Coal liquefaction: Difference between revisions
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<onlyinclude>'''Coal liquefaction''' is a process in which [[coal]] is converted into liquid [[fuel]]s or [[petrochemical]]s.</onlyinclude> There are several processes used to accomplish this task, the two most common being the | <onlyinclude>'''Coal liquefaction''' is a process in which [[coal]] is converted into liquid [[fuel]]s or [[petrochemical]]s.</onlyinclude> There are several processes used to accomplish this task, with the two most common being the '''indirect route''' and the '''direct route'''.<ref name=c2x>World Coal-to-X. (Accessed June 29, 2016). ''Coal To Liquid Fuels'' [Online], Available: http://worldctx.com/documentation/coal-to-liquid-fuels/</ref> | ||
The | The indirect route is composed of '''2''' steps: First, coal is gasified with [[steam]] and [[oxygen]] to produce [[synthesis gas]] (syngas), which is then cleaned '''to remove''' dust, tar, and [[acid]] gases. In the second step, the cleaned synthesis gas reacts over a catalyst in the Fischer-Tropsch process, converting the syngas into a range of [[hydrocarbon]] products, including [[gasoline]], [[diesel]], [[methanol]], and other liquid fuels.<ref>Lee, T. L. K. ''Coal Liquefaction Technologies – direct and indirect routes''. APEC Clean Fossil Energy Technical and Policy Seminar [Online], Available: http://www.egcfe.ewg.apec.org/publications/proceedings/CFE/Cebu_2005/session_6/6.1_LKLee.pdf</ref> | ||
In the | In the direct route, coal is pulverized and reacted with [[hydrogen]] under high [[pressure]] and [[temperature]] in the presence of a catalyst and a [[solvent]] to produce a raw liquid fuel. This raw fuel requires further refining to produce transportation fuels that meet fuel quality specifications.<ref>National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE). (Accessed June 29, 2016). ''Liquid Fuels'' [Online], Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/research/coal/energy-systems/gasification/gasifipedia/direct-liquefaction</ref> | ||
Watch the video below for a visual explanation of the coal liquefaction process. This video was created by the [http://biofuelsacademy.org/ Biofuels Academy]: | |||
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==Benefits== | ==Benefits== | ||
Countries with abundant coal [[resource]]s (such as the | Countries with abundant coal [[resource]]s (such as the United States and China) can benefit from this conversion, as it can help reduce reliance on imported liquid fuels. It also offers the potential to produce [[hydrogen]] economically.<ref name=doe>Department of Energy. (Accessed June 29, 2016). ''Coal to Liquids'' [Online], Available: http://energy.gov/fe/science-innovation/clean-coal-research/coal-liquids</ref> | ||
[[Carbon capture and storage]] can be integrated into the process, and [[biomass]] can also be incorporated to | [[Carbon capture and storage]] can be integrated into the process, and [[biomass]] can also be incorporated to reduce the [[CO2 footprint]] while taking advantage of the [[economies of scale]] associated with coal.<Ref name=doe/> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 20:43, 4 August 2026
Coal liquefaction is a process in which coal is converted into liquid fuels or petrochemicals. There are several processes used to accomplish this task, with the two most common being the indirect route and the direct route.[1]
The indirect route is composed of 2 steps: First, coal is gasified with steam and oxygen to produce synthesis gas (syngas), which is then cleaned to remove dust, tar, and acid gases. In the second step, the cleaned synthesis gas reacts over a catalyst in the Fischer-Tropsch process, converting the syngas into a range of hydrocarbon products, including gasoline, diesel, methanol, and other liquid fuels.[2]
In the direct route, coal is pulverized and reacted with hydrogen under high pressure and temperature in the presence of a catalyst and a solvent to produce a raw liquid fuel. This raw fuel requires further refining to produce transportation fuels that meet fuel quality specifications.[3]
Watch the video below for a visual explanation of the coal liquefaction process. This video was created by the Biofuels Academy:
Benefits
Countries with abundant coal resources (such as the United States and China) can benefit from this conversion, as it can help reduce reliance on imported liquid fuels. It also offers the potential to produce hydrogen economically.[4]
Carbon capture and storage can be integrated into the process, and biomass can also be incorporated to reduce the CO2 footprint while taking advantage of the economies of scale associated with coal.[4]
References
- ↑ World Coal-to-X. (Accessed June 29, 2016). Coal To Liquid Fuels [Online], Available: http://worldctx.com/documentation/coal-to-liquid-fuels/
- ↑ Lee, T. L. K. Coal Liquefaction Technologies – direct and indirect routes. APEC Clean Fossil Energy Technical and Policy Seminar [Online], Available: http://www.egcfe.ewg.apec.org/publications/proceedings/CFE/Cebu_2005/session_6/6.1_LKLee.pdf
- ↑ National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE). (Accessed June 29, 2016). Liquid Fuels [Online], Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/research/coal/energy-systems/gasification/gasifipedia/direct-liquefaction
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Department of Energy. (Accessed June 29, 2016). Coal to Liquids [Online], Available: http://energy.gov/fe/science-innovation/clean-coal-research/coal-liquids