Water storage - Revision history

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	[[Category:Done ~~2018~~-12-~~10]]~~		[[Category:Done 2021-01-31]]
	~~[[Category: Rudi grade Ashley write~~]]		<onlyinclude>'''Water storage''' refers to holding [[water]] in a contained area for a period of time.</onlyinclude> Water storage can be natural or artificial. Natural water storage occurs in all parts of the [[hydrologic cycle]] in which water is stored in the [[atmosphere]], on the surface of the [[Earth]], and below ground. Artificial water storage is done for a variety of reasons and is done on small and large scales. Water storage locations are commonly referred to as [[reservoir]]s.<ref name=ref5>Stephen Marshak. ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A: W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref>
	<onlyinclude>'''Water storage''' refers to holding [[water]] in a contained area for a period of time.</onlyinclude> Water storage can be natural or artificial. Natural water storage occurs in all parts of the [[hydrologic cycle]]~~. Water can be~~ stored in the [[atmosphere]], on the surface of the [[Earth]], or below ground. Artificial water storage is done for a variety of reasons and is done on small and large scales. Water storage locations are commonly referred to as [[reservoir]]s.<ref name=ref5>Stephen Marshak. ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A: W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref>

	==Natural Water Storage and the Hydrologic Cycle==		==Natural Water Storage and the Hydrologic Cycle==
	:: [[hydrologic cycle\|''main article'']]		:: [[hydrologic cycle\|''main article'']]

	Each stage of the hydrologic cycle involves the storage of water (Figure 1)~~. The storage of water on Earth can be separated into three main natural locations: above, at, and below the surface of the Earth~~. Water can be stored in the atmosphere, on the surface of the Earth, or underground.<ref name=ref4>NOAA. (September 1, 2015). Description of the Hydrologic Cycle [Online]. Available: http://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.cgi</ref> These water storage areas are most commonly known as ''reservoirs''. Natural reservoirs include oceans, glaciers and ~~other bodies of~~ ice, groundwater, lakes, soil moisture, wetlands, living organisms, the atmosphere, and rivers.<ref name=ref5/>		Each stage of the hydrologic cycle involves the storage of water (Figure 1). Water can be stored in the atmosphere, on the surface of the Earth, or underground.<ref name=ref4>NOAA. (September 1, 2015). Description of the Hydrologic Cycle [Online]. Available: http://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.cgi</ref> These water storage areas are most commonly known as ''reservoirs''. Natural reservoirs include oceans, glaciers and ice sheets, groundwater, lakes, soil moisture, wetlands, living organisms, the atmosphere, and rivers.<ref name=ref5/>

	Collectively, all water storage areas make up the hydrosphere. Most water on earth is found in oceans and seas, ~~then in~~ glaciers and groundwater. ~97% of the world's water is stored in the oceans as saltwater~~. The overwhelming majority of water is stored here, so oceans can be seen as the start and end point of the hydrologic cycle~~. Water from the ocean evaporates into the atmosphere, then falls back to Earth's surface as [[precipitation]]. Most precipitation falls back into the ocean but some precipitation falls onto land.<ref name=ref5/>		Collectively, all water storage areas make up the hydrosphere. Most water on earth is found in the oceans and seas, followed by glaciers and groundwater. Approximately 97% of the world's water is stored in the oceans as saltwater. Water from the ocean evaporates into the atmosphere, then falls back to Earth's surface as [[precipitation]]. Most precipitation falls back into the ocean but some precipitation falls onto land.<ref name=ref5/>

	[[File:2000px-Earth's_water_distribution.svg.png\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 1. Water distribution on Earth.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (September 1, 2015). ''Earth's Water Distribution'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Earth's_water_distribution.svg/2000px-Earth's_water_distribution.svg.png</ref>]]		[[File:2000px-Earth's_water_distribution.svg.png\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 1. Water distribution on Earth.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (September 1, 2015). ''Earth's Water Distribution'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Earth's_water_distribution.svg/2000px-Earth's_water_distribution.svg.png</ref>]]

	Water moves from reservoir to reservoir through ~~a variety of~~ different ~~transport mechanisms~~ such as [[evaporation]], [[condensation]], ~~etc. Each type~~ of ~~reservoir (e~~.~~g. atmospheric~~, aquifers, lakes~~) has a different~~ [[residence time]]. The residence time is how long the water stays in a reservoir. Water in the atmosphere stays there for an average of 15 days, while soil moisture lasts a couple of months. Lakes replenish their water every 50 to 100 years, ~~while~~ groundwater can reside in the reservoir for 100 to 10 000 years. Ice caps have the longest residence times, ~~going~~ up to ~~200~~ 000 years. The ~~type of storage that occurs on~~ the ~~land~~ surface and ~~under the~~ ground ~~largely depend on the geologic features of the area and is related to the types of soil and the types of rocks present at the storage locations~~.~~<ref name=ref5/>~~		Water moves from reservoir to reservoir through different [[hydrologic fluxes]] such as [[evaporation]], [[condensation]], the flow of rivers, [[precipitation]], and anthropogenic diversion. Oceans, rivers, ice caps, the atmosphere, aquifers, and lakes are all examples of reservoirs with varying [[residence time]]s. The residence time describes how long the water stays in a reservoir before leaving. Water in the atmosphere stays there for an average of 15 days, while soil moisture lasts a couple of months. Lakes replenish their water every 50 to 100 years, and groundwater can reside in the reservoir for 100 to 10 000 years. Ice caps have the longest residence times, with residence times of up to 400 000 years recorded in an ice core from Vostok, Antarctica<ref>Penn State University (May 27 2020). "The Vostok Ice Core" [Online]. Accessible: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth104/node/1267</ref>. Water below ground may be stored in the unconsolidated sediments near the surface or can be stored in porous rocks such as limestone and sandstone. Rocks that can easily store water below ground surface are known as [[aquifer]]s.

	==Artificial Water Storage==		==Artificial Water Storage==
	Artificial water ~~storage is done for commercial and private reasons. Artificial water storage ranges~~ in size from rain barrels and household water tanks to urban infrastructure and industrial reservoirs. Some of the smaller types of artificial storage include water towers, tanks, and rain barrels for use by people in times of drought or in areas that do not have easy access to water sources. Commercial uses for artificial water storage tend to be larger in scale, such as holding ponds and dam reservoirs. Some examples of industries that use water storage include ~~various types of~~ mining, agriculture (for irrigation and livestock), and energy generation.<ref>OAS. (Nov.27, 2018). "1.5 Runoff collection using surface and underground structures" [Online]. Available: https://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/unit/oea59e/ch14.htm </ref>		Artificial water reservoirs range in size from rain barrels and household water tanks to urban infrastructure and industrial reservoirs. Some of the smaller types of artificial storage include water towers, tanks, and rain barrels for use by people in times of drought or in areas that do not have easy access to water sources. Commercial uses for artificial water storage tend to be larger in scale, such as holding ponds and dam reservoirs. Some examples of industries that use water storage include mining, agriculture (for irrigation and livestock), and energy generation.<ref>OAS. (Nov.27, 2018). "1.5 Runoff collection using surface and underground structures" [Online]. Available: https://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/unit/oea59e/ch14.htm </ref>

	An important use of artificial water storage is in hydroelectricity. A reservoir of water is built up behind a [[hydroelectric dam]]. The water in the reservoir is at a higher elevation than the water on the other side of the dam~~. The dam then converts~~ the [[potential energy]] of the water into [[mechanical energy]]. ~~This~~ is ~~done by having the water drop through the dam and~~ push [[hydro turbine\|turbine]] blades ~~as it falls~~. The height that ~~this~~ water is at is known as the [[hydraulic head]], and it is one of the major factors in determining how much [[electricity]] can be generated. <ref>Quebec Hydro. (September 1, 2015). ''Reservoirs'' [Online]. Available: http://www.hydroquebec.com/learning/hydroelectricite/gestion-eau.html</ref>		An important use of artificial water storage is in hydroelectricity. A reservoir of water is built up behind a [[hydroelectric dam]]. The water in the reservoir is at a higher elevation than the water on the other side of the dam and a [[penstock]] is used to convert the [[potential energy]] of the water into [[mechanical energy]]. The flowing water is used to push [[hydro turbine\|turbine]] blades and produce electricity. The height that the water sits at behind the dam is known as the [[hydraulic head]], and is one of the major factors in determining how much [[electricity]] can be generated. <ref>Quebec Hydro. (September 1, 2015). ''Reservoirs'' [Online]. Available: http://www.hydroquebec.com/learning/hydroelectricite/gestion-eau.html</ref>

	==For Further Reading==		==For Further Reading==
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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]		{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]
	~~[[category: Ed edit]]~~

Jmdonev: 1 revision imported

2019-01-04T18:15:22Z

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2dev>Jmdonev at 02:42, 2 December 2018

2018-12-02T02:42:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:42, 2 December 2018
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	[[Category:Done ~~2015~~-09-05]]		[[Category:Done 2018-12-10]]
	<onlyinclude>'''Water storage''' refers to ~~the process of~~ holding [[water]] in ~~some holding~~ area for a period of time. ~~There are multiple locations on Earth where~~ water is stored, ~~and~~ the water ~~stays there~~ for ~~variable periods~~ of ~~time depending~~ on ~~where exactly it is being stored~~.</~~onlyinclude~~>		[[Category: Rudi grade Ashley write]]
			<onlyinclude>'''Water storage''' refers to holding [[water]] in a contained area for a period of time.</onlyinclude> Water storage can be natural or artificial. Natural water storage occurs in all parts of the [[hydrologic cycle]]. Water can be stored in the [[atmosphere]], on the surface of the [[Earth]], or below ground. Artificial water storage is done for a variety of reasons and is done on small and large scales. Water storage locations are commonly referred to as [[reservoir]]s.<ref name=ref5>Stephen Marshak. ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A: W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref>

	~~It is important to investigate water storage from several different viewpoints. In~~ the [[hydrologic cycle]], these water storage locations vary drastically and include any natural storage area in the [[atmosphere]], on the surface of the Earth, or below ground. For [[hydroelectricity]], water storage is important as it includes lakes and [[hydroelectric reservoir]]s, which are utilized to [[electricity generation\|~~generate electricity]]. Water storage can also include any man-made method of holding water, although these generally don~~'~~t hold much of the overall [[volume~~]] ~~of water on Earth, and include rain barrels or larger scale water towers for towns.~~		==Natural Water Storage and the Hydrologic Cycle==
			:: [[hydrologic cycle\|''main article'']]

	~~==Hydrologic Cycle==~~		Each stage of the hydrologic cycle involves the storage of water (Figure 1). The storage of water on Earth can be separated into three main natural locations: above, at, and below the surface of the Earth. Water can be stored in the atmosphere, on the surface of the Earth, or underground.<ref name=ref4>NOAA. (September 1, 2015). Description of the Hydrologic Cycle [Online]. Available: http://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.cgi</ref> These water storage areas are most commonly known as ''reservoirs''. Natural reservoirs include oceans, glaciers and other bodies of ice, groundwater, lakes, soil moisture, wetlands, living organisms, the atmosphere, and rivers.<ref name=ref5/>
	~~:: [[~~hydrologic cycle~~\|''main article'']]~~
	The storage of water in ~~a variety~~ of ~~places on~~ the Earth ~~is a vital component~~ of the ~~hydrologic cycle~~. ~~The movement of~~ water ~~around the world~~ and ~~its storage in a variety~~ of ~~location has contributed to~~ the ~~relatively constant amount of water that has existed on Earth~~.

	The storage of water on Earth can be separated into three main locations: the atmosphere, on the surface of the Earth, and underground.<ref name=ref4>NOAA. (September 1, 2015). Description of the Hydrologic Cycle [Online]. Available: http://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.cgi</ref> Specifically these water storage areas are known as ''reservoirs'' and include oceans, glacier ice, groundwater, lakes, soil moisture, living organisms, the atmosphere, and rivers.<ref name=ref5>Stephen Marshak. ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> Collectively, all water storage areas make up the hydrosphere. Most water on earth is found in oceans and seas, then in glaciers and groundwater. ~97% of the world's water is stored in the oceans as saltwater.~~<ref name=ref5/> Because the~~ overwhelming majority of water is stored here, ~~this~~ can be seen as the start and end point of the hydrologic cycle. Water ~~that starts here~~ evaporates up into the atmosphere, ~~where the majority of it~~ falls back into the ocean ~~as rain, or a much smaller amount~~ falls onto land. ~~For a more in-depth look at where Earth's water is stored, see Figure 1 below.~~		Collectively, all water storage areas make up the hydrosphere. Most water on earth is found in oceans and seas, then in glaciers and groundwater. ~97% of the world's water is stored in the oceans as saltwater. The overwhelming majority of water is stored here, so oceans can be seen as the start and end point of the hydrologic cycle. Water from the ocean evaporates into the atmosphere, then falls back to Earth's surface as [[precipitation]]. Most precipitation falls back into the ocean but some precipitation falls onto land.<ref name=ref5/>

	[[File:2000px-Earth's_water_distribution.svg.png\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 1. Water distribution on Earth.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (September 1, 2015). ''Earth's Water Distribution'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Earth's_water_distribution.svg/2000px-Earth's_water_distribution.svg.png</ref>]]		[[File:2000px-Earth's_water_distribution.svg.png\|400px\|framed\|center\|Figure 1. Water distribution on Earth.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (September 1, 2015). ''Earth's Water Distribution'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Earth's_water_distribution.svg/2000px-Earth's_water_distribution.svg.png</ref>]]

	Water moves from reservoir to reservoir through a variety of different ~~transportation~~ mechanisms, ~~but this water can stay in storage for varying lengths~~ of time. The ~~movement water from place to place can be fairly erratic, but there tends to be trends for~~ how long ~~certain types of reservoirs maintain their water for. The average length of time that~~ water stays in ~~any~~ reservoir ~~in the hydrologic cycle is known as the residence time~~. Water ~~the water~~ in the atmosphere ~~is renewed every~~ 15 days, while soil moisture lasts a couple of months. Lakes replenish their water every 50 to 100 years, while groundwater can ~~last anywhere from~~ 100 to 10 000 years. ~~Finally, ice~~ caps ~~hold water~~ the longest ~~with~~ residence times of up to 200 000 years.<ref name=ref5/>		Water moves from reservoir to reservoir through a variety of different transport mechanisms such as [[evaporation]], [[condensation]], etc. Each type of reservoir (e.g. atmospheric, aquifers, lakes) has a different [[residence time]]. The residence time is how long the water stays in a reservoir. Water in the atmosphere stays there for an average of 15 days, while soil moisture lasts a couple of months. Lakes replenish their water every 50 to 100 years, while groundwater can reside in the reservoir for 100 to 10 000 years. Ice caps have the longest residence times, going up to 200 000 years. The type of storage that occurs on the land surface and under the ground largely depend on the geologic features of the area and is related to the types of soil and the types of rocks present at the storage locations.<ref name=ref5/>

	~~The type of~~ storage ~~that occurs on the land surface~~ and ~~under the ground largely depend on the geologic features related~~ to the types of ~~soil~~ and ~~the~~ types of ~~rocks present at the storage locations~~.		==Artificial Water Storage==
			Artificial water storage is done for commercial and private reasons. Artificial water storage ranges in size from rain barrels and household water tanks to urban infrastructure and industrial reservoirs. Some of the smaller types of artificial storage include water towers, tanks, and rain barrels for use by people in times of drought or in areas that do not have easy access to water sources. Commercial uses for artificial water storage tend to be larger in scale, such as holding ponds and dam reservoirs. Some examples of industries that use water storage include various types of mining, agriculture (for irrigation and livestock), and energy generation.<ref>OAS. (Nov.27, 2018). "1.5 Runoff collection using surface and underground structures" [Online]. Available: https://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/unit/oea59e/ch14.htm </ref>

	~~==Hydroelectricity==~~		An important use of artificial water storage is in hydroelectricity. A reservoir of water is built up behind a [[hydroelectric dam]]. The water in the reservoir is at a higher elevation than the water on the other side of the dam. The dam then converts the [[potential energy]] of the water into [[mechanical energy]]. This is done by having the water drop through the dam and push [[hydro turbine\|turbine]] blades as it falls. The height that this water is at is known as the [[hydraulic head]], and it is one of the major factors in determining how much [[electricity]] can be generated. <ref>Quebec Hydro. (September 1, 2015). ''Reservoirs'' [Online]. Available: http://www.hydroquebec.com/learning/hydroelectricite/gestion-eau.html</ref>
	~~:: [[hydroelectric reservoir\|''main article'']]~~
	~~Water~~ storage is ~~also important~~ in ~~the area of~~ hydroelectricity. A ~~hydroelectric~~ reservoir ~~is a type of water storage, and these reservoirs are extremely important in the generation~~ of ~~electricity from falling~~ water~~. A hydroelectric reservoir~~ is ~~a large collection of water~~ behind a [[hydroelectric dam]] ~~that makes use~~ of [[potential energy]] of water ~~for generating electricity~~.This ~~water~~ is ~~held back~~ by the dam, and is ~~allowed to fall to generate~~ electricity ~~when it is needed~~.<ref>Quebec Hydro. (September 1, 2015). ''Reservoirs'' [Online]. Available: http://www.hydroquebec.com/learning/hydroelectricite/gestion-eau.html</ref>

	~~The water held in the reservoir of a hydroelectric facility is at a higher elevation than the rest of the dam, giving this water potential energy that is converted into~~ [[~~mechanical energy~~]] ~~of moving~~ [[~~hydro turbine\|turbine~~]] ~~blades as it falls. The height that this water is at is known as the~~ [[~~hydraulic head~~]]~~, and is one of the major factors in determining how much~~ [[~~electricity~~]] ~~can be generated.~~		==For Further Reading==
			*[[Water]]
			*[[Hydroelectricity]]
			*[[Reservoir]]
			*[[Hydrologic cycle]]
			*[[Dam]]
			*Or explore a [[Special:Random\|random page]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}[[Category:Uploaded]]
			[[category: Ed edit]]

J.williams: 1 revision imported

2015-09-03T18:23:21Z

1 revision imported

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Jmdonev at 21:18, 2 September 2015

2015-09-02T21:18:27Z

New page

[[Category:Done 2015-09-05]]
<onlyinclude>'''Water storage''' refers to the process of holding [[water]] in some holding area for a period of time. There are multiple locations on Earth where water is stored, and the water stays there for variable periods of time depending on where exactly it is being stored.</onlyinclude>

It is important to investigate water storage from several different viewpoints. In the [[hydrologic cycle]], these water storage locations vary drastically and include any natural storage area in the [[atmosphere]], on the surface of the Earth, or below ground. For [[hydroelectricity]], water storage is important as it includes lakes and [[hydroelectric reservoir]]s, which are utilized to [[electricity generation|generate electricity]]. Water storage can also include any man-made method of holding water, although these generally don't hold much of the overall [[volume]] of water on Earth, and include rain barrels or larger scale water towers for towns.

==Hydrologic Cycle==
:: [[hydrologic cycle|''main article'']]
The storage of water in a variety of places on the Earth is a vital component of the hydrologic cycle. The movement of water around the world and its storage in a variety of location has contributed to the relatively constant amount of water that has existed on Earth.

The storage of water on Earth can be separated into three main locations: the atmosphere, on the surface of the Earth, and underground.<ref name=ref4>NOAA. (September 1, 2015). Description of the Hydrologic Cycle [Online]. Available: http://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.cgi</ref> Specifically these water storage areas are known as ''reservoirs'' and include oceans, glacier ice, groundwater, lakes, soil moisture, living organisms, the atmosphere, and rivers.<ref name=ref5>Stephen Marshak. ''Earth: Portrait of a Planet'', 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.S.A:W.W. Norton & Company, 2008</ref> Collectively, all water storage areas make up the hydrosphere. Most water on earth is found in oceans and seas, then in glaciers and groundwater. ~97% of the world's water is stored in the oceans as saltwater.<ref name=ref5/> Because the overwhelming majority of water is stored here, this can be seen as the start and end point of the hydrologic cycle. Water that starts here evaporates up into the atmosphere, where the majority of it falls back into the ocean as rain, or a much smaller amount falls onto land. For a more in-depth look at where Earth's water is stored, see Figure 1 below.

[[File:2000px-Earth's_water_distribution.svg.png|400px|framed|center|Figure 1. Water distribution on Earth.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (September 1, 2015). ''Earth's Water Distribution'' [Online]. Available: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Earth's_water_distribution.svg/2000px-Earth's_water_distribution.svg.png</ref>]]

Water moves from reservoir to reservoir through a variety of different transportation mechanisms, but this water can stay in storage for varying lengths of time. The movement water from place to place can be fairly erratic, but there tends to be trends for how long certain types of reservoirs maintain their water for. The average length of time that water stays in any reservoir in the hydrologic cycle is known as the residence time. Water the water in the atmosphere is renewed every 15 days, while soil moisture lasts a couple of months. Lakes replenish their water every 50 to 100 years, while groundwater can last anywhere from 100 to 10 000 years. Finally, ice caps hold water the longest with residence times of up to 200 000 years.<ref name=ref5/>

The type of storage that occurs on the land surface and under the ground largely depend on the geologic features related to the types of soil and the types of rocks present at the storage locations.

==Hydroelectricity==
:: [[hydroelectric reservoir|''main article'']]
Water storage is also important in the area of hydroelectricity. A hydroelectric reservoir is a type of water storage, and these reservoirs are extremely important in the generation of electricity from falling water. A hydroelectric reservoir is a large collection of water behind a [[hydroelectric dam]] that makes use of [[potential energy]] of water for generating electricity.This water is held back by the dam, and is allowed to fall to generate electricity when it is needed.<ref>Quebec Hydro. (September 1, 2015). ''Reservoirs'' [Online]. Available: http://www.hydroquebec.com/learning/hydroelectricite/gestion-eau.html</ref>

The water held in the reservoir of a hydroelectric facility is at a higher elevation than the rest of the dam, giving this water potential energy that is converted into [[mechanical energy]] of moving [[hydro turbine|turbine]] blades as it falls. The height that this water is at is known as the [[hydraulic head]], and is one of the major factors in determining how much [[electricity]] can be generated.

==References==
{{reflist}}