[revenue]]. This is because the electricity used to pump the water is less expensive than the electricity sold at the time of peak energy demand.<ref name="RE2">ClimateTechWiki. (August 28, 2015). ''Energy Storage: Pumped Water'' [Online]. Available: http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/jiqweb-ph</ref>

	==Potential Issues==		==Potential Issues==
	Although pumped storage is able to store large amounts of energy and is the main method of storing energy today, it has many issues. Despite the fact that it has the largest capacity of any other storage types, it is limited because the facilities can only exist in areas with a very specific topography. Specifically, the area must be able to store massive amounts of water at a high elevation, while having another body of water significantly lower than the upper reservoir~~. This limitation is one major drawback~~.<ref name="RE2"/>		Although pumped storage is able to store large amounts of energy and is the main method of storing energy today, it has many issues. Despite the fact that it has the largest capacity of any other storage types, it is limited because the facilities can only exist in areas with a very specific topography. Specifically, the area must be able to store massive amounts of water at a high elevation, while having another body of water significantly lower than the upper reservoir.<ref name="RE2"/>

	~~Another issue with~~ pumped storage is ~~that the construction of the facilities necessary to store the energy are~~ very expensive and can take a long time to finish. Significant amounts of capital cost and ~~labor~~ are required ~~in order~~ to construct a dam ~~or gate~~ to block the water from flowing ~~as well as~~ the installation of the generator/pump. Large scale pumped storage facilities can have a capital cost ranging from $1.3 billion to $3.3 billion dollars, with over ~~50%~~ of the cost coming from the construction and equipment. The price of operation and maintenance for pumped storage facilities generally range between 1.0 – 1.5% of the total ~~operation~~ cost.<ref name=knight>BC Hydro. (August 28, 2015). ''EVALUATION OF PUMPED STORAGE HYDROELECTRIC POTENTIAL: SCREENING ASSESSMENT REPORT'' [Online]. Available: https://www.bchydro.com/content/dam/hydro/medialib/internet/documents/planning_regulatory/iep_ltap/ror/appx_10a_pumped_storage_screening_assessment_report.pdf</ref>		Unfortunately, pumped storage construction is very expensive and can take a long time to finish. Significant amounts of [[capital]] [[cost]] and labour are required to construct a dam to block the water from flowing. Additionally the installation of the generator/pump is expensive. Large scale pumped storage facilities can have a capital cost ranging from $1.3 billion to $3.3 billion dollars, with over half of the cost coming from the construction and equipment. The price of operation and maintenance for pumped storage facilities generally range between 1.0 – 1.5% of the total [[operational cost]].<ref name=knight>BC Hydro. (August 28, 2015). ''EVALUATION OF PUMPED STORAGE HYDROELECTRIC POTENTIAL: SCREENING ASSESSMENT REPORT'' [Online]. Available: https://www.bchydro.com/content/dam/hydro/medialib/internet/documents/planning_regulatory/iep_ltap/ror/appx_10a_pumped_storage_screening_assessment_report.pdf</ref>

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]		{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]
	~~[[category: Mark edit]]~~
	[[category: Ed edit]]		[[category: Ed edit]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-11-13T01:47:31Z

1 revision imported

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J.williams at 21:57, 11 November 2015

2015-11-11T21:57:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:57, 11 November 2015
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	[[Category:Done 2015-09-06]]		[[Category:Done 2015-10-15]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Pumped storage''' is the process of storing [[energy]] using two [[water]] [[hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoirs]] which are separated vertically.<ref name="RE2"/> Water is pumped from the lower reservoir up into a holding reservoir.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Energy Storage Association. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Hydroelectric Storage'' [Online]. Available: http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technologies/pumped-hydroelectric-storage</ref> The concept of pumped storage facilities is to store excess energy as [[gravitational potential energy]] of water. Since these reservoirs hold such large [[volume]]s of water, pumped water storage is considered to be a large scale [[energy storage]] system.		<onlyinclude>'''Pumped storage''' is the process of storing [[energy]] using two [[water]] [[hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoirs]] which are separated vertically.<ref name="RE2"/> Water is pumped from the lower reservoir up into a holding reservoir.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Energy Storage Association. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Hydroelectric Storage'' [Online]. Available: http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technologies/pumped-hydroelectric-storage</ref> The concept of pumped storage facilities is to store excess energy as [[gravitational potential energy]] of water. Since these reservoirs hold such large [[volume]]s of water, pumped water storage is considered to be a large scale [[energy storage]] system. These pumped storage facilities are moderately efficient, with a round-trip [[efficiency]] of about 65-70%.<ref name=Diaz>F. Diaz-Gonzalez ''et. al.'', "A review of energy storage technologies for wind power applications," Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., vol. 16, pp. 2154-2171, 2012.</ref> The amount of [[energy]] stored depends on the [[mass]] of water pumped and the height difference between the reservoirs.

	Pumped storage is a [[dispatchable source of electricity\|dispatchable source of energy]] since it can be deployed whenever demand is needed. It is often used to meet demand when [[intermittent electricity\|intermittent]], [[non-dispatchable source of electricity\|non-dispatchable]] sources, such as [[wind power\|wind]] and [[solar power]], cannot do so.		Pumped storage is a [[dispatchable source of electricity\|dispatchable source of energy]] since it can be deployed whenever demand is needed. It is often used to meet demand when [[intermittent electricity\|intermittent]], [[non-dispatchable source of electricity\|non-dispatchable]] sources, such as [[wind power\|wind]] and [[solar power]], cannot do so.
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	Currently pumped storage has the highest capacity of energy storage on the [[electrical grid\|grid]] and accounts for 99% of bulk storage capacity in the world.<ref>EPRI. (August 28, 2015). ''Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options'' [Online]. Available: http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000000001020676</ref> The United States alone has more than [[watt\|20 GW]] of pumped storage capacity today with facilities in every region of the country.<ref>NHA. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Storage'' [Online]. Available: http://www.hydro.org/tech-and-policy/technology/pumped-storage/</ref>		Currently pumped storage has the highest capacity of energy storage on the [[electrical grid\|grid]] and accounts for 99% of bulk storage capacity in the world.<ref>EPRI. (August 28, 2015). ''Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options'' [Online]. Available: http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000000001020676</ref> The United States alone has more than [[watt\|20 GW]] of pumped storage capacity today with facilities in every region of the country.<ref>NHA. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Storage'' [Online]. Available: http://www.hydro.org/tech-and-policy/technology/pumped-storage/</ref>

	Over the past 70 years, there has been a steady increase in the number of pumped storage facilities around the world.		Over the past 70 years, there has been a steady increase in the number of pumped storage facilities around the world. Some examples of pumped storage facilities worldwide include:<ref name=Evans>A. Evans, V. Strezov and T.J. Evans, "Assessment of utility energy storage options for increased renewable energy penetration," Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., vol. 16, pp. 4141-4147, 2012.</ref>
			*Bath County, USA (2710 MW)
			*Kannagawa, Japan (2700 MW)
			*Guangzhou, China (2400 MW)
			*Lac des Dix, Switzerland (2009 MW)

	==Operation==		==Operation==
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	[[category: Mark edit]]		[[category: Mark edit]]
			[[category: Ed edit]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-18T16:51:02Z

1 revision imported

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Jmdonev at 20:08, 17 September 2015

2015-09-17T20:08:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:08, 17 September 2015
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	[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]		[[Category:Done 2015-09-06]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Pumped storage''' is the process of storing [[energy]] using two [[water]] [[hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoirs]] which are separated vertically.<ref name="RE2"/> Water is pumped from the lower reservoir up into a holding reservoir.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Energy Storage Association. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Hydroelectric Storage'' [Online]. Available: http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technologies/pumped-hydroelectric-storage</ref> The concept of pumped storage facilities is to store excess energy as [[gravitational potential energy]] of water. Since these reservoirs hold such large [[volume]]s of water, pumped water storage is considered to be a large scale [[energy storage]] system.		<onlyinclude>'''Pumped storage''' is the process of storing [[energy]] using two [[water]] [[hydroelectric reservoir\|reservoirs]] which are separated vertically.<ref name="RE2"/> Water is pumped from the lower reservoir up into a holding reservoir.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Energy Storage Association. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Hydroelectric Storage'' [Online]. Available: http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technologies/pumped-hydroelectric-storage</ref> The concept of pumped storage facilities is to store excess energy as [[gravitational potential energy]] of water. Since these reservoirs hold such large [[volume]]s of water, pumped water storage is considered to be a large scale [[energy storage]] system.

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	==Operation==		==Operation==
	In periods of low demand, water is pumped up into the reservoir, generally using some sort of reversible turbine/pump such as a [[Francis turbine]]. In these low demand times, excess [[electricity]] from the grid is used to pump the water up.<ref name="RE1"/> When electricity is in high demand, [[hydropower]] is generated by releasing the water stored in the reservoir. This water flows down a slope through [[penstock]]s, then flowing through [[hydro turbine\|turbines]], [[electricity generation\|generating electricity]].		In periods of low demand, water is pumped up into the reservoir, generally using some sort of reversible [[turbine]]/[[pump]] such as a [[Francis turbine]]. In these low demand times, excess [[electricity]] from the grid is used to pump the water up.<ref name="RE1"/> When electricity is in high demand, [[hydropower]] is generated by releasing the water stored in the reservoir. This water flows down a slope through [[penstock]]s, then flowing through [[hydro turbine\|turbines]], [[electricity generation\|generating electricity]].

	[[File:Pumpstor_racoon_mtn.jpg\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 1. Diagram of a pumped storage plant.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Storage Racoon Mountain'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Pumpstor_racoon_mtn.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:Pumpstor_racoon_mtn.jpg\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 1. Diagram of a pumped storage plant.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Storage Racoon Mountain'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Pumpstor_racoon_mtn.jpg</ref>]]
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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]
			[[category: Mark edit]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-03T18:23:06Z

1 revision imported

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Jmdonev at 00:11, 29 August 2015

2015-08-29T00:11:56Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]
<onlyinclude>'''Pumped storage''' is the process of storing [[energy]] using two [[water]] [[hydroelectric reservoir|reservoirs]] which are separated vertically.<ref name="RE2"/> Water is pumped from the lower reservoir up into a holding reservoir.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Energy Storage Association. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Hydroelectric Storage'' [Online]. Available: http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technologies/pumped-hydroelectric-storage</ref> The concept of pumped storage facilities is to store excess energy as [[gravitational potential energy]] of water. Since these reservoirs hold such large [[volume]]s of water, pumped water storage is considered to be a large scale [[energy storage]] system.

Pumped storage is a [[dispatchable source of electricity|dispatchable source of energy]] since it can be deployed whenever demand is needed. It is often used to meet demand when [[intermittent electricity|intermittent]], [[non-dispatchable source of electricity|non-dispatchable]] sources, such as [[wind power|wind]] and [[solar power]], cannot do so.

Currently pumped storage has the highest capacity of energy storage on the [[electrical grid|grid]] and accounts for 99% of bulk storage capacity in the world.<ref>EPRI. (August 28, 2015). ''Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options'' [Online]. Available: http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000000001020676</ref> The United States alone has more than [[watt|20 GW]] of pumped storage capacity today with facilities in every region of the country.<ref>NHA. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Storage'' [Online]. Available: http://www.hydro.org/tech-and-policy/technology/pumped-storage/</ref>

Over the past 70 years, there has been a steady increase in the number of pumped storage facilities around the world.

==Operation==
In periods of low demand, water is pumped up into the reservoir, generally using some sort of reversible turbine/pump such as a [[Francis turbine]]. In these low demand times, excess [[electricity]] from the grid is used to pump the water up.<ref name="RE1"/> When electricity is in high demand, [[hydropower]] is generated by releasing the water stored in the reservoir. This water flows down a slope through [[penstock]]s, then flowing through [[hydro turbine|turbines]], [[electricity generation|generating electricity]].

[[File:Pumpstor_racoon_mtn.jpg|400px|framed|center|Figure 1. Diagram of a pumped storage plant.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 28, 2015). ''Pumped Storage Racoon Mountain'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Pumpstor_racoon_mtn.jpg</ref>]]

Currently, the implementation of saltwater pumped storage and underground pumped storage facilities are being researched. These ideas are still a work-in-progress and implementing these facilities has been found difficult because of corrosion, as well as groundwater and surface water contamination issues and overcoming possibly higher operation and management costs.<ref name=knight/> Okinawa Pumped Storage Plant is currently the only operational saltwater pumped storage plant in the world. The plant has an energy capacity of 30 MW with an elevation of around 154 [[meter]]s and an effective [[hydraulic head|head]] of 136 meters.<ref>IEA Hydropower. (August 28, 2015). ''Hydropower Good Practices: Environmental Mitigation Measures and Benefits - Case study 01-01: Biological Diversity - Okinawa Seawater Pumped Storage Power Plant, Japan'' [Online]. Available: http://www.ieahydro.org/reports/Annex_VIII_CaseStudy0101_Okinawa_SeawaterPS_Japan.pdf</ref> The plant uses paint-coated [[carbon steel]] with [[cathode|cathodic]] protection in order to prevent corrosion.<ref>T. Fujihara,
H. Imano, K. Oshima. (August 28, 2015). ''Development of Pump Turbine for Seawater Pumped Storage
Power Plant'' [Online]. Available: http://www.new4stroke.com/salt%20water%20pumped%20storage.pdf</ref>

It is important to note that pumped storage facilities are net consumers of energy. This is a result of the energy lost pumping the water up into the reservoir. However, pumped storage is economical because of a net increase in revenue. This is because the electricity used to pump the water is less expensive than the electricity sold at the time of peak energy demand.<ref name="RE2">ClimateTechWiki. (August 28, 2015). ''Energy Storage: Pumped Water'' [Online]. Available: http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/jiqweb-ph</ref>

==Potential Issues==
Although pumped storage is able to store large amounts of energy and is the main method of storing energy today, it has many issues. Despite the fact that it has the largest capacity of any other storage types, it is limited because the facilities can only exist in areas with a very specific topography. Specifically, the area must be able to store massive amounts of water at a high elevation, while having another body of water significantly lower than the upper reservoir. This limitation is one major drawback.<ref name="RE2"/>

Another issue with pumped storage is that the construction of the facilities necessary to store the energy are very expensive and can take a long time to finish. Significant amounts of capital cost and labor are required in order to construct a dam or gate to block the water from flowing as well as the installation of the generator/pump. Large scale pumped storage facilities can have a capital cost ranging from $1.3 billion to $3.3 billion dollars, with over 50% of the cost coming from the construction and equipment. The price of operation and maintenance for pumped storage facilities generally range between 1.0 – 1.5% of the total operation cost.<ref name=knight>BC Hydro. (August 28, 2015). ''EVALUATION OF PUMPED STORAGE HYDROELECTRIC POTENTIAL: SCREENING ASSESSMENT REPORT'' [Online]. Available: https://www.bchydro.com/content/dam/hydro/medialib/internet/documents/planning_regulatory/iep_ltap/ror/appx_10a_pumped_storage_screening_assessment_report.pdf</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}