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A mole, abbreviated as mol, is a measurement of amount used by scientists. One mole is equal to 6.022x1023 units. A mole is an important unit because, on the periodic table, a mole of a substance is equal to its atomic mass in grams. A mole is a huge number, but one could have, for example, a mole of grains of sand (which is roughly the number of grains of sand on Earth, according to XKCD whatif). Normally moles describe the number of molecules or atoms as it allows for an easy conversion between kilograms and atomic mass units easily.
Example: Carbon (atomic mass = 12.01) - 1 mole of Carbon weighs 12.01 grams.
| 1 mol | 6.022 x 1023 units |
Read more about the mole here or at hyperphysics.