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<onlyinclude>'''Liquefied natural gas''' or LNG  is a colorless and odorless liquid that contains 85-95% [[methane]] with trace amounts of [[ethane]], [[propane]], [[butane]] and [[nitrogen]].</onlyinclude><ref name=LNG>U.S. Department of Energy, "Liquefied Natural Gas: Understanding the Basic Facts," 2005.</ref> The worldwide [[liquefied natural gas industry]] is growing rapidly. Global LNG trade enables development and is able to supplement domestic production to regions that lack [[natural gas reserve]]s or infrastructures. LNG has been used and traded worldwide for more than 50 years and is highly regulated.  
[[File:640px-LNG_carrier_Alto_Acrux_-_4_May_2013.jpg|400px|framed|Figure 1. An [[LNG carrier]]. Note the size of the LNG ship compared to the pier on the left.<ref>Wikimedia Commons. (June 8, 2015). ''LNG carrier Alto Acrux'' [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LNG_carrier_Alto_Acrux_-_4_May_2013.jpg#/media/File:LNG_carrier_Alto_Acrux_-_4_May_2013.jpg</ref>]]
<onlyinclude>'''Liquefied natural gas''' or '''LNG''' is a colourless and odourless liquid that contains 85-95% [[methane]] with trace amounts of [[ethane]], [[propane]], [[butane]] and [[nitrogen]].</onlyinclude><ref name=LNG>U.S. Department of Energy. (August 31, 2015). ''Liquefied Natural Gas: Understanding the Basic Facts'' [Online], Available: http://energy.gov/fe/downloads/liquefied-natural-gas-understanding-basic-facts</ref> The worldwide [[liquefied natural gas industry]] is growing rapidly. Global LNG trade enables development and is able to supplement domestic production to regions that lack [[natural gas reserve]]s or infrastructures. LNG has been used and traded worldwide for more than 50 years, but many organizations are expecting this trade to increase dramatically in the coming years.  


Liquefied natural gas is made by cooling [[natural gas]] to -160[[Celsius|°C]] (-260°F) at 1 [[atm]].<ref name=Temp>Gate Terminal, "LNG Facts," (What is LNG?), 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www.gate.nl/en/lng-facts/what-is-lng.html [Accessed 2 October 2013].</ref> As often happens with [[phase change]]s, this process of going from [[gas]] to [[liquid]] makes the [[volume]] decrease considerably, often 600 times smaller. Obviously, this reduced volume makes it easier to store and transport.<ref name="Temp" /> This ease of transportation allows natural gas to be transported to markets that lack natural gas reserves. The [[liquefied natural gas industry]] hopes that this process will help meet the global natural gas demand.
Liquefied natural gas is made by cooling [[natural gas]] to -162[[Celsius|°C]] (-259°F) at 1 [[atm]].<ref name=Temp>IHRDC. (August 31, 2015). ''LNG Value Chain'' [Online], Available: http://www.ihrdc.com/els/po-demo/module15/mod_015_02.htm</ref> As often happens with [[phase change]]s, this process of going from [[gas]] to [[liquid]] makes the [[volume]] taken up by the fluid decrease considerably, up to 600 times smaller. This reduced volume makes it easier to store and transport natural gas to markets that lack natural gas reserves.<ref name="Temp"/>


The concept of converting natural gas into LNG was developed in Germany in 1893, but the first commercial LNG plant not built until 1941 in Cleveland, Ohio.<ref name="Temp" /><ref name=Plant>M. Foss, "An overview on liquefied natural gas (LNG), its properties, organization of the LNG industry and safety considerations," The University of Texas at Austin, 2007.</ref> The advancement in LNG technologies and practices for liquefaction and degasification processes has transformed the LNG market into a more efficient and global business. There are currently 18 exporting countries and 25 importing countries that have proposed LNG plants and units in operation.<ref name=Terminals>A. Walker, "BG Group," (The global LNG market - a look back and look forward), 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.bg-group.com/InvestorRelations/Presentations/Pages/Global-LNG-Market.aspx [Accessed 2 October 2013].</ref>
The concept of converting natural gas into LNG was developed in Germany in 1893, but the first commercial LNG plant was not built until 1941 in Cleveland, Ohio.<ref name=Plant>Global CSS Institute. ''9.1 Development History of LNG'' [Online]. Accessed Nov.21, 2018. Available: https://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/ccs-learning-lng-sector-report-global-ccs-institute/91-development-history-lng</ref> Advancements in LNG technologies and practices for liquefaction and degasification processes have transformed the LNG market into a more efficient, global business. As of 2018, there were 21 exporting countries and 33 importing countries that have proposed LNG plants and/or units in operation.<ref name=Terminals>Evaluate Energy, ''Global LNG Market Review'' [Online]. Accessed Nov. 21, 2018. Available: https://www.dailyoilbulletin.com/pdf/global-lng-market-review/</ref>


==Use of Liquefied Natural Gas==
==Use of Liquefied Natural Gas==
Natural gas has been used for various applications (e.g. [[home heating]]) for many years. The availability of LNG as a way of moving natural gas around is making other uses more feasible like using it in [[natural gas vehicle]]s.  
Natural gas has been used for various applications (e.g. [[home heating]]) for many years. The availability of LNG as a way of moving natural gas around makes other uses more feasible (e.g. [[natural gas vehicle]]s).  


*Trucks: LNG can be used as a transportation fuel because of its [[energy density]]. This could be cheaper than conventional [[diesel]], quieter [[heat engine|engine]] operation, and modest reduction in [[greenhouse gas]] emissions (30-40% reduction).<ref name=Truck>CLNG, "LNG and Its Many Uses," 2012. [Online]. Available: http://lngfacts.org [Accessed 16 October 2013].</ref>
*Trucks: LNG can be used as a transportation fuel because of its [[energy density]]. This has the potential to be cheaper than conventional [[diesel]], have quieter [[heat engine|engine]] operation, and emit less [[greenhouse gas]] emissions (30-40% reduction).<ref name=Truck>CLNG. (August 31, 2015). ''LNG and Its Many Uses'' [Online], Available: http://lngfacts.org</ref>


*Shipping: LNG is a potential solution for the shipping industry as an alternative fuel source to [[power]] vessels. LNG is not only cleaner-burning, but also cost-saving as the vessel can hold a greater volume of LNG than diesel fuel. However, the challenge is to retrofit a vessel that uses LNG, which cost between $10 to $50 million.<ref name=Ship>S. Kolenko, "BC Ferries weights costs of LNG ship fuel option," Business in Vancouver. June 14, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.mining.com/web/bc-ferries-weighs-costs-of-lng-ship-fuel-option/ [Accessed 16 October 2013].</ref>
*Shipping: LNG is a potential solution for the shipping industry as an alternative fuel source to diesel [[power]]ed vessels. LNG is not only cleaner-burning but also cost-saving as the vessel can hold a greater volume of LNG than diesel fuel. Retrofitting a vessel for LNG use costs between $10 to $50 million.<ref name=Ship>S. Kolenko. (August 31, 2015). ''BC Ferries weights costs of LNG ship fuel option'' [Online], Available: http://www.mining.com/web/bc-ferries-weighs-costs-of-lng-ship-fuel-option/</ref>


== LNG Value Chain ==
== LNG Value Chain ==
[[File:LNG_Value_Chain.jpg|thumb|700px|Figure 1. LNG Supply Chain Model - Source: PPT, LNG.<ref name=Value>PPT, LNG, "LLT LNG Company Limited," (LNG Value Chain), 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.pttlng.com/en/mr_chain.aspx [Accessed 18 October 2013].</ref>]]
 
The major stages of the LNG value chain consist of the following and can be seen in figure 1:
The LNG value chain consists of the following stages (Figure 2):
# '''Exploration and Production (E&P)''' - Upstream sector of the [[oil and gas industry]] that focuses on the search for [[hydrocarbon]]s in favorable geological conditions for extraction. Once a promising location has been identified, the hydrocarbon is extracted by drilling holes in to the [[reservoir]] follow by treatment such as removal of impurities and separation of hydrocarbons for end market use.<br /><br />
# '''Exploration and Production (E&P)''' - [[Upstream industry]] that focuses on the search for [[hydrocarbon]]s in favorable geological conditions for extraction. Once a promising location has been identified a [[natural gas reserve]] is developed. Natural gas is extracted by drilling holes into the [[reservoir]]. The extracted gas is then processed, which includes the removal of impurities and separation of hydrocarbons for end market use.<br />
# '''Liquefaction''' - Treated natural gas is transported to [[LNG liquefaction plant]] site by [[pipeline]] and is converted into its liquid state.<br /><br />
# '''Liquefaction''' - Processed natural gas is transported to [[LNG liquefaction plant]] site by [[pipeline]] and is converted into its liquid state.<br />
# '''LNG Storage''' -  To maintain LNG at its low temperature state, double wall [[LNG tanks]] with good insulation.<br /><br />
# '''LNG Storage''' -  To maintain LNG at its low-temperature state, double walled LNG tanks with good insulation are used.<br />
# '''Transporting LNG''' - [[Transportation of liquefied natural gas]] involves shipping LNG over long distances in a special purpose [[LNG carrier]], which includes good insulation and a double hull design to provide more strength and safety.<br /><br />
# '''Transporting LNG''' - [[Transportation of liquefied natural gas]] involves shipping LNG over long distances in a special purpose [[LNG carrier]], which includes good insulation and a double hull design to provide more strength and safety.<br />
# '''Re-gasification''' - Upon arrival, LNG is converted from the liquefied phase to the gaseous phase, where it is transported through natural gas pipeline system for distribution to businesses and homeowners.
# '''Re-gasification''' - Upon arrival, LNG is converted from the liquefied phase to the gaseous phase, where it is transported through natural gas pipeline systems for distribution to businesses and homes.
 
[[File:LNG_Value_Chain.jpg|thumb|800px|center|Figure 2. LNG Supply Chain Model - Source: PPT, LNG.<ref name=Value>PPT, LNG. (Accessed Sept 3, 2015). "LNG Value Chain'' [Online], Available: http://www.pttlng.com/en/mr_chain.aspx</ref>]]
 
==For Further Reading==
*[[Gas]]
*[[Hydrocarbon]]
*[[Greenhouse gas]]
*[[Greenhouse effect]]
*[[Natural gas vehicle fuel storage]]
*Or explore a [[Special:Random|random page]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Uploaded]]
[[Category:Uploaded]]

Latest revision as of 21:06, 24 February 2019

Figure 1. An LNG carrier. Note the size of the LNG ship compared to the pier on the left.[1]

Liquefied natural gas or LNG is a colourless and odourless liquid that contains 85-95% methane with trace amounts of ethane, propane, butane and nitrogen.[2] The worldwide liquefied natural gas industry is growing rapidly. Global LNG trade enables development and is able to supplement domestic production to regions that lack natural gas reserves or infrastructures. LNG has been used and traded worldwide for more than 50 years, but many organizations are expecting this trade to increase dramatically in the coming years.

Liquefied natural gas is made by cooling natural gas to -162°C (-259°F) at 1 atm.[3] As often happens with phase changes, this process of going from gas to liquid makes the volume taken up by the fluid decrease considerably, up to 600 times smaller. This reduced volume makes it easier to store and transport natural gas to markets that lack natural gas reserves.[3]

The concept of converting natural gas into LNG was developed in Germany in 1893, but the first commercial LNG plant was not built until 1941 in Cleveland, Ohio.[4] Advancements in LNG technologies and practices for liquefaction and degasification processes have transformed the LNG market into a more efficient, global business. As of 2018, there were 21 exporting countries and 33 importing countries that have proposed LNG plants and/or units in operation.[5]

Use of Liquefied Natural Gas

Natural gas has been used for various applications (e.g. home heating) for many years. The availability of LNG as a way of moving natural gas around makes other uses more feasible (e.g. natural gas vehicles).

  • Trucks: LNG can be used as a transportation fuel because of its energy density. This has the potential to be cheaper than conventional diesel, have quieter engine operation, and emit less greenhouse gas emissions (30-40% reduction).[6]
  • Shipping: LNG is a potential solution for the shipping industry as an alternative fuel source to diesel powered vessels. LNG is not only cleaner-burning but also cost-saving as the vessel can hold a greater volume of LNG than diesel fuel. Retrofitting a vessel for LNG use costs between $10 to $50 million.[7]

LNG Value Chain

The LNG value chain consists of the following stages (Figure 2):

  1. Exploration and Production (E&P) - Upstream industry that focuses on the search for hydrocarbons in favorable geological conditions for extraction. Once a promising location has been identified a natural gas reserve is developed. Natural gas is extracted by drilling holes into the reservoir. The extracted gas is then processed, which includes the removal of impurities and separation of hydrocarbons for end market use.
  2. Liquefaction - Processed natural gas is transported to LNG liquefaction plant site by pipeline and is converted into its liquid state.
  3. LNG Storage - To maintain LNG at its low-temperature state, double walled LNG tanks with good insulation are used.
  4. Transporting LNG - Transportation of liquefied natural gas involves shipping LNG over long distances in a special purpose LNG carrier, which includes good insulation and a double hull design to provide more strength and safety.
  5. Re-gasification - Upon arrival, LNG is converted from the liquefied phase to the gaseous phase, where it is transported through natural gas pipeline systems for distribution to businesses and homes.
Figure 2. LNG Supply Chain Model - Source: PPT, LNG.[8]

For Further Reading

References

  1. ↑ Wikimedia Commons. (June 8, 2015). LNG carrier Alto Acrux [Online]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LNG_carrier_Alto_Acrux_-_4_May_2013.jpg#/media/File:LNG_carrier_Alto_Acrux_-_4_May_2013.jpg
  2. ↑ U.S. Department of Energy. (August 31, 2015). Liquefied Natural Gas: Understanding the Basic Facts [Online], Available: http://energy.gov/fe/downloads/liquefied-natural-gas-understanding-basic-facts
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 IHRDC. (August 31, 2015). LNG Value Chain [Online], Available: http://www.ihrdc.com/els/po-demo/module15/mod_015_02.htm
  4. ↑ Global CSS Institute. 9.1 Development History of LNG [Online]. Accessed Nov.21, 2018. Available: https://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/ccs-learning-lng-sector-report-global-ccs-institute/91-development-history-lng
  5. ↑ Evaluate Energy, Global LNG Market Review [Online]. Accessed Nov. 21, 2018. Available: https://www.dailyoilbulletin.com/pdf/global-lng-market-review/
  6. ↑ CLNG. (August 31, 2015). LNG and Its Many Uses [Online], Available: http://lngfacts.org
  7. ↑ S. Kolenko. (August 31, 2015). BC Ferries weights costs of LNG ship fuel option [Online], Available: http://www.mining.com/web/bc-ferries-weighs-costs-of-lng-ship-fuel-option/
  8. ↑ PPT, LNG. (Accessed Sept 3, 2015). "LNG Value Chain [Online], Available: http://www.pttlng.com/en/mr_chain.aspx
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