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Thermal conductivity: Difference between revisions

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<onlyinclude>'''Thermal conductivity''', frequently represented by <math>\kappa</math>, is a property that relates the rate of [[heat]] loss per unit area of a material to its rate of change of [[temperature]].<ref name=hp>HyperPhysics. (May 12, 2015). ''Thermal Conductivity'' [Online]. Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/thercond.html</ref> Essentially, it is a value that accounts for any property of the material that could change the way it [[conduction|conducts]] heat.</onlyinclude> In [[SI|SI units]], thermal conductivity is expressed in [[watt]]s per [[meter]] [[kelvin]] <math>\left(\frac{W}{m K}\right)</math><ref name="text1">R. Chabay, B. Sherwood. (May 12, 2015). ''Matter & Interactions'', 3rd ed., Hoboken, NJ, U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons, 2011</ref> whereas in [[imperial system of units|imperial units]] it can be expressed in [[BTU]] per [[hour]] per [[foot]] [[Fahrenheit]]  <math>\left(\frac{BTU}{h ft ^{\circ}F}\right)</math>.<ref>D Green, R Perry. (May 12, 2015). ''Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook'', 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1997.</ref> Materials with a higher thermal conductivity are good conductors of thermal energy.
<onlyinclude>'''Thermal conductivity''', frequently represented by <math>\kappa</math>, is a property that relates the rate of [[heat]] loss per unit area of a material to its rate of change of [[temperature]].<ref name=hp>HyperPhysics. (May 12, 2015). ''Thermal Conductivity'' [Online]. Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/thercond.html</ref> Essentially, it is a value that accounts for any property of the material that could change the way it [[conduction|conducts]] heat.</onlyinclude> In [[SI|SI units]], thermal conductivity is expressed in [[watt]]s per [[meter]] [[kelvin]] <math>\left(\frac{W}{m K}\right)</math><ref name="text1">R. Chabay, B. Sherwood. (May 12, 2015). ''Matter & Interactions'', 3rd ed., Hoboken, NJ, U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons, 2011</ref> whereas in [[imperial system of units|imperial units]] it can be expressed in [[BTU]] per [[hour]] per [[foot]] [[Fahrenheit]]  <math>\left(\frac{BTU}{h ft ^{\circ}F}\right)</math>.<ref>D Green, R Perry. (May 12, 2015). ''Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook'', 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1997.</ref> Materials with a higher thermal conductivity are good conductors of thermal energy.


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==Values for Common Materials==
==Values for Common Materials==
{| class="wikitable floatleft"
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Thermal Conductivity, <math>\kappa</math><ref>The Engineering Toolbox. (May 12, 2015). ''Thermal Conductivity of  Common Materials and Gases'' [Online]. Available: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html </ref>
|+Thermal Conductivity, <math>\kappa</math><ref>The Engineering Toolbox. (May 12, 2015). ''Thermal Conductivity of  Common Materials and Gases'' [Online]. Available: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html </ref>
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<br/>
From the table to the left, it can be seen that most materials generally associated with being good [[conductor]]s have a high thermal conductivity. Mainly metals have very high thermal conductivity which compares well to what is known about [[metal]]s. As well, insulating materials such as aerogel and insulation used in homes has a low thermal conductivity, indicating that they do not let heat pass through them easily. Thus a low thermal conductivity indicates a good insulating material.
From the table to the right, it can be seen that most materials generally associated with being good [[conductor]]s have a high thermal conductivity. Mainly metals have very high thermal conductivity which compares well to what is known about [[metal]]s. As well, insulating materials such as aerogel and insulation used in homes has a low thermal conductivity, indicating that they do not let heat pass through them easily. Thus a low thermal conductivity indicates a good insulating material.


Materials in between these have neither significant insulating or conducting properties. Cement and glass neither conduct extremely large amounts of heat nor do they insulate extremely well.
Materials in between these have neither significant insulating or conducting properties. Cement and glass neither conduct extremely large amounts of heat nor do they insulate extremely well.


The idea that the thermal conductivity of certain materials are linked to how well they insulate provides a connection between thermal conductivity, and [[R-value]]s/ [[U-value]]s. Since U and R-values to express how well a certain material resists the flow of heat, thermal conductivity plays a role in shaping these values. However, the U and R values also are dependent on the thickness of the material whereas thermal conductivity does not account for this.
The idea that the thermal conductivity of certain materials are linked to how well they insulate provides a connection between thermal conductivity, and [[R-value]]s/ [[U-value]]s. Since U and R-values to express how well a certain material resists the flow of heat, thermal conductivity plays a role in shaping these values. However, the U and R values also are dependent on the thickness of the material whereas thermal conductivity does not account for this.
<br/><br/><br/>


==Thermal and Electrical Conductivity==
==For Further Reading==
The values for thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of metals can be expressed and compared using a ratio known as the Wiedemann-Franz Ratio. This ratio is expressed as:<ref name=hp/>
*[[Thermal conduction]]
 
*[[Electrical conduction]]
<center><math>L = \frac{\kappa}{\sigma T} = \frac{\pi^2k^2}{3e^2}</math></center>
*[[Insulation]]
 
*[[Thermal insulation]]
Where:
*[[Electrical insulator]]
 
*Or explore a [[Special:Random|random page]]
* <math>L</math> is a constant known as the ''Lorentz number'', equal to  2.44 x 10<sup>-8</sup> WΩ/K<sup>2</sup>
* <math>\kappa</math> is the thermal conductivity of the material
* <math>\sigma</math> is the [[electrical conductivity]] of the material
* <math>T</math> is the temperature of the material, in Kelvin
* <math>k</math> is the [[Boltzmann's constant]]
* <math>e</math> is the elementary charge of an [[electron]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]
[[Category:Uploaded]]

Latest revision as of 05:10, 31 January 2020

Thermal conductivity, frequently represented by [math]\kappa[/math], is a property that relates the rate of heat loss per unit area of a material to its rate of change of temperature.[1] Essentially, it is a value that accounts for any property of the material that could change the way it conducts heat. In SI units, thermal conductivity is expressed in watts per meter kelvin [math]\left(\frac{W}{m K}\right)[/math][2] whereas in imperial units it can be expressed in BTU per hour per foot Fahrenheit [math]\left(\frac{BTU}{h ft ^{\circ}F}\right)[/math].[3] Materials with a higher thermal conductivity are good conductors of thermal energy.

Since heat transfer by conduction involves transferring energy without motion of the material, it is logical that the rate of the transfer of heat would depend only on the temperature difference between two locations and the thermal conductivity of the material.

For more information on thermal conductivity, see Hyperphysics.

Values for Common Materials

Thermal Conductivity, [math]\kappa[/math][4]
Material Conductivity at 25oC
Acrylic 0.2
Air 0.024
Aluminum 205
Bitumen 0.17
Brass 109
Cement 1.73
Copper 401
Diamond 1000
Felt Insulation 0.04
Glass 1.05
Iron 80
Oxygen 0.024
Paper 0.05
Silica Aerogel 0.02
Vacuum 0
Water 0.58


From the table to the right, it can be seen that most materials generally associated with being good conductors have a high thermal conductivity. Mainly metals have very high thermal conductivity which compares well to what is known about metals. As well, insulating materials such as aerogel and insulation used in homes has a low thermal conductivity, indicating that they do not let heat pass through them easily. Thus a low thermal conductivity indicates a good insulating material.

Materials in between these have neither significant insulating or conducting properties. Cement and glass neither conduct extremely large amounts of heat nor do they insulate extremely well.

The idea that the thermal conductivity of certain materials are linked to how well they insulate provides a connection between thermal conductivity, and R-values/ U-values. Since U and R-values to express how well a certain material resists the flow of heat, thermal conductivity plays a role in shaping these values. However, the U and R values also are dependent on the thickness of the material whereas thermal conductivity does not account for this.

For Further Reading

References

  1. ↑ HyperPhysics. (May 12, 2015). Thermal Conductivity [Online]. Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/thercond.html
  2. ↑ R. Chabay, B. Sherwood. (May 12, 2015). Matter & Interactions, 3rd ed., Hoboken, NJ, U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons, 2011
  3. ↑ D Green, R Perry. (May 12, 2015). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1997.
  4. ↑ The Engineering Toolbox. (May 12, 2015). Thermal Conductivity of Common Materials and Gases [Online]. Available: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html
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