Synthetic natural gas - Revision history

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Jmdonev at 22:33, 11 May 2018

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← Older revision		Revision as of 22:33, 11 May 2018
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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-06-11]]		[[Category:Done 2018-05-18]]
	[[File:640px-Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A coal gasifier used in the production of synthesis gas that is then used to make synthetic natural gas.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 26, 2015). ''Gasometer'' [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_gasification#/media/File:Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:640px-Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A coal gasifier used in the production of synthesis gas that is then used to make synthetic natural gas.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 26, 2015). ''Gasometer'' [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_gasification#/media/File:Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Synthetic natural gas''' is a type of [[gas]] created from [[coal]] that serves as a substitute for [[natural gas]] and is suitable for transmission in natural gas [[pipeline]]s. This natural gas substitute must have a minimum of 95% [[methane]] in it.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">L.Albright, L.Angenent, F.Vanek. (May 22, 2015). ''Energy Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Implementation'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: McGraw Hill, 2012, pp. 148</ref> An intermediate step in the process of creating synthetic natural gas is the production of [[synthesis gas]], also known as syngas.		<onlyinclude>'''Synthetic natural gas''' is a type of [[gas]] created from [[coal]] that serves as a substitute for [[natural gas]] and is suitable for transmission in natural gas [[pipeline]]s. This natural gas substitute must have a minimum of 95% [[methane]] in it.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">L.Albright, L.Angenent, F.Vanek. (May 22, 2015). ''Energy Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Implementation'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: McGraw Hill, 2012, pp. 148</ref> An intermediate step in the process of creating synthetic natural gas is the production of [[synthesis gas]], also known as syngas.
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	==Production==		==Production==
	Synthetic natural gas is created through a ''thermo-chemical conversion''. The first step in this conversion is the '''gasification''' of the solid carbon source, whether it be coal or [[biomass]] (which would create Bio-SNG), with steam or oxygen.<ref name=jr1/> Here the coal is [[combustion\|burned]] with a limited supply of [[oxygen]] or [[air]] and the main product is [[carbon dioxide]]:<ref name=sys>G.Boyle, B.Everett, S.Peake, J.Ramage. (May 26, 2015). ''Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd Ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.</ref>		Synthetic natural gas is created through a ''thermo-chemical conversion''. The first step in this conversion is the '''gasification''' of the solid carbon source, whether it be coal or [[biomass]] (which would create Bio-SNG), with steam or oxygen.<ref name=jr1/> Here the coal is [[combustion\|burned]] with a limited supply of [[oxygen]] or [[air]] and the main product is [[carbon dioxide]]:<ref name=sys>G.Boyle, B.Everett, S.Peake, J.Ramage. (May 26, 2015). ''Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd Ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.</ref>
	<center><m>2C + O_2 \rightarrow 2CO</m></center>		<center><chem>2C + O_2 \rightarrow 2CO</chem></center>

	To reduce the amount of [[nitrogen]] in this gas, modern gas plants use pure oxygen for combustion. If steam is added to this pure oxygen then a '''water gas reaction''' occurs instead of the traditional combustion:<ref name=sys/>		To reduce the amount of [[nitrogen]] in this gas, modern gas plants use pure oxygen for combustion. If steam is added to this pure oxygen then a '''water gas reaction''' occurs instead of the traditional combustion:<ref name=sys/>
	<center><m>C + H_2O \rightleftharpoons CO + H_2</m></center>		<center><chem>C + H_2O \rightleftharpoons CO + H_2</chem></center>

	These processes drive off some of the [[volatile]] material, and the product is known as a ''producer gas''. Generally, this occurs in a gasifier which feeds coal into a high [[pressure]], high [[temperature]] vessel and distributes steam or oxygen evenly while removing ash to gasify the coal.<ref name=sys/> This producer gas is a mixture containing H<sub>2</sub>, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, and CH<sub>4</sub> along with other hydrocarbons and some impurities. The exact composition of this gas depends on the type of reactor used, operating conditions, and other processes during the gasification process.<ref name="jr1"/> This gas also contains impurities such as oils, tars, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia which must be removed - although ammonia levels are lower if the water gas reaction takes place.<ref name=sys/>		These processes drive off some of the [[volatile]] material, and the product is known as a ''producer gas''. Generally, this occurs in a gasifier which feeds coal into a high [[pressure]], high [[temperature]] vessel and distributes steam or oxygen evenly while removing ash to gasify the coal.<ref name=sys/> This producer gas is a mixture containing H<sub>2</sub>, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, and CH<sub>4</sub> along with other hydrocarbons and some impurities. The exact composition of this gas depends on the type of reactor used, operating conditions, and other processes during the gasification process.<ref name="jr1"/> This gas also contains impurities such as oils, tars, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia which must be removed - although ammonia levels are lower if the water gas reaction takes place.<ref name=sys/>
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	To finish making the synthetic natural gas, the syngas must undergo '''water gas shift reactions''' and '''methanation'''. The water gas shift reaction combines carbon monoxide with steam to create carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the following reaction:<ref name=sys/>		To finish making the synthetic natural gas, the syngas must undergo '''water gas shift reactions''' and '''methanation'''. The water gas shift reaction combines carbon monoxide with steam to create carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the following reaction:<ref name=sys/>
	<center><m>CO + H_2O \rightleftharpoons CO_2 + H_2</m></center>		<center><chem>CO + H_2O \rightleftharpoons CO_2 + H_2</chem></center>
	This reaction requires a metal catalyst to occur. Since the end "goal" of this gas is to obtain methane (the main component of natural gas) some of the carbon monoxide is retained, so the reaction does not go through to completion. At this point, the carbon dioxide is separated out using a type of scrubbing and only the final methanation step remains. During methanation, carbon monoxide reacts with the hydrogen that was created with the help of a nickel catalyst to create methane and steam in the following reaction:<ref name=sys/>		This reaction requires a metal catalyst to occur. Since the end "goal" of this gas is to obtain methane (the main component of natural gas) some of the carbon monoxide is retained, so the reaction does not go through to completion. At this point, the carbon dioxide is separated out using a type of scrubbing and only the final methanation step remains. During methanation, carbon monoxide reacts with the hydrogen that was created with the help of a nickel catalyst to create methane and steam in the following reaction:<ref name=sys/>
	<center><m>CO + 3H_2 \rightarrow CH_4+ H_2O</m></center>		<center><chem>CO + 3H_2 \rightarrow CH_4+ H_2O</chem></center>
	At this point, the synthetic natural gas is complete after half of the original carbon in the coal has turned into methane. The rest of the carbon is turned into carbon dioxide.		At this point, the synthetic natural gas is complete after half of the original carbon in the coal has turned into methane. The rest of the carbon is turned into carbon dioxide.

	==Bio-SNG==		==Bio-SNG==
	Bio-SNG is produced similarly to regular synthetic natural gas, but is instead made through the gasification of biomass. Biomass such as forestry residues or energy crops are used. To make Bio-SNG, biomass is initially dried and goes through initial gasification. After this, it undergoes gas conditioning, SNG synthesis, and finally gas upgrading.<ref name="~~RE2~~">European Biofuels. (May 22, 2015). ''Bio-SNG'' [Online]. Available: http://biofuelstp.eu/bio-sng.html</ref>		Bio-SNG is produced similarly to regular synthetic natural gas, but is instead made through the gasification of biomass. Biomass such as forestry residues or energy crops are used. To make Bio-SNG, biomass is initially dried and goes through initial gasification. After this, it undergoes gas conditioning, SNG synthesis, and finally gas upgrading.<ref name="RE3">European Biofuels. (May 22, 2015). ''Bio-SNG'' [Online]. Available: http://biofuelstp.eu/bio-sng.html</ref>

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:31:42Z

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← Older revision	Revision as of 21:31, 26 August 2015
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J.williams at 17:00, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T17:00:10Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-06-11]]
[[File:640px-Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg|400px|framed|right|Figure 1. A coal gasifier used in the production of synthesis gas that is then used to make synthetic natural gas.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 26, 2015). ''Gasometer'' [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_gasification#/media/File:Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg</ref>]]
<onlyinclude>'''Synthetic natural gas''' is a type of [[gas]] created from [[coal]] that serves as a substitute for [[natural gas]] and is suitable for transmission in natural gas [[pipeline]]s. This natural gas substitute must have a minimum of 95% [[methane]] in it.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">L.Albright, L.Angenent, F.Vanek. (May 22, 2015). ''Energy Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Implementation'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: McGraw Hill, 2012, pp. 148</ref> An intermediate step in the process of creating synthetic natural gas is the production of [[synthesis gas]], also known as syngas.

Natural gas is a major component of the world's [[energy]] supply, as it is used widely in residential, commercial, and industrial applications. However, the supply is limited and thus synthetic natural gas is desireable where there is an absence or shortage of natural gas in a region. This type of natural gas is desireable as it has combustion characteristics similar to natural gas, and because of this minimal changes need to be made to use synthetic natural gas.<ref name="RE2">National Gas. (May 22, 2015). ''Synthetic Natura; Gas'' [Online]. Available: http://www.nationalgasco.net/OurBusiness/SyntheticNaturalGas.aspx</ref>

==Production==
Synthetic natural gas is created through a ''thermo-chemical conversion''. The first step in this conversion is the '''gasification''' of the solid carbon source, whether it be coal or [[biomass]] (which would create Bio-SNG), with steam or oxygen.<ref name=jr1/> Here the coal is [[combustion|burned]] with a limited supply of [[oxygen]] or [[air]] and the main product is [[carbon dioxide]]:<ref name=sys>G.Boyle, B.Everett, S.Peake, J.Ramage. (May 26, 2015). ''Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd Ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.</ref>
<center><m>2C + O_2 \rightarrow 2CO</m></center>

To reduce the amount of [[nitrogen]] in this gas, modern gas plants use pure oxygen for combustion. If steam is added to this pure oxygen then a '''water gas reaction''' occurs instead of the traditional combustion:<ref name=sys/>
<center><m>C + H_2O \rightleftharpoons CO + H_2</m></center>

These processes drive off some of the [[volatile]] material, and the product is known as a ''producer gas''. Generally, this occurs in a gasifier which feeds coal into a high [[pressure]], high [[temperature]] vessel and distributes steam or oxygen evenly while removing ash to gasify the coal.<ref name=sys/> This producer gas is a mixture containing H2, CO, CO2, H2O, and CH4 along with other hydrocarbons and some impurities. The exact composition of this gas depends on the type of reactor used, operating conditions, and other processes during the gasification process.<ref name="jr1"/> This gas also contains impurities such as oils, tars, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia which must be removed - although ammonia levels are lower if the water gas reaction takes place.<ref name=sys/>

To purify this gas, it must undergo ''gas cleaning'' and ''gas conditioning''. During gas cleaning, impurities such as ammonia and [[sulfur]] are removed from the producer gas whereas in gas conditioning is the process by which parts of the producer gas are converted so that the final composition of the gas is suitable for its use.<ref name=jr1>S. Biollaz, T. Schildhauer, J.Kopyscinski. (May 26, 2015). ''Production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) from coal and dry biomass – A technology review from 1950 to 2009'' [Online]. ''Fuel''. August 2010, vol 89, pp.1763–1783 </ref> What is left after this cleaning and conditioning is useful '''synthesis gas''' (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) plus some methane, and carbon dioxide.<ref name=sys/>

To finish making the synthetic natural gas, the syngas must undergo '''water gas shift reactions''' and '''methanation'''. The water gas shift reaction combines carbon monoxide with steam to create carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the following reaction:<ref name=sys/>
<center><m>CO + H_2O \rightleftharpoons CO_2 + H_2</m></center>
This reaction requires a metal catalyst to occur. Since the end "goal" of this gas is to obtain methane (the main component of natural gas) some of the carbon monoxide is retained, so the reaction does not go through to completion. At this point, the carbon dioxide is separated out using a type of scrubbing and only the final methanation step remains. During methanation, carbon monoxide reacts with the hydrogen that was created with the help of a nickel catalyst to create methane and steam in the following reaction:<ref name=sys/>
<center><m>CO + 3H_2 \rightarrow CH_4+ H_2O</m></center>
At this point, the synthetic natural gas is complete after half of the original carbon in the coal has turned into methane. The rest of the carbon is turned into carbon dioxide.

==Bio-SNG==
Bio-SNG is produced similarly to regular synthetic natural gas, but is instead made through the gasification of biomass. Biomass such as forestry residues or energy crops are used. To make Bio-SNG, biomass is initially dried and goes through initial gasification. After this, it undergoes gas conditioning, SNG synthesis, and finally gas upgrading.<ref name="RE2">European Biofuels. (May 22, 2015). ''Bio-SNG'' [Online]. Available: http://biofuelstp.eu/bio-sng.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:20, 4 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Category:Done ~~2018~~-05-18]]		[[Category:Done 2026-08-01]]
	[[File:640px-Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A coal gasifier used in the production of synthesis gas that is then used to make synthetic natural gas.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 26, 2015). ''Gasometer'' [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_gasification#/media/File:Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg</ref>]]		[[File:640px-Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. A coal gasifier used in the production of synthesis gas that is then used to make synthetic natural gas.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 26, 2015). ''Gasometer'' [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_gasification#/media/File:Gasometer_in_East_London.jpg</ref>]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Synthetic natural gas''' is a ~~type of~~ [[gas]] created from [[coal]] ~~that~~ serves as a substitute for [[natural gas]] ~~and~~ is suitable for transmission in natural gas [[pipeline]]s. This natural gas substitute ~~must have a minimum of~~ 95% [[methane]] in it.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">L.Albright, L.Angenent, F.Vanek. (May 22, 2015). ''Energy Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Implementation'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: McGraw Hill, 2012, pp. 148</ref> An intermediate step in the process of creating synthetic natural gas is the production of [[synthesis gas]], also known as syngas.		<onlyinclude>'''Synthetic natural gas''' is a [[gas]]eous fuel that can be created from [[coal]] and other carbon-containing feedstocks and serves as a substitute for [[natural gas]]. Synthetic natural gas is suitable for transmission in natural gas [[pipeline]]s because its chemical composition is practically identical (although its history is different). This natural gas substitute typically contains at least 95% [[methane]] in it.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE1">L.Albright, L.Angenent, F.Vanek. (May 22, 2015). ''Energy Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Implementation'', 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.: McGraw Hill, 2012, pp. 148</ref> An intermediate step in the process of creating synthetic natural gas is the production of [[synthesis gas]], also known as syngas.

	Natural gas is a major component of the world's [[energy]] supply, as it is used widely in residential, commercial, and industrial applications. However, ~~the supply is limited and thus~~ synthetic natural gas is desireable where ~~there is an absence or shortage of~~ natural gas ~~in a region~~. This type of natural gas is desireable as it has combustion characteristics similar to natural gas, and because of this minimal changes need to be made to use synthetic natural gas.<ref name="RE2">National Gas. (May 22, 2015). ''Synthetic Natura; Gas'' [Online]. Available: http://www.nationalgasco.net/OurBusiness/SyntheticNaturalGas.aspx</ref>		Natural gas is a major component of the world's [[energy]] supply, as it is used widely in residential, commercial, and industrial applications. However, synthetic natural gas can be desireable in regions where natural gas supplies are limited or unavailable. This type of natural gas is desireable because it has combustion characteristics similar to natural gas, and because of this, minimal changes need to be made to use synthetic natural gas.<ref name="RE2">National Gas. (May 22, 2015). ''Synthetic Natura; Gas'' [Online]. Available: http://www.nationalgasco.net/OurBusiness/SyntheticNaturalGas.aspx</ref>

	==Production==		==Production==
	Synthetic natural gas is created through a ''thermo-chemical conversion''. The first step in this conversion is the '''gasification''' of the solid carbon source, whether it be coal or [[biomass]] (which would create Bio-SNG), with steam or oxygen.<ref name=jr1/> Here the coal is [[combustion\|~~burned~~]] with a limited supply of [[oxygen]] or [[air]] ~~and the main product is~~ [[carbon dioxide]]:<ref name=sys>G.Boyle, B.Everett, S.Peake, J.Ramage. (May 26, 2015). ''Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd Ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.</ref>		Synthetic natural gas is created through a ''thermo-chemical conversion''. The first step in this conversion is the '''gasification''' of the solid carbon source, whether it is coal or [[biomass]] (which would create bio synthetic natural gas called Bio-SNG), with steam or oxygen.<ref name=jr1/> Here the coal is [[combustion\|heated]] with a limited supply of [[oxygen]] or [[air]] to produce synthetic gas (syngas), which consists primarily of [[carbon dioxide]]:<ref name=sys>G.Boyle, B.Everett, S.Peake, J.Ramage. (May 26, 2015). ''Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd Ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.</ref>
	<center><chem>2C + O_2 \rightarrow 2CO</chem></center>		<center><chem>2C + O_2 \rightarrow 2CO</chem></center>

	To reduce the amount of [[nitrogen]] in ~~this~~ gas, modern ~~gas~~ plants use pure oxygen ~~for combustion~~. If steam is added to this ~~pure~~ oxygen ~~then a~~ '''water gas reaction''' occurs ~~instead~~ of the ~~traditional combustion~~:<ref name=sys/>		To reduce the amount of [[nitrogen]] in the synthetic gas, modern gasification plants often use pure oxygen instead of air. If steam is added along with this oxygen, the '''water-gas reaction''' occurs as part of the gasification process:<ref name=sys/>
	<center><chem>C + H_2O \rightleftharpoons CO + H_2</chem></center>		<center><chem>C + H_2O \rightleftharpoons CO + H_2</chem></center>

	These processes drive off some of the [[volatile]] material, and the product is known as ~~a ''producer~~ gas''. Generally, this occurs in a gasifier which feeds coal into a high [[pressure]], high [[temperature]] vessel and distributes steam or oxygen evenly while removing ash to gasify the coal.<ref name=sys/> This ~~producer~~ gas is a mixture containing H<sub>2</sub>, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, and CH<sub>4</sub> along with other hydrocarbons and some impurities. The exact composition of this gas depends on the type of reactor used, operating conditions, and other ~~processes during~~ the gasification process.<ref name="jr1"/> This gas also contains impurities such as oils, tars, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia which must be removed ~~- although ammonia levels are lower if the water gas reaction takes place~~.<ref name=sys/>		These processes drive off some of the [[volatile]] material, and the product is known as synthetic gas (syngas). Generally, this occurs in a gasifier, which feeds coal into a high [[pressure]], high [[temperature]] vessel and distributes steam or oxygen evenly while removing ash to gasify the coal.<ref name=sys/> This synthesis gas is a mixture containing H<sub>2</sub>, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, and CH<sub>4</sub> along with other hydrocarbons and some impurities. The exact composition of this gas depends on the type of reactor used, operating conditions, and other aspects of the gasification process.<ref name="jr1"/> This gas also contains impurities such as oils, tars, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia which must be removed before further processing.<ref name=sys/>

	To purify this gas, it must undergo ''gas cleaning'' and ''gas conditioning''. During gas cleaning, impurities such as ammonia and [[sulfur]] are removed from the ~~producer~~ gas whereas in gas conditioning is the process by which ~~parts~~ of the ~~producer~~ gas are converted so that ~~the~~ final composition ~~of the gas~~ is suitable for its use.<ref name=jr1>S. Biollaz, T. Schildhauer, J.Kopyscinski. (May 26, 2015). ''Production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) from coal and dry biomass – A technology review from 1950 to 2009'' [Online]. ''Fuel''. August 2010, vol 89, pp.1763–1783 </ref> What is left after this cleaning and conditioning is ~~useful~~ '''synthesis gas''' (carbon monoxide and hydrogen~~) plus some~~ methane, and carbon dioxide.<ref name=sys/>		To purify this gas, it must undergo ''gas cleaning'' and ''gas conditioning''. During gas cleaning, impurities such as ammonia and [[sulfur]] compounds are removed from the synthesis gas, whereas gas conditioning is the process by which components of the gas are converted so that its final composition is suitable for its intended use.<ref name=jr1>S. Biollaz, T. Schildhauer, J.Kopyscinski. (May 26, 2015). ''Production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) from coal and dry biomass – A technology review from 1950 to 2009'' [Online]. ''Fuel''. August 2010, vol 89, pp.1763–1783 </ref> What is left after this cleaning and conditioning is a purified '''synthesis gas''' consisting primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, along with smaller amounts of methane and carbon dioxide.<ref name=sys/>

	To finish making ~~the~~ synthetic natural gas, the syngas ~~must undergo~~ '''water gas shift reactions''' and '''methanation'''. The water gas shift reaction combines carbon monoxide with steam to ~~create~~ carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the following reaction:<ref name=sys/>		To finish making synthetic natural gas, the syngas undergoes '''water-gas shift reactions''' and '''methanation'''. The water-gas shift reaction combines carbon monoxide with steam to produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the following reaction:<ref name=sys/>
	<center><chem>CO + H_2O \rightleftharpoons CO_2 + H_2</chem></center>		<center><chem>CO + H_2O \rightleftharpoons CO_2 + H_2</chem></center>
	This reaction requires a metal catalyst to occur. Since the end "goal" of this gas is to obtain methane (the main component of natural gas) some of the carbon monoxide is retained~~, so~~ the ~~reaction does not go through to completion~~. At this point, the carbon dioxide is separated out using a ~~type of~~ scrubbing and only the final methanation step remains. During methanation, carbon monoxide reacts with the hydrogen that was created with the help of a nickel catalyst to ~~create~~ methane and steam in the following reaction:<ref name=sys/>		This reaction requires a metal catalyst to occur. Since the end goal of this gas is to obtain methane (the main component of natural gas), some of the carbon monoxide is retained to achieve to receive the desired gas composition before methanation. At this point, the carbon dioxide is separated out using a gas scrubbing process, and only the final methanation step remains. During methanation, carbon monoxide reacts with the hydrogen that was created, with the help of a nickel catalyst, to produce methane and steam in the following reaction:<ref name=sys/>
	<center><chem>CO + 3H_2 \rightarrow CH_4+ H_2O</chem></center>		<center><chem>CO + 3H_2 \rightarrow CH_4+ H_2O</chem></center>
	At this point, the synthetic natural gas is complete after half of the original carbon in the coal has ~~turned~~ into methane. ~~The rest~~ of the carbon is ~~turned~~ into carbon dioxide.		At this point, the production of synthetic natural gas is complete after approximately half of the original carbon in the coal has been converted into methane. Much of the carbon is converted into carbon dioxide.

	==Bio-SNG==		==Bio-SNG==
	Bio-SNG is produced similarly to ~~regular~~ synthetic natural gas, but is instead ~~made~~ through the gasification of biomass. Biomass such as forestry residues or energy crops ~~are~~ used. To make Bio-SNG, biomass is initially dried and ~~goes through initial~~ gasification. After this, it undergoes gas conditioning, SNG synthesis, and finally gas upgrading.<ref name="RE3">European Biofuels. (May 22, 2015). ''Bio-SNG'' [Online]. Available: http://biofuelstp.eu/bio-sng.html</ref>		Bio-SNG is produced similarly to conventional synthetic natural gas, but is instead produced through the gasification of biomass. Biomass such as forestry residues or energy crops is used. To make Bio-SNG, biomass is initially dried and undergoes gasification. After this, it undergoes gas conditioning, SNG synthesis, and finally gas upgrading.<ref name="RE3">European Biofuels. (May 22, 2015). ''Bio-SNG'' [Online]. Available: http://biofuelstp.eu/bio-sng.html</ref>

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	[[Category:Uploaded]]		[[Category:Uploaded]]