Run-of-the-river systems - Revision history

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2018-09-03T22:23:41Z

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energy>Jmdonev at 19:28, 22 August 2018

2018-08-22T19:28:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:28, 22 August 2018
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	[[~~Category:Done 2018-05-18]]~~		#REDIRECT [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity]]
	~~[[File:Chief_Joseph_Dam.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1.~~ Run-of-the-river ~~systems like the one shown above tend to have larger [[hydroelectric flow rate~~]]s than hydro dams that use [[reservoir]]s.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 24, 2015). ''Chief Joseph Dam'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Chief_Joseph_Dam.jpg</ref>]]		[[Category:Done 2018-08-03]]

	~~<onlyinclude>'''Run-of-the-river hydroelectric systems''' are~~ [[hydroelectric facilities\|hydroelectric systems]] that harvest the [[energy]] from flowing [[water]] to [[electricity generation\|generate electricity]] in the absence of a large dam and reservoir - which is how they differ from conventional impoundment hydroelectric facilities.</onlyinclude> The primary difference between this type of [[hydroelectricity\|hydroelectric]] generation and others is that run-of-the-river primarily uses the [[flow rate]] of water to generate [[power]] instead of the power from water falling a large distance, although water may still experience some vertical drop in a run-of-the-river system.<ref name="RE1">Green Energy Futures. (August 28, 2015). ''How it Works: ~~Run of River'' [Online]. Available: http://www.greenenergyfutures.ca/episode/30~~-~~how~~-it-works-run-river-hydro-electric-power</ref> Another main difference between traditional hydropower is that run-of-the-river hydro is used in areas where there is little to no [[water storage]], such as in a river.

	There are several different classifications of run-of-the-river systems, based primarily on their capacity. The types are outlined in the table below:<ref name="RE2">EnergyBC. (August 28, 2015). ''Run-of-River Power'' [Online]. Available: http://www.energybc.ca/profiles/runofriver.html</ref>
	~~<center>~~
	~~{\| class="wikitable"~~
	\|-
	~~\| Classification \|\| Capacity~~
	\|-
	~~\| Micro \|\| [[watt\|< 100 kW]]~~
	\|-
	~~\| Mini \|\| 100 kW - 1 MW~~
	\|-
	~~\| Small \|\| 1 - 50 MW~~
	\|}
	~~</center>~~
	~~It is important to note that some larger scale run-of-the-river plants exist, with outputs of hundreds or thousands of MW.~~

	~~==Operation==~~
	For a run-of-the-river system to be possible in a given location, there need to be two specific geographical features. The first is there must be a reasonably substantial flow rate, either from rainfall or a melting snowpack. As well, there must be enough of a tilt to the river to [[speed]] the water up significantly.<ref name="RE2"/> Additionally, run-of-the-river systems are best implemented in bodies of water with a fairly constant flow rate. If they are built in locations where flow rate is fairly low for a period of time and then peaks dramatically, there will be a large amount of "wasted" water during the peak flow periods as the excess water falls through the spillways. This is because these systems are built to accommodate the lowest flow rate, and would thus not be able to handle significantly larger flow rates.

	In run-of-the-river systems, running water from a river is guided down a channel or [[penstock]]. There can be some change in altitude at this point, so there may still be some contribution from falling water. The diverted water is brought to an electricity generating house. In this house, the running water drives a [[hydro turbine\|turbine]], running a [[generator]] and generating electricity. After being used, water is fed back into the river downstream.<ref name="RE1"/> One major difference between large-scale conventional storage hydro is the lack of a large impoundment [[hydroelectric dam\|dam]] or significant [[hydroelectric reservoir]].<ref name="RE2"/> In this case, there is generally only some small-scale dam that is built to allow energy generation without a significantly large reservoir.

	Although run-of-the-river systems rely primarily on the flow rate of rivers to generate electricity and not a significant amount of water storage, many small hydro facilities use some sort of small-scale dam or [[weir]] to ensure enough water enters the system itself. [[Pondage]] (a small amount of water stored behind the dam) is also used occasionally to store small amounts of water - plants that use pondage are generally more reliable as they compensate for any discrepancies in water flow.<ref name="RE2"/>

	~~==Comparison to Traditional Hydro==~~
	There are several benefits that exist as a result of using run-of-the-river hydro instead of traditional, dam based hydro. First, traditional hydro dams are expensive and time consuming to build. Comparatively speaking, run-of-the-river systems are less expensive to build and can be built over a shorter period of time. Additionally, many areas where large hydro is used frequently - such as in Canada - have developed many of the existing favourable hydropower sites.<ref name="RE2"/> Run of river systems also avoid some of the environmental problems associated with the flooding, since the pondage is much smaller than the lakes for traditional hydro.<ref name="RE1"/>

	Although there are some favourable aspects to run-of-the-river hydro, the output is significantly lower than large scale hydro. Dam based hydroelectric generation usually provides a lower cost per [[kilowatt-hour\|kWh]] despite the larger initial investment. Additionally, the absence of the large dam and reservoir means that the power plant will be less reliable for [[electricity]] generation. If the water levels are depleted upstream, potentially due to [[drought]] conditions, there is less water to run the hydroelectric system.<ref name="RE2"/>

	~~==Environmental Impact==~~
	Compared to the [[combustion]] of [[fossil fuel]]s, run-of-the-river hydro is responsible for fewer [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s. Most of these emissions are a result of the construction of the system itself, but the operation of the plant itself contributes almost no emissions.<ref name="RE1"/> As well, run-of-the-river hydroelectric plants can be beneficial compared to [[impoundment]] dams as the small amount of water storage results in a smaller environmental footprint when compared to dams with large amounts of water storage.

	Although the emission impact of these systems is less than the combustion of fuels, there are other environmental impacts that must be taken into account. First, the manipulation of river flows can cause a significant number of [[environmental impact]]s. Any diversion in the river changes how the aquatic [[ecosystem]] works, which could affect fish populations and the health of the river overall. However, the small head difference in run-of-the-river systems allows for the construction of [[fish passage\|fish ladders]], which could allow fish to move through the system without being harmed or having their migration routes interrupted.<ref name="RE2"/> As well, the changes in the river basin or water composition could increase species mortality, disrupt migration, or cause an imbalance in biodiversity. Finally, thermal pollution and increased [[turbidity]] of the exiting water are possible side effects of sending water through turbines and back into a river.<ref name="RE1"/>

	Overall, it is difficult to determine in general whether or not the damage inflicted on the environment by run-of-the-river systems is outweighed by the relatively small output as compared to large hydro dams. That means that each project must be evaluated on the specific details of the hydroelectric power plants being proposed.

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded~~]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2018-05-18T22:53:07Z

1 revision imported

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Jmdonev at 19:59, 11 May 2018

2018-05-11T19:59:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:59, 11 May 2018
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	[[Category:Done ~~2016~~-01-15]]		[[Category:Done 2018-05-18]]
	[[File:Chief_Joseph_Dam.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. Run-of-the-river systems like the one shown above tend to have larger [[flow rate]]s than hydro dams that use [[reservoir]]s.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 24, 2015). ''Chief Joseph Dam'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Chief_Joseph_Dam.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:Chief_Joseph_Dam.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. Run-of-the-river systems like the one shown above tend to have larger [[hydroelectric flow rate]]s than hydro dams that use [[reservoir]]s.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 24, 2015). ''Chief Joseph Dam'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Chief_Joseph_Dam.jpg</ref>]]

	<onlyinclude>'''Run-of-the-river hydroelectric systems''' are [[hydroelectric facilities\|hydroelectric systems]] that harvest the [[energy]] from flowing [[water]] to [[electricity generation\|generate electricity]] in the absence of a large dam and reservoir - which is how they differ from conventional impoundment hydroelectric facilities.</onlyinclude> The primary difference between this type of [[hydroelectricity\|hydroelectric]] generation and others is that run-of-the-river primarily uses the [[flow rate]] of water to generate [[power]] instead of the power from water falling a large distance, although water may still experience some vertical drop in a run-of-the-river system.<ref name="RE1">Green Energy Futures. (August 28, 2015). ''How it Works: Run of River'' [Online]. Available: http://www.greenenergyfutures.ca/episode/30-how-it-works-run-river-hydro-electric-power</ref> Another main difference between traditional hydropower is that run-of-the-river hydro is used in areas where there is little to no [[water storage]], such as in a river.		<onlyinclude>'''Run-of-the-river hydroelectric systems''' are [[hydroelectric facilities\|hydroelectric systems]] that harvest the [[energy]] from flowing [[water]] to [[electricity generation\|generate electricity]] in the absence of a large dam and reservoir - which is how they differ from conventional impoundment hydroelectric facilities.</onlyinclude> The primary difference between this type of [[hydroelectricity\|hydroelectric]] generation and others is that run-of-the-river primarily uses the [[flow rate]] of water to generate [[power]] instead of the power from water falling a large distance, although water may still experience some vertical drop in a run-of-the-river system.<ref name="RE1">Green Energy Futures. (August 28, 2015). ''How it Works: Run of River'' [Online]. Available: http://www.greenenergyfutures.ca/episode/30-how-it-works-run-river-hydro-electric-power</ref> Another main difference between traditional hydropower is that run-of-the-river hydro is used in areas where there is little to no [[water storage]], such as in a river.
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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]		{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]
	~~[[category: Ed edit]]~~

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2016-02-18T04:31:13Z

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Jmdonev at 18:38, 28 December 2015

2015-12-28T18:38:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:38, 28 December 2015
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-09-05]]		[[Category:Done 2016-01-15]]
	[[File:Chief_Joseph_Dam.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. Run-of-the-river systems like the one shown above tend to have larger [[flow rate]]s than hydro dams that use [[reservoir]]s.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 24, 2015). ''Chief Joseph Dam'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Chief_Joseph_Dam.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:Chief_Joseph_Dam.jpg\|360px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 1. Run-of-the-river systems like the one shown above tend to have larger [[flow rate]]s than hydro dams that use [[reservoir]]s.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 24, 2015). ''Chief Joseph Dam'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Chief_Joseph_Dam.jpg</ref>]]

	<onlyinclude>'''Run-of-the-river hydroelectric systems''' are [[hydroelectric facilities\|hydroelectric systems]] that harvest the [[energy]] from flowing [[water]] to [[electricity generation\|generate electricity]]. The primary difference between this type of [[hydroelectricity\|hydroelectric]] generation and others is that run-of-the-river primarily uses the [[flow rate]] of water to generate [[power]] instead of the power from falling water.~~</onlyinclude>~~<ref name="RE1">Green Energy Futures. (August 28, 2015). ''How it Works: Run of River'' [Online]. Available: http://www.greenenergyfutures.ca/episode/30-how-it-works-run-river-hydro-electric-power</ref> Another main difference between traditional hydropower is that run-of-the-river hydro is used in areas where there is little to no [[water storage]], such as in a river.		<onlyinclude>'''Run-of-the-river hydroelectric systems''' are [[hydroelectric facilities\|hydroelectric systems]] that harvest the [[energy]] from flowing [[water]] to [[electricity generation\|generate electricity]] in the absence of a large dam and reservoir - which is how they differ from conventional impoundment hydroelectric facilities.</onlyinclude> The primary difference between this type of [[hydroelectricity\|hydroelectric]] generation and others is that run-of-the-river primarily uses the [[flow rate]] of water to generate [[power]] instead of the power from water falling a large distance, although water may still experience some vertical drop in a run-of-the-river system.<ref name="RE1">Green Energy Futures. (August 28, 2015). ''How it Works: Run of River'' [Online]. Available: http://www.greenenergyfutures.ca/episode/30-how-it-works-run-river-hydro-electric-power</ref> Another main difference between traditional hydropower is that run-of-the-river hydro is used in areas where there is little to no [[water storage]], such as in a river.

	There are several different classifications of run-of-the-river systems, based primarily on their capacity. The types are outlined in the table below:<ref name="RE2">EnergyBC. (August 28, 2015). ''Run-of-River Power'' [Online]. Available: http://www.energybc.ca/profiles/runofriver.html</ref>		There are several different classifications of run-of-the-river systems, based primarily on their capacity. The types are outlined in the table below:<ref name="RE2">EnergyBC. (August 28, 2015). ''Run-of-River Power'' [Online]. Available: http://www.energybc.ca/profiles/runofriver.html</ref>
Line 20:		Line 20:

	==Operation==		==Operation==
	For a run-of-the-river system to be possible in a given location, there need to be two specific geographical features. The first is there must be a reasonably substantial flow rate, either from rainfall or a melting snowpack. As well, there must be enough of a tilt to the river to [[speed]] the water up significantly.<ref name="RE2"/>		For a run-of-the-river system to be possible in a given location, there need to be two specific geographical features. The first is there must be a reasonably substantial flow rate, either from rainfall or a melting snowpack. As well, there must be enough of a tilt to the river to [[speed]] the water up significantly.<ref name="RE2"/> Additionally, run-of-the-river systems are best implemented in bodies of water with a fairly constant flow rate. If they are built in locations where flow rate is fairly low for a period of time and then peaks dramatically, there will be a large amount of "wasted" water during the peak flow periods as the excess water falls through the spillways. This is because these systems are built to accommodate the lowest flow rate, and would thus not be able to handle significantly larger flow rates.

	In run-of-the-river systems, running water from a river is guided down a channel or [[penstock]]. The diverted water is brought to an electricity generating house. In this house, ~~the [[force]] of~~ the running water ~~spins~~ a [[hydro turbine\|turbine]], ~~driving~~ a [[generator]] and generating electricity. After being used, water is fed back into the river downstream.<ref name="RE1"/> One major difference between large-scale conventional storage hydro is the ~~absence~~ of ~~any~~ [[hydroelectric dam\|dam]] or [[hydroelectric reservoir]].<ref name="RE2"/>		In run-of-the-river systems, running water from a river is guided down a channel or [[penstock]]. There can be some change in altitude at this point, so there may still be some contribution from falling water. The diverted water is brought to an electricity generating house. In this house, the running water drives a [[hydro turbine\|turbine]], running a [[generator]] and generating electricity. After being used, water is fed back into the river downstream.<ref name="RE1"/> One major difference between large-scale conventional storage hydro is the lack of a large impoundment [[hydroelectric dam\|dam]] or significant [[hydroelectric reservoir]].<ref name="RE2"/> In this case, there is generally only some small-scale dam that is built to allow energy generation without a significantly large reservoir.

	Although run-of-the-river systems rely primarily on the ~~power~~ of ~~fast moving~~ rivers to generate electricity, many small hydro facilities use some sort of small-scale dam or weir to ensure enough water enters the system itself. Pondage is also used occasionally to store small amounts of water - plants that use pondage are generally more reliable as they compensate for any discrepancies in water flow.<ref name="RE2"/>		Although run-of-the-river systems rely primarily on the flow rate of rivers to generate electricity and not a significant amount of water storage, many small hydro facilities use some sort of small-scale dam or [[weir]] to ensure enough water enters the system itself. [[Pondage]] (a small amount of water stored behind the dam) is also used occasionally to store small amounts of water - plants that use pondage are generally more reliable as they compensate for any discrepancies in water flow.<ref name="RE2"/>

	==Comparison to Traditional Hydro==		==Comparison to Traditional Hydro==
	There are several benefits that exist as a result of using run-of-the-river hydro instead of traditional, dam based hydro. First, ~~these large~~ hydro dams are expensive and time consuming to build. Comparatively speaking, run-of-the-river systems are less expensive to build and can be built over a shorter period of time. Additionally, many areas where large hydro is used frequently - such as in Canada - have developed many of the existing favourable hydropower sites.<ref name="RE2"/> ~~As well,~~ some of the environmental problems associated with the flooding ~~caused when reservoirs are used are eliminated when run-of-~~the~~-river~~ hydro ~~is used~~.<ref name="RE1"/>		There are several benefits that exist as a result of using run-of-the-river hydro instead of traditional, dam based hydro. First, traditional hydro dams are expensive and time consuming to build. Comparatively speaking, run-of-the-river systems are less expensive to build and can be built over a shorter period of time. Additionally, many areas where large hydro is used frequently - such as in Canada - have developed many of the existing favourable hydropower sites.<ref name="RE2"/> Run of river systems also avoid some of the environmental problems associated with the flooding, since the pondage is much smaller than the lakes for traditional hydro.<ref name="RE1"/>

	Although there are some favourable aspects to run-of-the-river hydro, the output ~~of it compared to~~ large scale hydro ~~is still significantly lower~~. ~~As well, dam~~ based hydroelectric generation ~~still~~ provides a lower cost per [[kilowatt-hour\|kWh]] despite the larger initial investment. Additionally, the absence of the dam ~~contributes to a certain lack of reliability in~~ the ~~hydro system~~. If the water levels are depleted upstream, potentially due to drought conditions, there is less water to run the hydroelectric system.<ref name="RE2"/> ~~A dam would provide backup, but no dam exists in these systems.~~		Although there are some favourable aspects to run-of-the-river hydro, the output is significantly lower than large scale hydro. Dam based hydroelectric generation usually provides a lower cost per [[kilowatt-hour\|kWh]] despite the larger initial investment. Additionally, the absence of the large dam and reservoir means that the power plant will be less reliable for [[electricity]] generation. If the water levels are depleted upstream, potentially due to [[drought]] conditions, there is less water to run the hydroelectric system.<ref name="RE2"/>

	==Environmental Impact==		==Environmental Impact==
	Compared to the [[combustion]] of [[fossil fuel]]s, run-of-the-river hydro is responsible for fewer [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s. Most of these emissions are a result of the construction of the system itself, but the operation of the plant itself contributes almost no emissions.<ref name="RE1"/> ~~Additionally~~, the ~~flooding of land associated with~~ the ~~creation~~ of a ~~reservoir in traditional hydropower is not an issue for run~~ of ~~river~~.		Compared to the [[combustion]] of [[fossil fuel]]s, run-of-the-river hydro is responsible for fewer [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s. Most of these emissions are a result of the construction of the system itself, but the operation of the plant itself contributes almost no emissions.<ref name="RE1"/> As well, run-of-the-river hydroelectric plants can be beneficial compared to [[impoundment]] dams as the small amount of water storage results in a smaller environmental footprint when compared to dams with large amounts of water storage.

	Although the emission impact of these systems is less than the combustion of fuels, there are other environmental impacts that must be taken into account. First, the manipulation of river flows can cause a significant number of [[environmental impact]]s. Any diversion in the river changes how the aquatic [[ecosystem]] works, which could affect fish populations and the health of the river overall. However, the small head difference in run-of-the-river systems allows for the construction of [[fish passage\|fish ladders]], which could allow fish to move through the system without being harmed or having their migration routes interrupted.<ref name="RE2"/> As well, the changes in the river basin or water composition could increase species mortality, disrupt migration, or cause an imbalance in biodiversity. Finally, thermal pollution and increased turbidity of the exiting water are possible side effects of sending water through turbines and back into a river.<ref name="RE1"/>		Although the emission impact of these systems is less than the combustion of fuels, there are other environmental impacts that must be taken into account. First, the manipulation of river flows can cause a significant number of [[environmental impact]]s. Any diversion in the river changes how the aquatic [[ecosystem]] works, which could affect fish populations and the health of the river overall. However, the small head difference in run-of-the-river systems allows for the construction of [[fish passage\|fish ladders]], which could allow fish to move through the system without being harmed or having their migration routes interrupted.<ref name="RE2"/> As well, the changes in the river basin or water composition could increase species mortality, disrupt migration, or cause an imbalance in biodiversity. Finally, thermal pollution and increased [[turbidity]] of the exiting water are possible side effects of sending water through turbines and back into a river.<ref name="RE1"/>

	Overall, it is difficult to determine whether or not the damage inflicted on the environment by run-of-the-river systems is outweighed by the relatively small output as compared to large hydro dams.		Overall, it is difficult to determine in general whether or not the damage inflicted on the environment by run-of-the-river systems is outweighed by the relatively small output as compared to large hydro dams. That means that each project must be evaluated on the specific details of the hydroelectric power plants being proposed.

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]
			[[category: Ed edit]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-03T18:22:33Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 18:22, 3 September 2015
(No difference)

Jmdonev at 19:57, 28 August 2015

2015-08-28T19:57:33Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]
[[File:Chief_Joseph_Dam.jpg|360px|thumb|right|Figure 1. Run-of-the-river systems like the one shown above tend to have larger [[flow rate]]s than hydro dams that use [[reservoir]]s.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (August 24, 2015). ''Chief Joseph Dam'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Chief_Joseph_Dam.jpg</ref>]]

<onlyinclude>'''Run-of-the-river hydroelectric systems''' are [[hydroelectric facilities|hydroelectric systems]] that harvest the [[energy]] from flowing [[water]] to [[electricity generation|generate electricity]]. The primary difference between this type of [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] generation and others is that run-of-the-river primarily uses the [[flow rate]] of water to generate [[power]] instead of the power from falling water.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">Green Energy Futures. (August 28, 2015). ''How it Works: Run of River'' [Online]. Available: http://www.greenenergyfutures.ca/episode/30-how-it-works-run-river-hydro-electric-power</ref> Another main difference between traditional hydropower is that run-of-the-river hydro is used in areas where there is little to no [[water storage]], such as in a river.

There are several different classifications of run-of-the-river systems, based primarily on their capacity. The types are outlined in the table below:<ref name="RE2">EnergyBC. (August 28, 2015). ''Run-of-River Power'' [Online]. Available: http://www.energybc.ca/profiles/runofriver.html</ref>
<center>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Classification || Capacity
|-
| Micro || [[watt|< 100 kW]]
|-
| Mini || 100 kW - 1 MW
|-
| Small || 1 - 50 MW
|}
</center>
It is important to note that some larger scale run-of-the-river plants exist, with outputs of hundreds or thousands of MW.

==Operation==
For a run-of-the-river system to be possible in a given location, there need to be two specific geographical features. The first is there must be a reasonably substantial flow rate, either from rainfall or a melting snowpack. As well, there must be enough of a tilt to the river to [[speed]] the water up significantly.<ref name="RE2"/>

In run-of-the-river systems, running water from a river is guided down a channel or [[penstock]]. The diverted water is brought to an electricity generating house. In this house, the [[force]] of the running water spins a [[hydro turbine|turbine]], driving a [[generator]] and generating electricity. After being used, water is fed back into the river downstream.<ref name="RE1"/> One major difference between large-scale conventional storage hydro is the absence of any [[hydroelectric dam|dam]] or [[hydroelectric reservoir]].<ref name="RE2"/>

Although run-of-the-river systems rely primarily on the power of fast moving rivers to generate electricity, many small hydro facilities use some sort of small-scale dam or weir to ensure enough water enters the system itself. Pondage is also used occasionally to store small amounts of water - plants that use pondage are generally more reliable as they compensate for any discrepancies in water flow.<ref name="RE2"/>

==Comparison to Traditional Hydro==
There are several benefits that exist as a result of using run-of-the-river hydro instead of traditional, dam based hydro. First, these large hydro dams are expensive and time consuming to build. Comparatively speaking, run-of-the-river systems are less expensive to build and can be built over a shorter period of time. Additionally, many areas where large hydro is used frequently - such as in Canada - have developed many of the existing favourable hydropower sites.<ref name="RE2"/> As well, some of the environmental problems associated with the flooding caused when reservoirs are used are eliminated when run-of-the-river hydro is used.<ref name="RE1"/>

Although there are some favourable aspects to run-of-the-river hydro, the output of it compared to large scale hydro is still significantly lower. As well, dam based hydroelectric generation still provides a lower cost per [[kilowatt-hour|kWh]] despite the larger initial investment. Additionally, the absence of the dam contributes to a certain lack of reliability in the hydro system. If the water levels are depleted upstream, potentially due to drought conditions, there is less water to run the hydroelectric system.<ref name="RE2"/> A dam would provide backup, but no dam exists in these systems.

==Environmental Impact==
Compared to the [[combustion]] of [[fossil fuel]]s, run-of-the-river hydro is responsible for fewer [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s. Most of these emissions are a result of the construction of the system itself, but the operation of the plant itself contributes almost no emissions.<ref name="RE1"/> Additionally, the flooding of land associated with the creation of a reservoir in traditional hydropower is not an issue for run of river.

Although the emission impact of these systems is less than the combustion of fuels, there are other environmental impacts that must be taken into account. First, the manipulation of river flows can cause a significant number of [[environmental impact]]s. Any diversion in the river changes how the aquatic [[ecosystem]] works, which could affect fish populations and the health of the river overall. However, the small head difference in run-of-the-river systems allows for the construction of [[fish passage|fish ladders]], which could allow fish to move through the system without being harmed or having their migration routes interrupted.<ref name="RE2"/> As well, the changes in the river basin or water composition could increase species mortality, disrupt migration, or cause an imbalance in biodiversity. Finally, thermal pollution and increased turbidity of the exiting water are possible side effects of sending water through turbines and back into a river.<ref name="RE1"/>

Overall, it is difficult to determine whether or not the damage inflicted on the environment by run-of-the-river systems is outweighed by the relatively small output as compared to large hydro dams.

==References==
{{reflist}}