Town gas - Revision history

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Jmdonev at 17:40, 14 July 2017

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	[[Category: Done ~~2015~~-09-06]]		[[Category:Done 2017-07-01]]
	[[File:640px-Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. The To Kwa Wan plant in Hong Kong that produces town gas from oil.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 26, 2015). ''Hong Kong To Kwa Wan Towngas Centre'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.JPG#/media/File:Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.JPG</ref>]]		[[File:640px-Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. The To Kwa Wan plant in Hong Kong that produces town gas from oil.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 26, 2015). ''Hong Kong To Kwa Wan Towngas Centre'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.JPG#/media/File:Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.JPG</ref>]]

	<onlyinclude>'''Town gas''' or '''coal gas''' refers to a [[gas\|gaseous]] mixture, used as a [[fuel]], that is released when [[bituminous]] [[coal]] is burned. Recently, some power ~~plants~~ have begun creating town gas ''not'' using coal, rather using heavy [[oil]] and [[naphtha]] as their feedstocks.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE2">Towngas. (May 26, 2015). ''Town Gas Production'' [Online]. Available: https://www.towngas.com/Eng/Corp/AbtTG/HKBus/Production.aspx</ref> Town gas was introduced as a fuel for [[lighting]] and cooking in the early 19th century. The use of town gas to cook was desirable as a gas cooker could be turned on and off quickly, unlike with a coal stove.<ref name="RE1">G.Boyle, B.Everett, S.Peake, J.Ramage. (May 26, 2015). ''Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd Ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.</ref> Town gas is a useful and relatively safe gas as it rises and will dissipate into the air if leakages occur. As well, [[odorant]]s are added to the town gas so that if a leak exists it can be easily detected.<ref name="RE2"/> However, most distribution networks have been converted to deal with [[natural gas]] rather than town gas so its use is not widespread.		<onlyinclude>'''Town gas''' or '''coal gas''' refers to a [[gas\|gaseous]] mixture, used as a [[fuel]], that is released when [[bituminous]] [[coal]] is burned. Recently, some [[power plant]]s have begun creating town gas ''not'' using coal, rather using heavy [[oil]] and [[naphtha]] as their feedstocks.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE2">Towngas. (May 26, 2015). ''Town Gas Production'' [Online]. Available: https://www.towngas.com/Eng/Corp/AbtTG/HKBus/Production.aspx</ref> Town gas was introduced as a fuel for [[lighting]] and cooking in the early 19th century. The use of town gas to cook was desirable as a gas cooker could be turned on and off quickly, unlike with a coal stove.<ref name="RE1">G.Boyle, B.Everett, S.Peake, J.Ramage. (May 26, 2015). ''Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd Ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.</ref> Town gas is a useful and relatively safe gas as it rises and will dissipate into the air if leakages occur. As well, [[odorant]]s are added to the town gas so that if a leak exists it can be easily detected.<ref name="RE2"/> However, most distribution networks have been converted to deal with [[natural gas]] rather than town gas so its use is not widespread.

	==Town Gas from Coal==		==Town Gas from Coal==

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-18T16:51:46Z

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Kjstenho at 21:05, 3 September 2015

2015-09-03T21:05:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:05, 3 September 2015
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	[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]		[[Category: Done 2015-09-06]]
	[[File:640px-Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. The To Kwa Wan plant in Hong Kong that produces town gas from oil.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 26, 2015). ''Hong Kong To Kwa Wan Towngas Centre'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.JPG#/media/File:Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.JPG</ref>]]		[[File:640px-Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. The To Kwa Wan plant in Hong Kong that produces town gas from oil.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 26, 2015). ''Hong Kong To Kwa Wan Towngas Centre'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.JPG#/media/File:Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.JPG</ref>]]

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	==Town Gas from Oil==		==Town Gas from Oil==
	In the 1960s, a new process was developed that allowed town gas to be made from naphtha - one of the light distillates produced during the [[fractional distillation]] of [[crude oil]]. This naphtha generally is composed of molecules containing 5-12 carbon atoms. Using naphtha creates a cleaner gas than if coal is used, and the gas also has a higher efficiency.<ref name="RE3">Towngas. (May 26, 2015). ''Clean Production'' [Online]. Available: https://www.towngas.com/eng/corp/socresp/envprot/cleanprodtion.aspx</ref> By treating this naphtha with a high pressure steam at high temperatures, carbon-carbon bonds are broken and the chains of the naphtha are broken. This process is known as '''steam reforming''' and the resulting product is a mixture containing carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a small amount of [[methane]].<ref name="RE1"/> After this gas is formed, some of the mixture must be converted into methane and carbon dioxide through a '''methanation''' process (a process by which methane is generated from a mixture of various gases). The final result is a sulfur-free alternative to coal based town gas that contains hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, and relatively small amounts of both carbon dioxide and nitrogen.		In the 1960s, a new process was developed that allowed town gas to be made from naphtha - one of the light distillates produced during the [[fractional distillation]] of [[crude oil]]. This naphtha generally is composed of molecules containing 5-12 [[carbon]] atoms. Using naphtha creates a cleaner gas than if coal is used, and the gas also has a higher efficiency.<ref name="RE3">Towngas. (May 26, 2015). ''Clean Production'' [Online]. Available: https://www.towngas.com/eng/corp/socresp/envprot/cleanprodtion.aspx</ref> By treating this naphtha with a high [[pressure]] [[steam]] at high temperatures, carbon-carbon bonds are broken and the chains of the naphtha are broken. This process is known as '''steam reforming''' and the resulting product is a mixture containing carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a small amount of [[methane]].<ref name="RE1"/> After this gas is formed, some of the mixture must be converted into methane and carbon dioxide through a '''methanation''' process (a process by which methane is generated from a mixture of various gases). The final result is a sulfur-free alternative to coal based town gas that contains hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, and relatively small amounts of both carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

	==Environmental Issues==		==Environmental Issues==

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-03T18:22:41Z

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Jmdonev at 23:26, 28 August 2015

2015-08-28T23:26:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:26, 28 August 2015
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	[[Category:Done 2015-06-11]]		[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]
	[[File:640px-Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. The To Kwa Wan plant in Hong Kong that produces town gas from oil.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 26, 2015). ''Hong Kong To Kwa Wan Towngas Centre'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.JPG#/media/File:Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.JPG</ref>]]		[[File:640px-Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.jpg\|400px\|framed\|right\|Figure 1. The To Kwa Wan plant in Hong Kong that produces town gas from oil.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 26, 2015). ''Hong Kong To Kwa Wan Towngas Centre'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.JPG#/media/File:Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.JPG</ref>]]

	<onlyinclude>'''Town gas''' or '''coal gas''' refers to a [[gas\|gaseous]] mixture, used as a [[fuel]], that is released when [[bituminous]] [[coal]] is burned. Recently, some power plants have begun creating town gas ''not'' using coal, rather using heavy [[oil]] and [[~~naptha~~]] as their feedstocks.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE2">Towngas. (May 26, 2015). ''Town Gas Production'' [Online]. Available: https://www.towngas.com/Eng/Corp/AbtTG/HKBus/Production.aspx</ref> Town gas was introduced as a fuel for [[lighting]] and cooking in the early 19th century. The use of town gas to cook was desirable as a gas cooker could be turned on and off quickly, unlike with a coal stove.<ref name="RE1">G.Boyle, B.Everett, S.Peake, J.Ramage. (May 26, 2015). ''Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd Ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.</ref> Town gas is a useful and relatively safe gas as it rises and will dissipate into the air if leakages occur. As well, [[odorant]]s are added to the town gas so that if a leak exists it can be easily detected.<ref name="RE2"/> However, most distribution networks have been converted to deal with [[natural gas]] rather than town gas so its use is not widespread.		<onlyinclude>'''Town gas''' or '''coal gas''' refers to a [[gas\|gaseous]] mixture, used as a [[fuel]], that is released when [[bituminous]] [[coal]] is burned. Recently, some power plants have begun creating town gas ''not'' using coal, rather using heavy [[oil]] and [[naphtha]] as their feedstocks.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE2">Towngas. (May 26, 2015). ''Town Gas Production'' [Online]. Available: https://www.towngas.com/Eng/Corp/AbtTG/HKBus/Production.aspx</ref> Town gas was introduced as a fuel for [[lighting]] and cooking in the early 19th century. The use of town gas to cook was desirable as a gas cooker could be turned on and off quickly, unlike with a coal stove.<ref name="RE1">G.Boyle, B.Everett, S.Peake, J.Ramage. (May 26, 2015). ''Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd Ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.</ref> Town gas is a useful and relatively safe gas as it rises and will dissipate into the air if leakages occur. As well, [[odorant]]s are added to the town gas so that if a leak exists it can be easily detected.<ref name="RE2"/> However, most distribution networks have been converted to deal with [[natural gas]] rather than town gas so its use is not widespread.

	==Town Gas from Coal==		==Town Gas from Coal==
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	==Town Gas from Oil==		==Town Gas from Oil==
	In the 1960s, a new process was developed that allowed town gas to be made from ~~[[naptha]]~~ - one of the light distillates produced during the [[fractional distillation]] of [[crude oil]]. This ~~naptha~~ generally is composed of molecules containing 5-12 carbon atoms. Using ~~naptha~~ creates a cleaner gas than if coal is used, and the gas also has a higher efficiency.<ref name="RE3">Towngas. (May 26, 2015). ''Clean Production'' [Online]. Available: https://www.towngas.com/eng/corp/socresp/envprot/cleanprodtion.aspx</ref> By treating this ~~naptha~~ with a high pressure steam at high temperatures, carbon-carbon bonds are broken and the chains of the ~~naptha~~ are broken. This process is known as '''steam reforming''' and the resulting product is a mixture containing carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a small amount of [[methane]].<ref name="RE1"/> After this gas is formed, some of the mixture must be converted into methane and carbon dioxide through a '''methanation''' process (a process by which methane is generated from a mixture of various gases). The final result is a sulfur-free alternative to coal based town gas that contains hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, and relatively small amounts of both carbon dioxide and nitrogen.		In the 1960s, a new process was developed that allowed town gas to be made from naphtha - one of the light distillates produced during the [[fractional distillation]] of [[crude oil]]. This naphtha generally is composed of molecules containing 5-12 carbon atoms. Using naphtha creates a cleaner gas than if coal is used, and the gas also has a higher efficiency.<ref name="RE3">Towngas. (May 26, 2015). ''Clean Production'' [Online]. Available: https://www.towngas.com/eng/corp/socresp/envprot/cleanprodtion.aspx</ref> By treating this naphtha with a high pressure steam at high temperatures, carbon-carbon bonds are broken and the chains of the naphtha are broken. This process is known as '''steam reforming''' and the resulting product is a mixture containing carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a small amount of [[methane]].<ref name="RE1"/> After this gas is formed, some of the mixture must be converted into methane and carbon dioxide through a '''methanation''' process (a process by which methane is generated from a mixture of various gases). The final result is a sulfur-free alternative to coal based town gas that contains hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, and relatively small amounts of both carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

	==Environmental Issues==		==Environmental Issues==

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-08-26T21:31:45Z

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J.williams at 17:00, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T17:00:21Z

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[[Category:Done 2015-06-11]]
[[File:640px-Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.jpg|400px|framed|right|Figure 1. The To Kwa Wan plant in Hong Kong that produces town gas from oil.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (May 26, 2015). ''Hong Kong To Kwa Wan Towngas Centre'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.JPG#/media/File:Hong_Kong_To_Kwa_Wan_Towngas_Centre.JPG</ref>]]

<onlyinclude>'''Town gas''' or '''coal gas''' refers to a [[gas|gaseous]] mixture, used as a [[fuel]], that is released when [[bituminous]] [[coal]] is burned. Recently, some power plants have begun creating town gas ''not'' using coal, rather using heavy [[oil]] and [[naptha]] as their feedstocks.</onlyinclude><ref name="RE2">Towngas. (May 26, 2015). ''Town Gas Production'' [Online]. Available: https://www.towngas.com/Eng/Corp/AbtTG/HKBus/Production.aspx</ref> Town gas was introduced as a fuel for [[lighting]] and cooking in the early 19th century. The use of town gas to cook was desirable as a gas cooker could be turned on and off quickly, unlike with a coal stove.<ref name="RE1">G.Boyle, B.Everett, S.Peake, J.Ramage. (May 26, 2015). ''Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future'', 2nd Ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012.</ref> Town gas is a useful and relatively safe gas as it rises and will dissipate into the air if leakages occur. As well, [[odorant]]s are added to the town gas so that if a leak exists it can be easily detected.<ref name="RE2"/> However, most distribution networks have been converted to deal with [[natural gas]] rather than town gas so its use is not widespread.

==Town Gas from Coal==
When coal is heated in the absence of [[air]], the [[volatile]] matter comes off (without undergoing [[combustion]], since there's no [[oxygen]]), releasing a useful gas for [[light]]ing as well as leaving a residue known as [[coke]]. This coke was generally used (once created) to fuel the [[furnace]]s that burn the coal. This burning breaks down a large amount of the tarry, bituminous content.<ref name="RE1"/> From here, an impure gas - mainly composed of [[carbon monoxide]] and [[hydrogen]] - rises up through tubes. However, the gas that is released also contains all the [[sulfur]] impurities within the coal - particularly toxic hydrogen sulfide - as well as ammonia. In order for this gas to be usable, it must be cleaned. To "clean" this gas, it is bubbled through water, removing the ammonia and any residual oils or tars in the gas. Hydrogen sulfide is removed by passing the gas over iron oxide. The gas can then undergo one more final "scrubbing" process to remove any aromatics, such as [[benzene]] from it.<ref name="RE1"/>

==Town Gas from Oil==
In the 1960s, a new process was developed that allowed town gas to be made from [[naptha]] - one of the light distillates produced during the [[fractional distillation]] of [[crude oil]]. This naptha generally is composed of molecules containing 5-12 carbon atoms. Using naptha creates a cleaner gas than if coal is used, and the gas also has a higher efficiency.<ref name="RE3">Towngas. (May 26, 2015). ''Clean Production'' [Online]. Available: https://www.towngas.com/eng/corp/socresp/envprot/cleanprodtion.aspx</ref> By treating this naptha with a high pressure steam at high temperatures, carbon-carbon bonds are broken and the chains of the naptha are broken. This process is known as '''steam reforming''' and the resulting product is a mixture containing carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a small amount of [[methane]].<ref name="RE1"/> After this gas is formed, some of the mixture must be converted into methane and carbon dioxide through a '''methanation''' process (a process by which methane is generated from a mixture of various gases). The final result is a sulfur-free alternative to coal based town gas that contains hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, and relatively small amounts of both carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

==Environmental Issues==
Since town gas is essentially manufactured natural gas, it poses similar environmental threats. Although cleaner burning than coal or oil, there are still [[emission]]s associated with the production and use of town gas. Natural gas gives off 53 [[kilogram]]s (or 117 [[pound]]s) of carbon dioxide per 293.07 [[kilowatt-hour|kWh]] (or million [[BTU]]) of energy provided by it, which is significantly less than other fossil fuels. Due to town gas' similar composition, its values are relatively close to this. Comparatively [[anthracite]] coal gives off 103.7 kilograms (or 228.6 pounds) and gasoline gives off 71.3 kilograms (or 157.2 pounds).<ref>EIA. (June 8 , 2015). ''How much carbon dioxide is produced when different fuels are burned?'' [Online]. Available: http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=73&t=11</ref> Additionally, the small amounts of carbon monoxide, sulfur, and other impurities can be released when town gas is used - contributing to [[pollution]] and [[acid rain]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]