Shale oil - Revision history

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2dev>Ashley.Sheardown at 19:04, 19 December 2018

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	[[Category:Done ~~2017~~-07-01]]		[[Category:Done 2018-12-10]]
	[[File:Colorado_Oil_Shale.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. ~~A diagram~~ of shale that shale oil is extracted from~~, including a cross-section~~.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (September 16, 2015). ''Colorado Oil Shale'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Colorado_Oil_Shale.jpg</ref>]]		[[Category: Ashley edit]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Shale oil''', also called '''tight oil''', is a type of [[oil]] that can be extracted by heating and upgrading [[kerogen]] trapped within [[shale]] formations - arrangements of fine-grained [[sedimentary rock]]. This type of oil [[resource]] is classified as an [[unconventional resource]] as the process of obtaining oil from these formations requires specialized processes.</onlyinclude> Shale is a common sedimentary rock composed of clay and fragments of other minerals.<ref name="RE1"/> Shale that oil can be extracted from contains a large amount of kerogen, and is known as oil shale.<ref name="RE1">National Geographic. (September 16, 2015). ''Oil Shale'' [Online]. Available: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/oil-shale/</ref> This shale containing kerogen is essentially a precursor to oil or [[natural gas]], as with increased [[pressure]] and a longer [[~~Timescale~~ of hydrocarbon formation\|time period]] it could eventually become oil or natural gas.<ref name="RE1"/>		[[File:Colorado_Oil_Shale.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. Handsample of shale that shale oil is extracted from.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (September 16, 2015). ''Colorado Oil Shale'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Colorado_Oil_Shale.jpg</ref>]]
			<onlyinclude>'''Shale oil''', also called '''tight oil''', is a type of [[oil]] that can be extracted by heating and upgrading [[kerogen]] trapped within [[shale]] formations - arrangements of fine-grained [[sedimentary rock]]. This type of oil [[resource]] is classified as an [[unconventional resource]] as the process of obtaining oil from these formations requires specialized processes.</onlyinclude> Shale is a common sedimentary rock composed of clay and fragments of other minerals.<ref name="RE1"/> Shale that oil can be extracted from contains a large amount of kerogen, and is known as oil shale.<ref name="RE1">National Geographic. (September 16, 2015). ''Oil Shale'' [Online]. Available: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/oil-shale/</ref> This shale containing kerogen is essentially a precursor to oil or [[natural gas]], as with increased [[pressure]] and a longer [[Time scale of hydrocarbon formation\|time period]] it could eventually become oil or natural gas.<ref name="RE1"/>

	It is important to note that shale oil is extracted from oil shale, which is different from oil-bearing shale. Oil-bearing shale contains [[petroleum]] that is trapped tightly in the rock itself and requires [[hydraulic fracturing]] to extract the oil, while shale oil is obtained from oil shale through a process of heating.<ref name="RE1"/>		It is important to note that shale oil is extracted from oil shale, which is different from oil-bearing shale. Oil-bearing shale contains [[petroleum]] that is trapped tightly in the rock itself and requires [[hydraulic fracturing]] to extract the oil, while shale oil is obtained from oil shale through a process of heating.<ref name="RE1"/>
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	Another potential environmental issue is the disruption of land and movement of rock involved in oil shale extraction. For a single barrel of shale oil, there is about 1.2 to 1.5 tons of rock that are moved and disturbed.<ref name="RE3">RAND. (September 16, 2016). ''Oil Shale Development in the United States'' [Online]. Available: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG414.pdf</ref> Spent shale can be disposed of in surface impoundments or in previously mined areas, but the movement of this shale is still a concern.<ref name="RE2"/> An alternative that would remove this environmental impact would be the [[in situ]] extraction of shale oil. This process is known as an '''In Situ Conversion Process''', and in this process the rock is undisturbed. Instead, holes are drilled into a shale formation and the shale is slowly heated - causing the kerogen to leak out. The liquefied kerogen can then be pumped to the surface.<ref name="RE2"/>		Another potential environmental issue is the disruption of land and movement of rock involved in oil shale extraction. For a single barrel of shale oil, there is about 1.2 to 1.5 tons of rock that are moved and disturbed.<ref name="RE3">RAND. (September 16, 2016). ''Oil Shale Development in the United States'' [Online]. Available: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG414.pdf</ref> Spent shale can be disposed of in surface impoundments or in previously mined areas, but the movement of this shale is still a concern.<ref name="RE2"/> An alternative that would remove this environmental impact would be the [[in situ]] extraction of shale oil. This process is known as an '''In Situ Conversion Process''', and in this process the rock is undisturbed. Instead, holes are drilled into a shale formation and the shale is slowly heated - causing the kerogen to leak out. The liquefied kerogen can then be pumped to the surface.<ref name="RE2"/>

			==For Further Reading==
			*[[Oil]]
			*[[Hydrocarbon combustion]]
			*[[Greenhouse gas]]
			*[[Greenhouse effect]]
			*[[Carbon capture and storage]]
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2017-08-29T01:46:48Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 01:46, 29 August 2017
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Jmdonev at 16:47, 28 July 2017

2017-07-28T16:47:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:47, 28 July 2017
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-10-15]]		[[Category:Done 2017-07-01]]
	[[File:Colorado_Oil_Shale.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A diagram of shale that shale oil is extracted from, including a cross-section.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (September 16, 2015). ''Colorado Oil Shale'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Colorado_Oil_Shale.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:Colorado_Oil_Shale.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A diagram of shale that shale oil is extracted from, including a cross-section.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (September 16, 2015). ''Colorado Oil Shale'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Colorado_Oil_Shale.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Shale oil''' is a type of [[oil]] that can be extracted by heating and upgrading [[kerogen]] trapped within [[shale]] formations - arrangements of fine-grained [[sedimentary rock]]. This type of oil [[resource]] is classified as an [[unconventional resource]] as the process of obtaining oil from these formations requires specialized processes.</onlyinclude> Shale is a common sedimentary rock composed of clay and fragments of other minerals.<ref name="RE1"/> Shale that oil can be extracted from contains a large amount of kerogen, and is known as oil shale.<ref name="RE1">National Geographic. (September 16, 2015). ''Oil Shale'' [Online]. Available: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/oil-shale/</ref> This shale containing kerogen is essentially a precursor to oil or [[natural gas]], as with increased [[pressure]] and a longer [[Timescale of hydrocarbon formation\|time period]] it could eventually become oil or natural gas.<ref name="RE1"/>		<onlyinclude>'''Shale oil''', also called '''tight oil''', is a type of [[oil]] that can be extracted by heating and upgrading [[kerogen]] trapped within [[shale]] formations - arrangements of fine-grained [[sedimentary rock]]. This type of oil [[resource]] is classified as an [[unconventional resource]] as the process of obtaining oil from these formations requires specialized processes.</onlyinclude> Shale is a common sedimentary rock composed of clay and fragments of other minerals.<ref name="RE1"/> Shale that oil can be extracted from contains a large amount of kerogen, and is known as oil shale.<ref name="RE1">National Geographic. (September 16, 2015). ''Oil Shale'' [Online]. Available: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/oil-shale/</ref> This shale containing kerogen is essentially a precursor to oil or [[natural gas]], as with increased [[pressure]] and a longer [[Timescale of hydrocarbon formation\|time period]] it could eventually become oil or natural gas.<ref name="RE1"/>

	It is important to note that shale oil is extracted from oil shale, which is different from oil-bearing shale. Oil-bearing shale contains [[petroleum]] that is trapped tightly in the rock itself and requires [[hydraulic fracturing]] to extract the oil, while shale oil is obtained from oil shale through a process of heating~~. Oil obtained from oil-bearing shale is known as [[tight oil]]~~.<ref name="RE1"/>		It is important to note that shale oil is extracted from oil shale, which is different from oil-bearing shale. Oil-bearing shale contains [[petroleum]] that is trapped tightly in the rock itself and requires [[hydraulic fracturing]] to extract the oil, while shale oil is obtained from oil shale through a process of heating.<ref name="RE1"/>

	The formation of shale oil begins the same way that conventional oil forms, but along the way the process differs slightly. After small aquatic organisms such as phytoplankton and zooplankton die and are layered beneath [[sediment]], the remains are subject to high [[temperature]]s and gravitational [[pressure]]. However, the conditions that otherwise would create conventional [[liquid]] petroleum were weaker and not as long-lasting. This resulted in the last step of conversion to liquid to be complete, which led to the creation of kerogen, not oil.		The formation of shale oil begins the same way that conventional oil forms, but along the way the process differs slightly. After small aquatic organisms such as phytoplankton and zooplankton die and are layered beneath [[sediment]], the remains are subject to high [[temperature]]s and gravitational [[pressure]]. However, the conditions that otherwise would create conventional [[liquid]] petroleum were weaker and not as long-lasting. This resulted in the last step of conversion to liquid to be complete, which led to the creation of kerogen, not oil.
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	The process of extracting shale oil is much more difficult than the process of extracting liquid [[crude oil]] from [[oil well\|conventional wells]]. Oil shale must be first extracted from the ground with either underground or surface-mining methods. After the process of extraction is complete, oil shale undergoes a process known as '''retorting'''.<ref name="RE2">Argonne National Laboratory. (September 16, 2015). ''About Oil Shale'' [Online]. Available: http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/oilshale/index.cfm</ref> During retorting, the shale containing the oil undergoes a process of [[pyrolysis]] to convert the oil into a liquid that can be removed more easily. This pyrolysis - which takes place in a vessel known as a '''retort''' - is simply a process of exposing the rock to high temperatures ''without'' [[oxygen]] being present. This results in a [[chemical]] change in the rock. The kerogen - which is the [[fossil fuel]] trapped in the shale - liquefies and separates from the rock as an oily substance.<ref name="RE2"/>		The process of extracting shale oil is much more difficult than the process of extracting liquid [[crude oil]] from [[oil well\|conventional wells]]. Oil shale must be first extracted from the ground with either underground or surface-mining methods. After the process of extraction is complete, oil shale undergoes a process known as '''retorting'''.<ref name="RE2">Argonne National Laboratory. (September 16, 2015). ''About Oil Shale'' [Online]. Available: http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/oilshale/index.cfm</ref> During retorting, the shale containing the oil undergoes a process of [[pyrolysis]] to convert the oil into a liquid that can be removed more easily. This pyrolysis - which takes place in a vessel known as a '''retort''' - is simply a process of exposing the rock to high temperatures ''without'' [[oxygen]] being present. This results in a [[chemical]] change in the rock. The kerogen - which is the [[fossil fuel]] trapped in the shale - liquefies and separates from the rock as an oily substance.<ref name="RE2"/>

	The oily substance extracted from the kerogen at this point is ''not'' actually crude oil. The substance obtained from the pyrolysis must undergo a '''refining''' process to change the substance into a [[synthetic crude ~~oil~~]] that can be used.<ref name="RE2"/>		The oily substance extracted from the kerogen at this point is ''not'' actually crude oil. The substance obtained from the pyrolysis must undergo a '''refining''' process to change the substance into a [[synthetic crude]] oil that can be used.<ref name="RE2"/>

	==Environmental Concerns==		==Environmental Concerns==
	One of the main environmental concerns associated with the extraction of shale oil is that the additional steps of retorting and refining have more of an impact on the environment. These two additional steps are required to convert the kerogen in the oil shale into synthetic crude oil, and these steps are not necessary for traditional liquid oil.		One of the main environmental concerns associated with the extraction of shale oil is that the additional steps of retorting and refining have more of an impact on the environment. These two additional steps are required to convert the kerogen in the oil shale into synthetic crude oil, and these steps are not necessary for traditional liquid oil.

	[[Water]] use in shale oil extraction is of concern, as it requires more water to extract shale oil than traditional oil. It requires two [[barrel]]s of water to produce a single barrel of shale oil, and if there is not significant water treatment processes after the water is used the salinity of the water is greatly increased. If this saline water is released into the [[environment]], it can disrupt the balance of [[ecosystem]]s and cause significant [[ecological]] damage.<ref name="RE3"/> This could include a decrease in local [[biodiversity]].		[[Water]] use in shale oil extraction is of concern, as it requires more water to extract shale oil than traditional oil. It requires two [[barrel]]s of water to produce a single barrel of shale oil, and if there is not significant water treatment processes after the water is used the salinity of the water is greatly increased. If this saline water is released into the [[environment]], it can disrupt the balance of [[ecosystem]]s and cause significant [[ecosystem\|ecological]] damage.<ref name="RE3"/> This could include a decrease in local [[biodiversity]].

	The [[greenhouse gas]] [[emissions]] related to shale oil are also a concern. The process of heating the shale during retorting requires a significant input of [[energy]], which is at least partially supplied by fossil fuels. This results in an associated amount of greenhouse gases - including [[carbon dioxide]] - being released in the extraction process of shale oil. These emissions are higher than emissions from conventional crude oil production and refining.<ref name="RE3"/><ref>It seems that the precise amount of greenhouse gasses from the life cycle of shale oil is more than conventional oil, but the team has been unable to find exact numbers for how much worse. Internal estimates make it seem likely that the bulk of the CO2 still comes from combustion, but we're still seeking information to clarify.</ref> Most of the greenhouse gas emissions from oil comes from the [[combustion]] of the oil products during their use, regardless of the original source of oil (products like [[gasoline]], [[kerosene]] and [[diesel]]).		The [[greenhouse gas]] [[emissions]] related to shale oil are also a concern. The process of heating the shale during retorting requires a significant input of [[energy]], which is at least partially supplied by fossil fuels. This results in an associated amount of greenhouse gases - including [[carbon dioxide]] - being released in the extraction process of shale oil. These emissions are higher than emissions from conventional crude oil production and refining.<ref name="RE3"/><ref>It seems that the precise amount of greenhouse gasses from the life cycle of shale oil is more than conventional oil, but the team has been unable to find exact numbers for how much worse. Internal estimates make it seem likely that the bulk of the CO2 still comes from combustion, but we're still seeking information to clarify.</ref> Most of the greenhouse gas emissions from oil comes from the [[combustion]] of the oil products during their use, regardless of the original source of oil (products like [[gasoline]], [[kerosene]] and [[diesel]]).

	Another potential environmental issue is the disruption of land and movement of rock involved in oil shale extraction. For a single barrel of shale oil, there is about 1.2 to 1.5 tons of rock that are moved and disturbed.<ref name="RE3">RAND. (September 16, 2016). ''Oil Shale Development in the United States'' [Online]. Available: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG414.pdf</ref> Spent shale can be disposed of in surface impoundments or in previously mined areas, but the movement of this shale is still a concern.<ref name="RE2"/> An alternative that would remove this environmental impact would be the [[in situ]] extraction of shale oil. This process is known as an '''In Situ Conversion Process''', and in this process the rock is undisturbed. Instead, holes are drilled into a shale formation and the shale is slowly heated - causing the kerogen to leak out. The ~~liquified~~ kerogen can then be pumped to the surface.<ref name="RE2"/>		Another potential environmental issue is the disruption of land and movement of rock involved in oil shale extraction. For a single barrel of shale oil, there is about 1.2 to 1.5 tons of rock that are moved and disturbed.<ref name="RE3">RAND. (September 16, 2016). ''Oil Shale Development in the United States'' [Online]. Available: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG414.pdf</ref> Spent shale can be disposed of in surface impoundments or in previously mined areas, but the movement of this shale is still a concern.<ref name="RE2"/> An alternative that would remove this environmental impact would be the [[in situ]] extraction of shale oil. This process is known as an '''In Situ Conversion Process''', and in this process the rock is undisturbed. Instead, holes are drilled into a shale formation and the shale is slowly heated - causing the kerogen to leak out. The liquefied kerogen can then be pumped to the surface.<ref name="RE2"/>

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
			[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-11-13T01:47:21Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision	Revision as of 01:47, 13 November 2015
(No difference)

Jhanania at 20:31, 30 September 2015

2015-09-30T20:31:20Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-10-15]]
[[File:Colorado_Oil_Shale.jpg|400px|framed|right|Figure 1. A diagram of shale that shale oil is extracted from, including a cross-section.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (September 16, 2015). ''Colorado Oil Shale'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Colorado_Oil_Shale.jpg</ref>]]
<onlyinclude>'''Shale oil''' is a type of [[oil]] that can be extracted by heating and upgrading [[kerogen]] trapped within [[shale]] formations - arrangements of fine-grained [[sedimentary rock]]. This type of oil [[resource]] is classified as an [[unconventional resource]] as the process of obtaining oil from these formations requires specialized processes.</onlyinclude> Shale is a common sedimentary rock composed of clay and fragments of other minerals.<ref name="RE1"/> Shale that oil can be extracted from contains a large amount of kerogen, and is known as oil shale.<ref name="RE1">National Geographic. (September 16, 2015). ''Oil Shale'' [Online]. Available: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/oil-shale/</ref> This shale containing kerogen is essentially a precursor to oil or [[natural gas]], as with increased [[pressure]] and a longer [[Timescale of hydrocarbon formation|time period]] it could eventually become oil or natural gas.<ref name="RE1"/>

It is important to note that shale oil is extracted from oil shale, which is different from oil-bearing shale. Oil-bearing shale contains [[petroleum]] that is trapped tightly in the rock itself and requires [[hydraulic fracturing]] to extract the oil, while shale oil is obtained from oil shale through a process of heating. Oil obtained from oil-bearing shale is known as [[tight oil]].<ref name="RE1"/>

The formation of shale oil begins the same way that conventional oil forms, but along the way the process differs slightly. After small aquatic organisms such as phytoplankton and zooplankton die and are layered beneath [[sediment]], the remains are subject to high [[temperature]]s and gravitational [[pressure]]. However, the conditions that otherwise would create conventional [[liquid]] petroleum were weaker and not as long-lasting. This resulted in the last step of conversion to liquid to be complete, which led to the creation of kerogen, not oil.

Currently, oil shale isn't produced on a large scale as a result of the expensive processes needed to extract and upgrade the material and the potentially significant [[environmental impact|environmental effects]] when compared to conventional drilling.

==Extraction==
The process of extracting shale oil is much more difficult than the process of extracting liquid [[crude oil]] from [[oil well|conventional wells]]. Oil shale must be first extracted from the ground with either underground or surface-mining methods. After the process of extraction is complete, oil shale undergoes a process known as '''retorting'''.<ref name="RE2">Argonne National Laboratory. (September 16, 2015). ''About Oil Shale'' [Online]. Available: http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/oilshale/index.cfm</ref> During retorting, the shale containing the oil undergoes a process of [[pyrolysis]] to convert the oil into a liquid that can be removed more easily. This pyrolysis - which takes place in a vessel known as a '''retort''' - is simply a process of exposing the rock to high temperatures ''without'' [[oxygen]] being present. This results in a [[chemical]] change in the rock. The kerogen - which is the [[fossil fuel]] trapped in the shale - liquefies and separates from the rock as an oily substance.<ref name="RE2"/>

The oily substance extracted from the kerogen at this point is ''not'' actually crude oil. The substance obtained from the pyrolysis must undergo a '''refining''' process to change the substance into a [[synthetic crude oil]] that can be used.<ref name="RE2"/>

==Environmental Concerns==
One of the main environmental concerns associated with the extraction of shale oil is that the additional steps of retorting and refining have more of an impact on the environment. These two additional steps are required to convert the kerogen in the oil shale into synthetic crude oil, and these steps are not necessary for traditional liquid oil.

[[Water]] use in shale oil extraction is of concern, as it requires more water to extract shale oil than traditional oil. It requires two [[barrel]]s of water to produce a single barrel of shale oil, and if there is not significant water treatment processes after the water is used the salinity of the water is greatly increased. If this saline water is released into the [[environment]], it can disrupt the balance of [[ecosystem]]s and cause significant [[ecological]] damage.<ref name="RE3"/> This could include a decrease in local [[biodiversity]].

The [[greenhouse gas]] [[emissions]] related to shale oil are also a concern. The process of heating the shale during retorting requires a significant input of [[energy]], which is at least partially supplied by fossil fuels. This results in an associated amount of greenhouse gases - including [[carbon dioxide]] - being released in the extraction process of shale oil. These emissions are higher than emissions from conventional crude oil production and refining.<ref name="RE3"/><ref>It seems that the precise amount of greenhouse gasses from the life cycle of shale oil is more than conventional oil, but the team has been unable to find exact numbers for how much worse. Internal estimates make it seem likely that the bulk of the CO2 still comes from combustion, but we're still seeking information to clarify.</ref> Most of the greenhouse gas emissions from oil comes from the [[combustion]] of the oil products during their use, regardless of the original source of oil (products like [[gasoline]], [[kerosene]] and [[diesel]]).

Another potential environmental issue is the disruption of land and movement of rock involved in oil shale extraction. For a single barrel of shale oil, there is about 1.2 to 1.5 tons of rock that are moved and disturbed.<ref name="RE3">RAND. (September 16, 2016). ''Oil Shale Development in the United States'' [Online]. Available: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG414.pdf</ref> Spent shale can be disposed of in surface impoundments or in previously mined areas, but the movement of this shale is still a concern.<ref name="RE2"/> An alternative that would remove this environmental impact would be the [[in situ]] extraction of shale oil. This process is known as an '''In Situ Conversion Process''', and in this process the rock is undisturbed. Instead, holes are drilled into a shale formation and the shale is slowly heated - causing the kerogen to leak out. The liquified kerogen can then be pumped to the surface.<ref name="RE2"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}